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	Burakumin 8
		So, today's burakumin, 2.5 per cent of Japan's population, are descendants of the leather workers, animal slaughterers, executioners and grave diggers, who were stigmatized by their trade.
		Burakumin had no given names and surnames; instead they were given a number (in a system used to count animals).
		These days inhabitants of rural burakumin communities work alongside their fellows, but with formality and politeness, although in cities -- if the ordinary Japanese recognize their existence at all -- the burakumin would be looked upon as uneducated degenerates of a violent capacity.
	www.bookmice.net /darkchilde/japan/burak8.html (1713 words)

	Burakumin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The burakumin are one of the main minority groups in Japan, along with the Ainu of Hokkaido and residents of Korean and Chinese descent.
		The word burakumin is used to describe descendants of pre-modern outcast hereditary occupational groups, such as butchers, leather workers, and certain entertainers.
		Burakumin occupied the lowest level of the social hierarchy of feudal Japan; they were housed in separate segregated settlements, and were generally avoided by the rest of Japanese society.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Burakumin (2631 words)

	Kyoto Ijin: Nadamoto Masahisa
		Burakumin (literally,, "hamlet people") is the modern, official word, but in private the traditional and highly pejorative term eta is widely used.
		NM: The burakumin were constituted as a class under the Edo shogunate's social order of shi-n6-ko-sho (warriors, farmers, artisans, merchants), so that oppressed peasants could aim their suppressed feelings and anger downward at the outcast class.
		For burakumin who are now in their sixties, the intermarriage rate was around ten percent.
	www.nancho.net /kyoto/nadamoto.html (1294 words)

	Ethnic issues in Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ainu, aboriginal people of Hokkaido, Ryukyuan, who may or may not be considered ethnically Japanese, Burakumin whose distinction is not ethnicity but caste system which originates from Tokugawa era.
		Burakumin refers to a Japanese social minority group and therefore, is not part of the Japanese ethnic issue.
		Unlike other minority groups, the liberation (kaihou) movement of burakumin is decidedly integrationist due to the lack of distinct cultural heritage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ethnic_issues_in_Japan (3218 words)

	The Burakumin Of Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ethnically identical to other Japanese, the burakumin suffered for centuries at the bottom of the feudal hierarchy, digging graves, chopping meat and performing other jobs associated under Buddhism and the native Shinto religion with the impurities of death.
		Even after the caste system was outlawed, bias kept burakumin largely confined to their villages, and they were easily singled out for abuse, based on address.
		Problem is with the Koreans that they often don't even have a Japanese passports; when they apply for a passport, many are forced to participate in Japan's assimilation policy, one of the aspects of this policy being the fact that a lot of Koreans are "forced" to change their name into a Japanese sounding one.
	www.canadiancontent.net /forums/about2639.html (1202 words)

	Japan Focus Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Burakumin historically worked as tanners, butchers, undertakers, cleaners of latrines, caretakers of the sick, and in other occupations which were considered polluting because of their association with death and bodily excretions.
		Burakumin residence at the margins of towns was just one indication of a wider principle (1984, p.21-27).
		Burakumin, however, were a case of an “other” that was a kind of minority in the sense of being insiders.
	japanfocus.org /article.asp?id=250 (8738 words)

	Fear of Phrases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		She compares herself with the burakumin, the rarely acknowledged untouchable caste in a society that insists it is classless.
		The most striking sign of the extremes to which word hunting has gone is the fact that the burakumin have started to protest -- not any longer over the way they are described, but over the fact that the mere mention of their existence has become a taboo.
		It is an extraordinary irony: the burakumin, who helped spawn the climate of fear 20 years ago by intimidating any publication that mentioned the group, are now struggling to rekindle open discussion.
	classes.yale.edu /anth254a/article_bank/NYT_941218.htm (1286 words)

	TIMEasia.com: News -- Head of the Pack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		In those days, the burakumin were social outcasts: the butchers, tanners and waste-handlers who fell to the bottom of the heap in a five-tier caste system.
		Burakumin have traditionally backed socialist and communist parties, while the conservative Nonaka staked his early career on chipping away at the communists' grip on power in Kyoto.
		But whatever their political leanings, many burakumin would be delighted to see one of their own rise to the top job in the land: it would certainly do more to blunt discrimination than any legislation.
	www.time.com /time/asia/news/magazine/0,9754,103843,00.html (1289 words)

