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	Bureaucratic collectivism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bureaucratic collectivism is a theory of class society.
		However, Trotsky doubted that a state of pure bureaucratic collectivism would ever be reached; he believed that, in the absence of a proletarian revolution to return the Soviet Union to socialism, a comprehensive counter-revolution would return the nation to capitalism instead.
		The theory of bureaucratic collectivism was maintained by socialists such as Hal Draper, and is now held by sections of Solidarity in the USA and Workers Liberty in the United Kingdom and Australia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bureaucratic_collectivism (598 words)

	Bureaucracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is the subject of Marxist theories of bureaucratic collectivism.
		Central to the Marxian concept of socialism is the idea of workers' self-management, which assumes the internalisation of a morality and self-discipline among people that would make bureaucratic supervision and control redundant, together with a drastic reorganisation of the division of labour in society.
		He is well-known for his study of bureaucratization of society; many aspects of modern public administration go back to him; a classic, hierarchically organized civil service of the continental type is—if basically mistakenly—called "Weberian civil service".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bureaucratic (2034 words)

	Bureaucratic collectivism: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Bureaucratic collectivism is a theory of class social class quick summary:
		Their theory was probably first named "bureaucratic collectivism" by Christian Rakovsky[Follow this hyperlink for a summary of this subject].
		The new class is a term to describe the privileged ruling class of bureaucrats and communist party functionaries which typically arises in a stalinist...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bu/bureaucratic_collectivism.htm (1652 words)

	Weekly Worker 333 Thursday April 27 2000
		Bureaucratic collectivism and its adherents were tested in extremis.
		I have readily admitted that the flaws in the 'theory' of bureaucratic collectivism articulated by Shachtman are all too evident.
		The bureaucratic social formation in the USSR was born in 1928 from the internal breakdown of NEP and moved through time towards an inevitable collapse.
	www.cpgb.org.uk /worker/333/tonycliff2.html (5157 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Collectivism
		Collectivism is scarcely ever used except to designate that system of industry in which the material agents of production may be earned and managed by the public, the collectivity.
		While collectivism implies the substitution of collective for private property in the means of production, it is susceptible of considerable diversity in its application throughout the realm of industry.
		From this outline of what may be regarded as the prevailing theory of collectivism, it appears that many of the arguments against collectivism have lost something of their former strength and pertinency.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/04106a.htm (1124 words)

	The Russian Question: A debate between Raya Dunayevskaya and Max Shachtman \| Workers' Liberty
		The bureaucratic collectivists make much of the fact that the bureaucratic collectivists cannot be called capitalists because the capitalists don’t choose introduce “bureaucratic collectivism.” They substitute the will of the capitalist for the law of capitalism.
		In short the bureaucrats had all the hallmarks of the modern CEO of western companies, functionaries whose role is to act in accordance with the dynamics of the economic system, but whose personal motivation and power position allows them to maximise their own revenue, and consumption.
		IMO the common error of trotskyism, bureaucratic collectivism and state capitalism is to take the legal-doctrinal forms of property for their reality.
	www.workersliberty.org /node/view/4714 (16919 words)

	Liberalism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Statist opponents of liberalism reject its emphasis on individual rights, and instead emphasize the collective or the community to a degree where the rights of the individual are either diminished or abolished.
		Collectivism can be found both to the right and to the left of liberalism.
		On the left, the collective that tends to be enhanced is the state, often in the form of state socialism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liberalism (6517 words)

	USSRbsc
		A great deal of academic debate has been directed to this conception of bureaucratic collectivism, but I want to proceed to discuss one of the lesser known documents emanating from the left in order to consider whether it appears to be rather more internally consistent than the ideas already mentioned.
		Collectivism expresses succinctly the manner in which means of production are organised and, because owned by the state, for all essential purposes owned by the bureaucracy.
		A bureaucratic state collectivism is seen as a society of a new type of running "parallel" to capitalism.
	freespace.virgin.net /pep.talk/USSRbsc.htm (2324 words)

	Alex Callinicos: Trotskyism (Chap. 4.1)
		Although the WP formally adhered to the FI till 1948, the idea that the USSR was a new form of class society, bureaucratic collectivism, was to lead Shachtman and most of his followers a long way from Trotskyism, and indeed from the Marxist tradition altogether.
		The expression “bureaucratic collectivism” was in fact coined not by Shachtman, who first adopted it in 1941, but by Bruno Rizzi in 1939.
		These weaknesses of the theory of bureaucratic collectivism – which Tony Cliff (1982: 99) summarized by saying that “[i]t does not define the economic laws of motion of the system, explain its inherent contradictions and the motivation of the class struggle” – gave it an indeterminacy which was to have important political consequences.
	www.marxists.de /trotism/callinicos/4-1_heresies.htm (1989 words)

