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Topic: Bureaucracy

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	What Is bureaucracy
		Bureaucracy is "normally" at the service of a dominant class since the administration of public affairs within the framework of a given regime always assumes the preservation of its status.
		It is still the case that bureaucracy is a circle out of which no one can escape, that subordinates rely on their superiors to take the initiative and to resolve difficulties, while the superiors expect their subordinates to solve particular problems which elude the level of generality where they have been conceived.
		Bureaucracy exists only through bureaucrats and their common aim to form a milieu apart from those whom they dominate, to participate in socialized power, and to interdefine each other in a hierarchy which guarantees them either material status or prestige.
	www.generation-online.org /h/fplefort.htm (14331 words)

	Bureaucracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bureaucracy is a concept in sociology and political science referring to the way that the administrative execution and enforcement of legal rules is socially organized.
		Bureaucracy is derived from the word bureau, used from the early 18th century in Western Europe not just to refer to a writing desk, but to an office, i.e.
		Weber described the ideal type bureaucracy in positive terms, considering it to be a more rational and efficient form of organization than the alternatives that preceded it, which he characterized as charismatic domination and traditional domination.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bureaucracy (2046 words)

	bureaucracy - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about bureaucracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The terms ‘bureaucracy’ and ‘bureaucratic’ have also acquired a pejorative meaning signifying such characteristics as an undue concern with rules and regulations, narrow-mindedness, excessive delay, the use of complex or obscure language (often called ‘officialese’), and a lack of concern for those outside the organization.
		In theory a bureaucracy is a subordinate organization subject to the direction of those empowered to take policy decisions, but in practice it is difficult for those with executive responsibility to control those who operate the administrative machine.
		The most important problems arising from the growth of bureaucracy are a tendency by an organization to seek to extend its power and jurisdiction, a form of organizational imperialism; and the development of an inbuilt resistance to change, especially changes which affect the internal structures and norms of the organization.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /bureaucracy (942 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Bureaucracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Bureaucracy is a concept in sociology and political science.
		But the growth of trade and commerce adds a new, distinctive dimension to bureaucracy, insofar as it requires the keeping of accounts and the processing/ recording of transactions, as well as the enforcement of legal rules governing trade.
		The bureaucracy as a social stratum derives its income from the appropriation of part of the social surplus product of human labour.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Bureaucracy (2068 words)

	Bureaucracy: A Glossary of Political Economy Terms - Dr. Paul M. Johnson
		Bureaucratic organizations are typically charcterized by great attention to the precise and stable delineation of authority or jurisdiction among the various subdivisions and among the officials who comprise them, which is done mainly by requiring the organization's employees to operate strictly according to fixed procedures and detailed rules designed to routinize nearly all decision-making.
		The classic social scientific analysis of bureaucracy was that of the pioneer sociologist Max Weber in his 1922 book
		Despite their many advantages for dealing efficiently and effectively with routine, recurring problems in a fairly stable and predictable environment, bureaucratic methods also have their dark side.
	www.auburn.edu /~johnspm/gloss/bureaucracy (454 words)

	Bureaucracy (computer game) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bureaucracy is an interactive fiction computer game released by Infocom in 1987, scripted by popular comic science fiction author Douglas Adams.
		The player is challenged to confront a long and complicated series of bureaucratic hurdles resulting from a recent change of address.
		Although Bureaucracy showed the unmistakeable signs of Adams' humor, the game didn't sell nearly as well as his other collaboration with Infocom, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bureaucracy_(computer_game) (557 words)

	Bureaucracy
		The last century saw the perfection of the bureaucracy -- a form of organization that has been enormously successful and is the result of thousands of years of trial and error evolution.
		Weber noted additional features of rational bureaucracies that are simple extensions of the four just outlined, To ensure expert management, appointment and promotion are based on merit rather than favoritism, and those appointed treat their positions as full-time, primary careers.
		Persons ticketed for top positions in bureaucracies are often rotated through many divisions of an organization to gain firsthand experience of the many problems that their future subordinates must face.
	www.analytictech.com /mb021/bureau.htm (1130 words)

