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Topic: Bump mapping

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	Bump Mapping
		An example of applying bump mapping to the task of embossing is given in the second section, along with some sample images and source code.
		The surface normal of a given surface is perturbed according to a bump map.
		To implement bump mapping, a way must be found to perturb the surface normal that is independent of the surface's orientation and position.
	web.cs.wpi.edu /~matt/courses/cs563/talks/bump/bumpmap.html (1278 words)

	Bump Mapping
		It involves perturbing the angles of the surface normals according to information given in a two-dimensional "bump map." This causes the local reflection model, where intensity is mainly a function of the surface normal, to produce local variations on a smooth surface.
		Because bump mapping for Direct3D is done by texturing a surface in the rendering phase without perturbing the geometry, it bypasses modeling problems that would otherwise occur.
		The latter operation is a combination of bump mapping and gloss mapping that allows the specular reflection intensity to be encoded in the same surface as the bump map data.
	www.osronline.com /ddkx/graphics/d3d_58vb.htm (696 words)

	Bump Mapping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Bump mapping is the ability to add surface details, or bumps, through altering the surface normals across an object surface.
		To apply a bump map to a surface, we determine tangent vectors that change with respect to u and v along the surface we wish to bump along with the normal at that point.
		The problem with bump mapping is though, if viewed from the side, there will be no protrusion from the surface, it is only tricking the eye, by making changes to the surface normal.
	www.cse.ohio-state.edu /~woodring/782lab2/bump.html (581 words)

	Bump mapping - Valve Developer Community
		Bump mapping is a technique where at each pixel, a perturbation to the surface normal of the object being rendered is looked up in a texture map and applied before the illumination calculation is done.
		Bump mapping has been appiled to the brick material to give it an almost 3D effect on the suface and grooves.
		Bump mapping can be applied to a range of materials such as water and clothing or to add texture to monsters.
	developer.valvesoftware.com /wiki/Bump_mapping (151 words)

	Archade Games - Articles - Bump Mapping
		Bump mapping, as most coders would be aware by now, is a technique applied to a surface to make it look bumpy.
		The bump map is used to store the bumpiness (or discreet partial x and y derivatives if you want to sound like a complete tool) of your texture.
		I think it goes without saying that realtime bump mapping is best achieved these days with pixelshaders on the ALU, but crunching it out on the CPU is fun and can help the hardware transition go a little more smoothly.
	www.archadegames.com /articles.php?aname=texgenpt7mod.php (1021 words)

	What is bump mapping? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Bump mapping is used to add detail to an image without increasing the number of polygons.
		Bump mapping relies on light-reflection calculations to create small bumps on the surface of the object in order to give it texture; the surface of the object is not changed.
		Bumps are applied by matching up a series of grayscale pixels with colored pixels on the rendered, colored object.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/B/bump_mapping.html (239 words)

	NeHe Productions: OpenGL Article #20
		Bump Mapping is a special sort of per pixel lighting (remember: OpenGL lighting is per vertex; a color is computed for each vertex and then interpolated across the triangle, quad, ).
		Bump Mapping can be performed in texture environment stages (see implementations) and is a very inexpensive feature for rendering a more beautiful world.
		A bump map texture (here we want the bump map to represent normalized normal vectors, where r is the x value, g is the y value and b is the z value of this vector.
	nehe.gamedev.net /data/articles/article.asp?article=20 (1401 words)

	Bump Mapping Encyclopedia Articles @ Zosted.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		This sphere is geometrically the same as the first, but has a bump map applied.
		Programmers of 3D graphics sometimes use computationally cheaper fake bump mapping techniques in order to a simulate bump mapping.
		http://www.jawed.com/bump/ Real-time bump mapping demo in Java (includes source code)
	216.92.85.60 /encyclopedia/Bump_mapping (251 words)

	Bump Mapping Techniques
		This is incorrect, bump mapping is a if done correctly the viewer will see crevices, cracks etc, in a wall or any other object in which the designer feels that the object needs surface texture to.
		Blinn’s initial idea of bump mapping was basically a technique where you vary the surface normal on every pixel.
		Understanding exactly what bump mapping requires for the application developer to understand what a surface normal is. It’s not that difficult to understand but it is very vital for you to truly understand what a bump map does and the surface achieves such results.
	www.angelfire.com /ab3/nobody/bumpmap.htm (1392 words)

	Maya 4.5 Materials > Bump Mapping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Because the bump map effect will not affect the silhouette of a surface, you can't use bump mapping to simulate large features that you'll get near to or the effect will be ruined.
		Because bump maps are determined with values taken from a grayscale image, you can often take the color version of a texture you have and modify it to become the bump map, as shown in Figure 8.34.
		Figure 8.34 The grayscale bump maps in the bottom row were created by desaturating and altering the original color textures in the top row, so that "higher" areas are lighter.
	www.peachpit.com /articles/article.asp?p=31330&seqNum=9 (1692 words)