	Worldandnation: Decades of remedies leave outcasts still feeling hated
		The reason was unstated but well-understood: Aoki is a descendant of Japan's former burakumin outcast class, a distinction that has brought his family a lifetime of ridicule, discrimination and abuse.
		Burakumin had to follow a dress code and were restricted to living in special hamlets.
		Burakumin students advance to higher education at only 60 percent of the national average.
	www.sptimes.com /2004/07/05/Worldandnation/Decades_of_remedies_l.shtml (629 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- Life improves for descendants of Japan's former outcasts, but prejudice ...
		Ethnically identical to other Japanese, burakumin suffered for centuries at the bottom of the feudal hierarchy, digging graves, chopping meat and performing other jobs associated under Buddhism and the native Shinto religion with the impurities of death.
		Burakumin had to follow a dress code and were restricted to living in special hamlets.
		Even after the caste system was outlawed, bias kept burakumin largely confined to their own villages, and they were easily singled out for abuse based on address.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20040704-0915-invisibleoutcasts.html (744 words)

	TIMEasia.com: News -- Social Outcasts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		They are burakumin, or "village people." They may look like other Japanese, speak the same language, eat the same foods and wear the same clothes, but prejudice is always close.
		The burakumin existed, informally, as a social class as far back as the 6th century, but they were shunted to the bottom of a five-tier caste system during the Tokugawa period (1600-1867), also known as the Edo period.
		Justified or not, some burakumin have a reputation for responding to public discussion about them, whether it's on television or in a magazine, with behavior that borders on harassment.
	www.time.com /time/asia/news/daily/0,9754,104138,00.html (1027 words)

	Burakumin 部落民
		Historically, Burakumin were not liable for taxation in the feudal times including the Tokugawa period, because the taxation system was based on payment in rice crop yields and they weren't granted the right to possess rice fields.
		Some people have opined that discrimination against the burakumin is justified because they have (it is claimed) disproportionate involvement with the yakuza.
		The plight of the burakumin has also been presented in Hashi no nai kawa[2] (http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0104395/) ("The River With No Bridge") a novel by Sue Sumii, which was made into a movie in 1969, 1970 and 1992.
	journals.aol.com /changturtle/traveltotheworld/entries/2006/11/18/burakumin-/470 (1080 words)

	Kenji Nakagami: The Cape
		The burakumin (buraku: village, min: people) are the outcaste class of Japanese people who have been discriminated against for centuries because of their early ancestors' livelihoods.
		When the social stratification system was established in the early 17th century, the burakumin were placed at the lowest social rank - called Eta (extreme filth) or Hinin (non-human) - and remain there today, discriminated against in all areas of Japanese society, providing them no opportunity to break out of their current status.
		Burakumin are outcast Japanese, marginalized and degraded by centuries-old belief that they are mysteriously "tainted" with impure blood.
	www.stonebridge.com /capefolder/capeadv.html (922 words)

	KJ 10,000 Things: Reassessing Prejudice & Discrimination against Japan's "Burakumin
		In their book Dowa Kenri no Shinso ("The Truth about the Rights of Burakumin"), published in 2003, freelance journalists Atsushi Terazono and Yoshinari Ichinomiya allege that more than a dozen members of Yamaguchi-gumi are league members.
		We apologize to all burakumin, all league members and all of those working on behalf of the burakumin," the league said in a statement.
		But others, including some within the burakumin community, say the question that needs to be asked is not whether discrimination exists but whether it remains a major social problem.
	www.kyotojournal.org /10,000things/065.html (729 words)

	Social Discrimination in Japan - Xbox 360 & Xbox Forums
		While attempts have been made to identify the Burakumin of the Tokugawa period, known as Eta or Hinin, as a prejudiced class and not a caste, with social mobility still in fact possible, these ancestors of the Burakumin can be constituted as having been relegated to the lowest caste of society.
		Therefore, the Burakumin are relegated to the status of “uchi others,” inside the sphere of society but not fully accepted, a dichotomy that allows for both discrimination to continue and for the issue to be ignored.
		Burakumin are much more prevelant in the Kansai/Kyushu area but some are in the Kanto area but i am interested in how much social education has disseminated throughout all of japan, be it Kyushu or hokkaido.
	forum.teamxbox.com /showthread.php?p=8558201 (1192 words)

	The Burakumin
		Despite the existence of some theories that claim that the Burakumin are of foreign origin, research has consistently shown that the Burakumin are racially and linguistically fully Japanese.
		The total Burakumin population, living inside and outside these communities, is said to be about 3 million people.
		The Burakumin also seem to be largely overlooked in the spread of the gospel.
	www.proverbs2525.org /about_us/burakumin.php (468 words)