	We the People Student Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Bureaucracy is nothing more or less than a form of organization defined by certain attributes, including a division of labor, allocation of functions, allocation of responsibility, supervision, the purchase of full-time employment, and the identification of career within the organization.
		Bureaucracies are created in government to carry out a broad range of tasks, to provide necessary services, and to act as experts in particular areas of policy (e.g., protect the nation from terrorism).
		Despite the general belief that the federal bureaucracy has grown too large and unresponsive, the size of the federal bureaucracy has remained stable over the past thirty years and has actually declined compared to the size of the civilian workforce or the increase in federal spending.
	www.wwnorton.com /wtp4e/chapters/chapter14/review.htm (845 words)

	bureaucracy - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ideally bureaucracy is characterized by hierarchical authority relations, defined spheres of competence subject to impersonal rules, recruitment by competence, and fixed salaries.
		Bureaucracy existed in imperial Rome and China and in the national monarchies, but in modern states complex industrial and social legislation has called forth a vast growth of administrative functions of government.
		The power of permanent and nonelective officials to apply and even initiate measures of control over national administration and economy has made the bureaucracy central to the life of the state; critics object that it is largely impervious to control by the people or their elected representatives.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/b1/bureaucr.asp (523 words)

	The Federal Bureaucracy: Administering the Government
		Bureaucracy is an inevitable consequence of complexity and scale.
		Bureaucracy is a method of organizing people and work that is based on the principles of hierarchical authority, job specialization, and formalized rules.
		The judiciary's role in the bureaucracy's accountability is smaller than that of the elected branches, but the courts do have the authority to force agencies to act in accordance with legislative intent, established procedures, and constitutionally guaranteed rights.
	highered.mcgraw-hill.com /sites/0072481218/student_view0/chapter13 (1257 words)

	Egypt - The Bureaucracy
		The bureaucracy mushroomed from 1.2 million at the end of the Nasser era to 2 million at the end of Sadat's rule (20 percent of the work force) and 2.6 million in 1986.
		But by the Sadat era, the bureaucracy and the public sector were afflicted with a multitude of pathologies that made them more of a burden on, rather than an instrument of, development.
		The decline of the bureaucracy also had deleterious economic consequences; the public sector suffered from an erosion in management, while bureaucratic red tape remained an obstruction to the private and foreign sectors.
	www.countrystudies.us /egypt/112.htm (737 words)

	Bureaucracy
		Bureaucracy may concentrate power (at the top), but also provides for checks and balances to prevent the abuse of power.
		Bureaucracy is then characterized not by the presence of error, but by the sometimes absurd ways that the system tries to eliminate error.
		While it is probably true that any large organization has some elements of bureaucracy, these two are unlikely examples of typical bureaucratic organizations, and their strengths and weaknesses are not obviously caused by the presence of bureaucracy.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~rxv/orgmgt/bureaucracy.htm (870 words)

	Amazon.com: Bureaucracy: Books: Ludwig Von Mises (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		He does not condemn bureaucracy, which is the appropriate technique for the conduct of government agencies such as courts of law, police departments, and the Internal Revenue Service; however, in economic production and distribution, the bureaucratic method is shown to be an abomination that spells universal ruin and disaster.
		Bureaucracy is the clearest and most concise version of the calculation critique of socialism.
		Bureaucracy is the shortest and surest path to understanding the merits of free markets and the dangers of socialism.
	www.amazon.com /Bureaucracy-Ludwig-Von-Mises/dp/091088434X (1250 words)

	The Preservation of the Bureaucracy
		The bureaucracy recognizes that, since it is a parasite, it must perform a masterful balancing act.
		Because those in the bureaucracy honestly believe that they, not the citizenry, are "the country"; that is, they actually think that the nation, and the well-being of the nation, depend on their preservation.
		The dismantling of the bureaucracy, in their minds, would mean the destruction of the country.
	www.fff.org /freedom/0291a.asp (993 words)