	Bump Mapping
		Bump Mapping can add minute detail to an object which would otherwise require a large number of polygons.
		The difference is that a Bump Map is a Texture Map that responds to the direction of the light.
		When you add bump mapping, you are altering the normal vector slightly, based on information in the bump map.
	freespace.virgin.net /hugo.elias/graphics/x_polybm.htm (972 words)

	Gamasutra - Features "'Ups and Downs' of Bump Mapping with DirectX 6" [06.04.99]
		In fact, artists not constrained by the limits of real-time 3D game engines use bump mapping quite extensively to add height to rivets, texture to brick walls, and otherwise add nooks to their crannies and crannies to their nooks.
		If you asked Jim Blinn to tell you about bump mapping (and he would know, as he invented it), he would likely tell you it’s different than what I’m about to present.
		The values in the bump map are then used to perturb the normals for that pixel.
	www.gamasutra.com /features/19990604/bump_01.htm (481 words)

	Normal Distribution Mapping
		For example, a texture map gives a color at every point on the surface; a normal map gives a normal at every point on the surface; a bump map gives a perturbation of the normal at every point on the surface.
		The close view of the bump map was modeled as a height field, and random rays (modulated by the close scale BRDF) were traced to produce a histogram representation of the distant scale BRDF for the entire bump map.
		When the mapping is applied to a particular surface, the result is called the Gauss map of the surface (see Figure 4).
	www.cs.unc.edu /~olano/papers/ndm (4368 words)

	Bump Mapping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Bump mapping is a special form of specular or diffuse environment mapping that simulates the reflections of finely tessellated objects without requiring extremely high polygon counts.
		The logo on the left is exactly the same, but also has a bump map applied.
		To use bump mapping, you should prepare Base Texture (optional), Height Map (use "add bump texture" command to load) and Environment Map; select the three images into 0, 1, 2 layer texture of material, respectively; then load "effects\bump.sha" as shader text.
	www.awingsoft.com /Manual/BumpMapping.htm (100 words)

	Gamasutra - Features "'Ups and Downs' of Bump Mapping with DirectX 6" [06.04.99]
		The first is a bump map which contains slope information (you can think of it as a height differential map), rather than height information, as is the case with the embossing method.
		Hardware that supports DirectX 6 bump mapping uses these values to perturb the texel coordinates used in the lookup into a second texture (as opposed to using the data to alter the polygon’s normals).
		When you have the height differential map created, assign it to the surface you want to be bump mapped.
	www.gamasutra.com /features/19990604/bump_04.htm (564 words)

	Bump Texture Tools FAQ
		Bump mapping is an additional channel (height map) provided to an image generator or rendering engine which gives the object an appearance of a bumpy surface as the shading changes with illumination changes.
		Bump Removal will strip shading from the color map, allowing the image generator/rendering engine to provide colors needed to give the appearance of a bumpy surface relative to the light source.
		When preparing a bump map, one must keep in mind that a luminance value of 0 has no effect, while a value of 255 is 100%.
	cgsd.com /bumptexture/FAQ.html (788 words)

	ATI Developer: Source Code
		Bump mapping is a shading technique introduced in 1978 by Jim Blinn [Blinn78] to simulate wrinkled or bumped surfaces.
		The bump mapping technique supported by the majority of 3D graphics accelerators, including the Radeon® and RAGE 128™, is a form of embossing.
		Mathematically, this subtraction of the height map is an approximation of the derivative of the height map in the direction of the shift.
	ati.amd.com /developer/sdk/RadeonSDK/Html/Tutorials/RadeonBumpMap.html (1594 words)

	8.3 Bump Mapping with Textures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Bump mapping [6], like texture mapping, is a technique to add more realism to synthetic images without adding a lot of geometry.
		Bump mapping adds per-pixel surface relief shading, increasing the apparent complexity of the surface.
		A bump map is an array of values that represent an object's height variations on a small scale.
	www.opengl.org /resources/code/samples/advanced/advanced97/notes/node72.html (329 words)

	Teaching Texture Mapping Visually - Page 1
		Visually demonstrating the behavior of texture mapping is beneficial to both computer science and art students.
		For computer science students it can serve as prelude to delving into the mathematical underpinnings of the topic, while in an art class it can be the main vehicle of explanation for students learning to use a rendering package as a medium of creative expression.
		Bump mapping alters the surface of an object so that it appears rough, dented or pitted.
	old.siggraph.org /education/materials/HyperGraph/mapping/r_wolfe/r_wolfe_mapping_1.htm (588 words)