	Japan Focus Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Numerous regulations rigidly governed the occupation, residence, marriage, style of dress and social behavior of burakumin, who were engaged in occupations thought to be unclean, including disposal of the dead, collecting garbage, butchering animals and tanning and crafting leather.
		Disposing of the dead was a burakumin occupation.
		Some of the government funds provided to burakumin hamlets under these laws were regarded by the EU in the late 1990s as subsidies to leather tanners.
	japanfocus.org /article.asp?id=491 (3738 words)

	Yosha Research
		Burakumin are the 1 to 3 million residents of some 4,000 to 6,000 communities which were segregated until 1871, when the Japanese government officially abolished the caste system that had been defined by law since medieval times and by custom since antiquity.
		Burakumin children are much more likely than non-burakumin children not to be enrolled in school or complete only compulsory education.
		Nevertheless, whether or not the community is dowa-designated and burakumin try to keep their origin unknown, there is no denying the objective existence of buraku and burakumin as so perceived in the eyes of non-burakumin.
	members.jcom.home.ne.jp /yosha/minorities/Murakoshi_1986_buraku_today_FEER.html (3464 words)

	IPS - World Conference Against Racism
		A woman had an abortion and divorced her husband upon learning that he was a descendant of 'burakumin', former outcasts during Japan's feudal era in the 17th to the 19th centuries.
		Even today, descendants of the 'burakumin' in some 6,000 communities across the country, live with the stigma that plagued their ancestors, who belonged to the lowest strata of Japanese society in ancient times.
		The origin of the 'burakumin' is believed to date back to the 10th century, when they were disparagingly called 'hinin' (non persons) 'eta' (full of filth) and 'yotsu' (four-legged ones).
	www.ipsnews.net /wconference/note16.shtml (1086 words)

	Burakumin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Burakumin are a social group which has long been discriminated against.
		The word burakumin means 'people of the hamlet', a 19th century word used instead of words such as eta ("outcaste") and hinin ("nonhuman").
		Today, burakumin struggle to escape from their plight, but experience a familiar cycle: they are hampered because poor living conditions and education prevent them from obtaining good employment and low income leads to the next generation repeating the cycle.
	hkuhist2.hku.hk /nakasendo/g012.htm (165 words)

	JPRI Working Paper No. 72
		They were peasants, burakumin, and unionized coal miners during the prewar period and burakumin and coal miners during the postwar.* While the southwest is not the only region of Japan that had a large agrarian population, burakumin and coal miners were heavily clustered in the southwest.
		While it is extremely difficult to give the exact number of burakumin emigrants to Latin America (since they tended to conceal their former "social identity" once they started a new life there), one can gain some idea from the fact that "villages" of origin of the emigrants were those heavily populated by burakumin.
		Burakumin are the socially marginal group that has been discriminated against in Japanese society for what George De Vos and Hiroshi Wagatsuma call a "pseudo-historical religious mythology." Small in numbers (less than 1 percent of the total population), the burakumin are largely clustered in southwest and central western Japan.
	www.jpri.org /publications/workingpapers/wp72.html (5581 words)

	UCLA International Institute :: Japan and the Emancipator (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Burakumin were granted commoner status in the Emancipation Edict of 1871, the culmination of a campaign spearheaded by Ôe Taku*, a prominent citizen.
		The Burakumin had the dirty job of skinning and tanning the carcasses of cows that they were responsible for collecting.
		In his 1919 speech Ôe vouched for the Burakumin to a council charged with doing something about the "Burakumin problem." Though formally emancipated 50 years prior, the Burakumin were still a disadvantaged social group, potentially ripe for revolution against their imperial government.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=33148 (973 words)

	Burakumin - Japanese Minority Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The burakumin, which is literally defined as 'hamlet people', or buraku are another exception to the homogeneity of the Japanese people.
		Today, there are up to 6,000 burakumin districts and between 1.2 to 2 million buraku in Japan (about 2% of the population).
		Activists groups have sought change and protests have occurred, especially where it is felt that the police target the burakumin population and districts (which some describe as ghettos) on the basis that law enforcement offices consider them to be inclined to criminal behaviour.
	www.geocities.com /bold1stance/burakumin.htm (370 words)

	Mahonicle Articles
		The origin of the Burakumin dates back to the early 17th century, when the social caste system was established by the Tokugawa regime in the Edo period.
		The 1990 census showed the ratio of Burakumin who had never enrolled in school or finished only primary education, is much higher than that of the national average, while the Burakumin's rate of completion of higher education of is just one third of the national average.
		Nabeshima, who has been teaching several courses on Burakumin issues for undergraduate students, as well as a teacher's education course at Osaka City University, said it is a pity that his university does not have an ethnic studies department.
	homepage.mac.com /rumineko/articles/burakumin.html (1041 words)

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