	On Bureaucratic Collectivism
		In their introduction, Haberkern and Lipow assess the significance of bureaucratic collectivism -- a third form society, neither capitalist nor socialist -- not only in historical perspective, that is, in its Stalinist form, but as a continuing challenge for socialism in the emerging post-Cold War world.
		It is precisely in their lack of understanding of bureaucratic collectivism that they remain, for all their otherwise demonstrably robust distinctions, symmetrical political entities.
		The collapse of state collectivization in the East and its parallel shrinkage in the West is of comparatively recent circumstance.
	www.wpunj.edu /~newpol/issue23/finger23.htm (4083 words)

	[No title]
		Collectivism may describe a political or economic system in which the means of production and the distribution of goods and services are controlled by the people as a group.
		Collectivism is the opposite of capitalism or free enterprise, in which the means of production are owned by private individuals and distribution is determined by free trade and considerations of personal profit.
		Collectivism holds that, in human affairs, the collective-society, the community, the nation, the proletariat, the race, ect., --is the unit of reality and the standard of value.
	www.greencity.com /collchro.htm (9256 words)

	Replying to Mandell and Finger
		That would not be Finger's "Bureaucratic Collectivism" and his criticisms of "Bureaucratic Collectivism" would not apply to it.
		Finger says, "To assess this bureaucratic collectivism as being either more efficient or more egalitarian than capitalism, as Albert does, is untenable." First, I don't think I called anything more efficient than anything else.
		Third, what is untenable, is for Finger to say that I am talking about "bureaucratic collectivism" when I say I am talking about only the intrinsic tendencies of the abstract economic system called Socialism 1.
	www.zmag.org /replying.htm (1641 words)

	Tony Cliff: Bureaucratic collectivism - A critique (1948)
		Bureaucratic Collectivism now came to be called the new barbarism, the decline of civilisation, etc. Yet in no document did he give any new analysis of the Russian economy after the Resolution of the 1941 Convention.
		The Bureaucratic Collectivist theory is thus entirely capricious and arbitrary in defining the limitation and direction of exploitation under the regime it presumes to define.
		From the assumption that Bureaucratic Collectivism is more reactionary than capitalism, Shachtman draws the conclusion that if a choice has to be made between Social Democratic Parties which support capitalism and Communist Parties – agents of Bureaucratic Collectivism – a socialist should side with the former against the latter.
	www.marxists.org /archive/cliff/works/1948/xx/burcoll.htm (5798 words)

	The Bankruptcy of "New Class" Theories
		The absurdity of “state capitalist”; and “bureaucratic collectivist” theories is manifest in light of the simple surrender of the Soviet degenerated workers state and the East European deformed workers states by the disintegrating Stalinist bureaucracy.
		In essence, “bureaucratic collectivism” is based on a formal syllogism: The means of production belong to the state, the state “belongs” to (i.e., is controlled by) the bureaucracy; therefore the bureaucracy “owns” the property and constitutes a ruling class.
		Bureaucratic collectivism posits that it is the lust for disembodied power, and not the private accumulation of wealth, that is the decisive motor force in human history.
	www.icl-fi.org /english/esp/archives/oldsite/NEWCLASS.HTM (12207 words)

	Response to Michael Albert By Barry Finger
		To assess this bureaucratic collectivism as being either more efficient or more egalitarian than capitalism, as Albert does, is untenable.
		The crisis of economic efficiency in "bureaucratic collectivism," of Stalinism--that is of "Socialism 1"--is a chronic condition of society.
		And it is by this standard that the Gateses of capitalism are dwarfed in their relative social positions by the Stalins and the Maos of bureaucratic collectivism and against which there is no comparable capitalist counterpart.
	www.zmag.org /fingerreply.htm (954 words)

	Articles: Bureaucracy- definition
		The bureaucratic organization is characterized by a "rational" and impersonal regulation of inferior-superior relationships.
		His main thesis, the famous "iron law of oligarchy," postulates that with the increasing complexity and bureaucratization of modern organizations all power is concentrated at the top, in the hands of an organizational elite that rules in a dictatorial manner.
		From their point of view, bureaucracy was not only a privileged oppressive group but a new exploiting class, a class characterized by a new type of oligarchic regime that was neither socialist nor capitalist and that was rapidly spreading both in the East and in the West.
	lilt.ilstu.edu /rrpope/rrpopepwd/articles/bureacracy2.html (2262 words)

