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	The Gok Turkmen (Turk) Empire
		However, Bumin established his emperorship in Ötüken (in the west of the River of Orkhun, in the 47th latitude and 101st longitude), the capital of the former Great Huns Emperorship in the year of 552.
		Before this establishment, Bumin in 546 suppressed the rebellion of Töles against the Juan Juans and wished to marry the daughter of that state, as he wanted to show that he had the same worth with that state's king; but he was refused rudely.
		Bumin died in the year of the establishment of the state, after he offered to his brother Istemiye the name of "Yabgu" and the sovereignty of the east region of the state, since he helped Bumin during the establishment of the west region of the state.
	turkmeniya.tripod.com /id13.html (2429 words)

	Gokturks - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		With the collapse of Hunnish power in Asia, leadership of the Turks was taken over by the Gokturks, who inherited their traditions and administrative experience.
		Nonetheless, Ilteriş Şad (Idat) and his brother Bäkçor Qapağan Khan (Mo-ch'o) managed to found a new realm of "wild" Turks, which in a series of wars from 681 onward gained control of the steppes beyond the Great Wall of China, extending by 705 to threaten Arab control of Transoxiana.
		After Kutluk (Ko-lo) Khan's military victory in 744, the successors to the Gokturks became their more China-friendly junior partners, known as the Uighurs.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Gokturks (698 words)

	WikiMiki.net - Tumen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In modern Mongolia Genghis Khan is regarded very highly as a national symbol, military and strategic genius and father of the Mongols, for his historical role in uniting the Mongol tribes by giving them a common identity and paving the way for the nation of Mongolia.
		Genghis' father, Yesugei, khan of the Borjigin, and nephew to Ambaghai and Qutula Khan, emerged as the head of the ruling clan of the Mongols, but this position was contested by the rival Tayichi’ud clan, which descended directly from Ambaghai.
		At the time of Genghis Khan's death in 1227, the empire was divided among his four sons, with his third son as the supreme Khan, but by the 1350s, the khanates were in a state of fracture and had lost the order brought to them by Genghis Khan.
	901.af.wikimiki.net /en/tumen (11384 words)

	Origin of Turks and Uygur Turks
		Khan Tabo raided Jiuquan of Gansu Prov thereafter; meantime, Yutian [Khotan], Persia and Ye-tai rebelled against the Turks in the west.
		Chuluo Khan was determined to fight Tang on behalf of dethroned Sui Dynasty, saying that he wanted to return favor to Sui for Sui's helping his ancestors in the restoration of the Turkic khanate.
		Khan Xieli would erect his cousin, i.e., Shibi Khan's son, as Khan Tuli (same name as Tuli during Sui Dynasty time period) in the east, and Tuli would take charge of the ancient tribes of Khitans and Mojie (ancestors of Jurchens) people.
	www.findthelinks.com /history/Huns_Turks/early_Turkic_history.htm (2031 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : From Xerxes To Gorbachev (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Genghis Khan and his successors ruled the massive empire by force, but also with considerable skill and with tolerance for its assorted cultures.
		Nonetheless, the dream of Asian empire was not dead: A final dramatic chapter of Central Asian history was written in the 14th century by the Timurids.
		Timur, the dynasty's founder, known in the West as Tamerlane, claimed to be a descendant of Genghis Khan, and was one of the most successful warriors the world has ever known.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199001/from.xerxes.to.gorbachev.htm (2835 words)

	KINGS OF TURKS
		Kari Khan (d639), father of Mizif Kagan, [1st] King of Eastern Turkestan 657-679, father of Yuan Ching Khan [Husehelo], [2nd] King of Eastern Turkestan b.
		Aldo Yabghu Khan (d645), father of Buchin Khan, [3rd] King of Eastern Turkestan 697-?, father of Khusere Khan, [4th] King of Eastern Turkestan ?-703 c.
		Oghuz Khan, Prince of Basmils [union of 24 Turkish tribes] (775), migrated into northern and western Khwarazm, made the fortress at Enikert his residence; may possibly be identified with [?] Kerekuci Hoci in the "traditional pedigree" 62.
	www.turkgenealogy.com /kings_of_turks.htm (1787 words)

	Everything about 734 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Bilge Khan (Arslan Bilgä Khağan Bengü Taşı; 683 or 684 - 734) was one of the most influential emperors of the Gokturk Empire.
		Bilge Khan and Kul Tigin took their place in history as the wisest and most heroic figures among Turkish statesmen.
		- Baz Khan (chief of the Oghuz, self-proclaimed Gokturk) -682
	99.en.wikimiki.org /en/734 (818 words)

	Gokturks - China-related Topics GM-GP - China-Related Topics
		The great difference between the Gokturkish empire and its Hunnish predecessor was that the Gokturks' temporary Khans (lords) were subordinate to a sovereigntysovereign authority that was left in the hands of a dynasty of tribal chiefs.
		New attacks on China by the Turks of the Eastern Khanate failed, and its Khan Hsien was brought down by a revolt of his vassals (626-630), instigated by Emperor Taizong of Tang ChinaEmperor Tanng Taizong, who took him prisoner.
		Nonetheless, Ilteris SadIlteriş Şad (Idat) and his brother Qapagan KhanB?k?or Qapağan Khan (Mo-ch'o) managed to found a new realm of "wild" Turks, which in a series of wars from 681 onward gained control of the steppes beyond the Great Wall of China, extending by 705 to threaten Arab control of Transoxiana.
	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Gokturks (691 words)