	Improbable Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Literally, "bureaucracy" means "rule by a desk." It is possible to have a desk to which all memos are sent, behind which all rules and regulations are posted, and at which no one ever actually sits.
		Bureaucracies never die, although their people do (often while waiting on you).
		Given that a critical component of bureaucracies is the capacity to hold meetings, the defining criterion is how many bureaucrats does it take to have a meeting.
	www.improbable.com /projects/surveys/min-bureaucracy-2000-03.html (1201 words)

	BUREAUCRACY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		While bureaucracies historically are viewed as being made up of elites, bureaucrats are also seen as petty despots whose main function is to bully people and discourage private initiative, generally making life difficult for ordinary citizens.
		Disregard of the hierarchical nature of the civil bureaucracy, and the political imposition of outsiders to oversee senior bureaucrats was an invention of Turgut Özal.
		Civil bureaucracy can no longer be said to constitute a coherent group but one which encompasses actors of varied political preferences representing a broad spectrum of social and economic status groups.
	www.tusiad.org /yayin/private/summer96/html/sec11.html (2741 words)

	Kuwait - Bureaucracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Kuwait's large state bureaucracy emerged in the post-World War II period as a result of the vast government revenues generated by oil.
		At the top of this bureaucracy is the cabinet, under the prime minister, a post that historically has been held by the crown prince.
		A second factor contributing to the growth of the bureaucracy is the government's guarantee of jobs to all citizens.
	www.countrystudies.us /persian-gulf-states/27.htm (560 words)

	Busting Bureaucracy
		Strangely enough, after I retired, the publisher of Busting Bureaucracy (Business One Irwin) was acquired by one huge media organization, and then another, so all the people who edited the book and brought it to market were spread around like seeds.
		When they learn what they may have been doing that makes bureaucracy worse — and realize that others know it — they'll stop doing those things that make corporate life miserable for everyone.
		I vowed that I would run my company without any bureaucracy and we are organized based on the ultimate model you suggested.
	www.busting-bureaucracy.com (2915 words)

	Muddling through past legacies: Myanmar's civil bureaucracy and the need for reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Bureaucracy is the arm of government that ultimately must deliver political promises and face the public in day-to-day matters.
		The paper argues that as is usually the case in developing states under extended periods of either direct or indirect military rule, Myanmar’s civil bureaucracy has long been characterized by a high degree of centralization, a weak degree of administrative and managerial autonomy and an almost nonexistent consultative process.
		The paper concludes by noting that perhaps the central guiding tenet should be that the greatest possible extent that control of the civil bureaucracy should rest with the public and officials who are representative of that public.
	www.eldis.org /static/DOC17136.htm (477 words)

	Civilization.ca - Egyptian civilization - Government - Bureaucracy
		The creation of a bureaucracy in the Old Kingdom was a key factor in the inception of the Egyptian civilization.
		The hierarchical structure and code of ethics of the Egyptian bureaucracy are echoed in modern governments.
		Ancient Egyptian bureaucrats, who aspired to higher positions, were counselled to obey their superiors and keep silence in all circumstances, in other words, not to contradict or challenge the wisdom of those in charge.
	www.civilization.ca /civil/egypt/egcgov3e.html (316 words)

	Establishment v/s Bureaucracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Bureaucracy (normally known as bura-karey-see) was and is involved in corruption but it is a bitter reality that it certainly is the strongest Mafia of the country since 1947.
		Bureaucracy has always been in the background of every coming and going government.
		Wear and tear of bureaucracy is on in NRB and ED(Establishment Division) camps.
	www.storyofpakistan.com /contribute.asp?artid=C041 (716 words)

	ThisNation.com--The Bureaucracy
		When a bureaucracy is given authority, it is given that authority to establish order, usually in the form of peace, safety, and economic security or stability.
		A second and related dilemma faced by bureaucracy is the conflict between authority and accountability.
		On the one hand, then, managerial and administrative effectiveness demands that bureaucracies and bureaucrats be armed with the tools, authority and flexibility they need to accomplish the tasks they are assigned.
	www.thisnation.com /bureaucracy.html (377 words)

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