	View Dependent Bump Mapping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The reason for this is that the bumps introduce not only various diffuse lighting based on surface angle to the light, but also because the bumps are self-occluding depending on the angle of the viewer.
		Add this perturbation term to your normal, as gotten out of the bump map, and re-normalize, and it should all be good to go.
		Another few weighting options to consider are to weight the peturbation by (1-normal.y), assuming your basic normal points up in the Y direction, or to high-pass filter the normal map, and use the output value of this high-pass filtering (a measure of local variation amount) to scale the peturbation.
	www.mindcontrol.org /~hplus/graphics/vdbump.html (847 words)

	Environmental Bump Mapping (www.combatsim.com)
		Environment Mapped Bump Mapping is essentially a technique that allows a much higher level of detail to be added to a 3D world than could be possible with texture- mapped polygons alone.
		For example, Environment Mapped Bump Mapping has the capability to create animated bumps, as well as fixed or motionless bumps on the surface of a 3D object.
		An animated bump can be applied to any 3D object or to any part of a 3D scene to simulate various environmental effects such as waves and ripples on water (figure 1) and distortion in the atmosphere due to heat or turbulence.
	www.combatsim.com /htm/may99/bump1.htm (536 words)

	Bump Mapping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A presentation covering Texture Space Bump Mapping, a fundamental concept in per-pixel bump mapping.
		In the last few weeks I have seen many forum posts from people who want to use bump mapping in their applications.
		Bump mapping is used to add detail to an image...
	www.gislinx.com /bumpmapping.html (201 words)

	VERC · Bump Mapping in Half-Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In addition, a utility application (and source) to generate a normal map from a height map is provided, to enable you to quickly and easily create your own normal maps.
		The next step is the most important one, and that is to render the map once for each light, calculating the bump mapping contribution for each source and adding them together as we go.
		Now, when you run your map, you should find that all world brushes with the specified texture are now bump mapped using the normal map you specified.
	collective.valve-erc.com /index.php?doc=1091469531-97736200 (4079 words)

	Steep Parallax Mapping
		Steep bumps are rendered incorrectly by the algorithm and appear as parallel sheets of texture instead of bumps.
		Nonetheless, parallax mapping with offset limiting is today considered the state of the art for real-time bump mapping.
		We implemented parallax mapping with offset limiting-- including a recent forum suggestion by flipcode.org poster 'ReedBeta' of scaling the offset by N dot V to reduce swim where the gradient is large-- in the Brown University CAVE.
	graphics.cs.brown.edu /games/SteepParallax/index.html (1168 words)

	Bump Mapping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Bump mapping provides an artist with the ability to create realistic surfaces.
		Bump mapping is similar to texture mapping in that it is a technique to add more realism to synthetic images without adding a lot of geometry.
		As you can see bump mapping is easy to use and fun.
	www.pixels.net /tutorials/Bump_Mapping (191 words)

	bump mapping - a definition from Whatis.com
		Bump mapping is a technique used in graphics programs to produce the appearance of textured surfaces.
		Bump mapping is used in gaming programs to produce the illusion of relief.
		Emboss bump mapping, a less sophisticated form, is easier to emulate on the chips commonly used with personal computers.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci905729,00.html (263 words)

	Booyah.com - 3D Game and Shader Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In addition, the bump map and the regular texture are animated in the sample using shaders rather than the fixed-pipeline texture matrices.
		Notice that both the bump map and texture map are being animated across the sphere.
		The pastel pink/blue of the bump map is the result that the unperturbed normal vector [0, 0, 1] corresponds to RGB [0.5, 0.5, 1].
	www.booyah.com /article06-dx9.html (1745 words)

	Bump Mapping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Bump mapping is a technique for making surfaces appear bumpy.
		Bump mapping is an illusion as the position of the surface is not changed, only the surface normal is modified.
		Also where edges of the object can be seen, the bumps do not affect the postion of the surface.
	www.cs.otago.ac.nz /graphics/Mirage/node43.html (75 words)

	oZone3D.Net Tutorials - Bump Mapping using GLSL - Normal Map - Tangent Space - Lighting
		The bump mapping is one of the per pixel lighting techniques, which means that all the lighting calculations (application of the light equations) are calculated for each pixel.
		The main goal of the bump mapping is to simulate some relief on a flat geometry.
		The bump mapping technique is very simple since it consists in using a normal vector that is deformed at the level of the pixel being processed.
	www.ozone3d.net /tutorials/bump_mapping.php (322 words)

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