	Kokturks - Wikipedia
		It was founded in 552 AD by Bumin Khan and expanded very quickly to wide territories in Central Asia, as a nomadic state composed mainly of tribesmen and horsemen that is very similar to that of Genghis Khan.
		The most famous personalities other than its founder Bumin are princes Kul and Bilge and the vizier Tonyukuk, life stories of whom have been carved on famous Orhon inscriptions.
		It is no coincidence that the word for "root" in present Turkish is kok while the word for "sky" is gok.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kokturks (283 words)

	Ashina - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Ashina rose to prominence in the mid 500s when their leader, Bumin Khan, revolted against the Juan Juan.
		The two main branches of the family, one descended from Bumin and the other from his brother Istami Khan, ruled over the eastern and western parts of the Gokturk empire, respectively.
		After the collapse of the Gokturk empire, branches of the Ashina clan seized control of the Khazars and possibly other nomadic peoples.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Ashina (213 words)

	Gokturks - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Gokturks, who originated from the Ashina tribe who were natives of today's Xinjiang Uygur, were the first Turkic tribe to use the name "Turk" as a political name.
		Muhan Khan 553 - 572 son of Bumin
		Taspar Khan 572 - 581 son of Bumin
	gokturks.quickseek.com (640 words)

	Gokturks: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Western Khan Tung Sche-hu was murdered in 630[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject] despite strong support by the Byzantine Empire A continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395
		After Kutluk (Ko-lo) Khan's military victory in 744[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject], the successors to the Gokturks became their more China-friendly junior partners, known as the Uighur A member of a people who speak Uighur and live in Xinjiang and adjacent areas
		Bumin/Tuman Khan Bumin khan (death: 552 ad) was the founder of the kokturk state....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /g/gokturks (2448 words)

	Empires
		This was an Empire north of the Ghaznevid Empire, founded by a family of Karluk Turkish descent, which ruled in the X-XIIth centuries, with capitals in Bukhara and Kashgar (Balasaghun).
		The flag attributed to the Gazneli is green with a grey crescent in canton and a peacock.
		Founded by Selcuk Khan, bordering Balkash and Issyk lakes and Tarim Derya in the East, Aegean and the Mediterrenean shores in the West, Aral Lake, Caspian Sea, Caucasian and the Black Sea in the North and Arabia and Gulf of Oman in the South (total area 10,000,000 sq.
	aqkopruk.5u.com /photo4.html (1276 words)

	History of Turks and Turkey (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Clear records about the Huns made their appearance in the 8th century B.C. Chinese sources refer to the Huns as Hiung-nu and in time, some of the Huns migrated to the West.
		Founded in 552 AD by Bumin Khan, the Göktürks engaged in widespread diplomatic activity.
		The rule of the Göktürks was brought to an end in the year 745 by the Uygurs, who were of the same ethnic stock as themselves.
	www.prism.gatech.edu /~gtg470c/turkey/thist.htm (1492 words)

	Home - Bumin Khan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		- Gokturks establish first known Turkic state under the leadership of Bumin Khan.
		- Bumin Khan, founder of the Gokturk state.
		The Altai is a mountain range in central Asia, where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together, and where the great rivers Irtysh, Ob and Yenisei have their sources.
	bumin.khan.en.infoax.org (4107 words)

	Turkey: The Sixteen Great Turkish Empires (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		To the best of our knowledge, the historical existence of most of these flags is not proven and we are not aware of their origin and designer.
		Founded by Bumin Khan (Tumen) in the inaccessible valleys of the Altai Mountains (Ergenekon)(total area 18,000,000 sq.
		This state was related to the Uyghurs/Uighurs, the Turkic people over near where the Turks originated, in the VIIIth-IXth century in Sinkiang, Western China.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/tr_imp2.html (468 words)

	Everything about Uighurs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Khagan, alternatively spelled Chagan, Qaqan etc., is a title of imperial rank in the Mongolian and Turkic languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate (empire, greater than an ordinary Khanate, but often referred to as such in western languages).
		It may also be translated as Khan of Khans, equivalent to King of Kings.
		The common western rendering as Great Khan or Grand Khan, notably in the case of the Mongol Empire, is technically not correct, but it has been well established by long-standing convention and is reasonably clear in suggesting paramount status.
	829.en.wikimiki.org /en/Uighurs (8963 words)

	Bumin Khan - China-related Topics BU-BZ - China-Related Topics
		Bumin Khan - China-related Topics BU-BZ - China-Related Topics
		Bumin Khan (death: 552 AD) was the founder of the GokturksKokturk state.
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	www.famouschinese.com /virtual/Bumin_Khan (197 words)

	History
		The first Turkish tribe that is mentioned in history is the Huns.Clear records about the Huns made their appearance in the 8 th century B.C. Chinese sources refer to the Huns as Hiung-nu and in time,some of the Huns migrated to the West
		Founded in 552 AD by Bumin Khan,the Gokturks engaged in widespread diplomatic activityThe famed Orhun epitaphs from this period are made up of the tombstone inscriptions of Tonyukuk Kultigin and Bilge Kagan
		Contacts between the Turks and Moslems commenced at the beginning of the 8 th century and some Turks began to favour Islam.However the pro-Arab policies of the Omayads
	members.fortunecity.com /rehberemre/exploreturkey/id11.html (904 words)

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