	Jim Higgins: More Years for the Locust (App.1)
		There was, in any case, no good reason for Cliff to find his inspiration in the dubious verities of bureaucratic collectivism, when he was convinced in an argument, specifically about state capitalism, on which there was a long history of work, going back to before the October revolution.
		Bureaucratic collectivism probably has its origins in the work of an Italian, Bruno Rizzi who, in the 1930s, published his book The Bureaucratisation of the World.
		At first Shachtman took the view that bureaucratic collectivist society was superior to capitalism, but later he decided that it was the ultimate barbarism.
	www.marxists.org /archive/higgins/1997/locust/app01.htm (2001 words)

	The USSR and non-linear capitalism. Workers' Liberty #59, December 1999.
		When the "bureaucratic" twist to supposed "bureaucratic collectivism" unwinds, the spontaneous outcome is not collectivism but capitalism.
		But the bedrock difference between "bureaucratic collectivism" and "state capitalism", in the whole long historical debate, remains this: "state capitalist" means capitalist, "bureaucratic collectivist" means something beyond capitalism.
		The argument is circular.) Moreover the "bureaucratic collectivist" designation can seem to clarify the contrast between Stalinist economies and "ordinary" capitalism only for those who confine their analysis to the two polar cases typified by the USA and the USSR, and leave most modern economies in a comfortable blur.
	archive.workersliberty.org /wlmags/wl59/ussr.htm (2208 words)

	LE REVUE GAUCHE - Left Analysis And Comment: Bureaucratic Collectivist Capitalism
		Complete down to the New Class criticism of the Soviet Union and by the fact that social upheaval that had occurred in the Seventies and Eighties by the professionals, technocrats, artists, writers, workers and poor that led to Glasnost is now occurring in Egypt.
		Except instead of occurring because of Bureaucratic Collectivism it is because of Collectivist Bureaucratic Capitalism.
		The ruling class he faced down and still faces as an opposition includes the wealthy and powerful, the union bosses and their members who benefited from the bureaucratic Collectivist capitalism of the monopoly gas and oil industry, and from the middle classes whose wealth comes from their privilege.
	plawiuk.blogspot.com /2006/02/bureaucratic-collectivist-capitalism.html (1893 words)

	Part of Our History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		Shachtman’s argument on Cuba was that Stalinist "bureaucratic collectivism" represented a worse form of class rule than liberal capitalism, and he therefore backed the US invasion.
		In particular, there is the theory of "bureaucratic collectivism" as a description of a new form of class rule in the USR and, subsequently, the other Stalinist states.
		On the other hand, if the bureaucratic collectivist class was to become a stable class, of a status comparable to that of the bourgeoisie, a number of new perspectives appear.
	www.isf.org.uk /ISFJournal/ISF4/PartOfOurHistory.htm (5683 words)

	Theories of the USSR in light of its collapse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-07)
		The proponents of both the state capitalism and bureaucratic collectivism viewpoints generally believe that Cuba is one or the other, and believe that the Cuban regime should be overthrown.
		The theory that the USSR was bureaucratic collectivism held that the bureaucracy had become a ruling class of a new type.
		The bureaucratization of a backward and isolated workers’ state and the transformation of the bureaucracy into an all-powerful privileged caste constitute the most convincing refutation—not only theoretically but this time practically—of the theory of socialism in one country.
	www.dsp.org.au /links/back/issue18/Sheppard.htm (5772 words)

	'Six strains of socialism-from-above' — SWP (Britain)
		Russian bureaucratic collectivism is ‘progressive’ because of the statistics of pig-iron production (the same type usually ignores the impressive statistics of increased production under Nazi or Japanese capitalism).
		The tendency toward the collectivisation of capitalism is indeed a reality: as we have seen, it means the bureaucratic collectivisation of capitalism.
		The relatively privileged position of managerial, bureaucratic and intellectual-flunky elements in the Russian collectivist system can be pointedly contrasted with the situation in the West, where these same elements are subordinated to the owners of capital and manipulators of wealth.
	www.swp.org.uk /swp_archive.php?article_id=5030 (2499 words)

	Liberalism and Social Control: The New Class' Will to Power
		Although the term "New Class" was coined by Milovan Djilas to describe the bureaucratic collectivism of communist society, it is well suited for the ruling class under welfare state liberalism.
		Belloc believed Fabian collectivism to be less dedicated to state or workers' ownership as such than to the idea of control by "efficient" centralized organizations.
		The position of the new labor bureaucrats was "Let the bosses manage, as long as they pay us good." The result was that a labor establishment dominated by mediocrities like George Meany was willing to purge itself, during the Cold War, of the same leftist radicals who had led workers to victory in the mid-30s.
	www.mutualist.org /id7.html (3704 words)

	Workers' Liberty #57 - Introduction to Hal Draper on Bruno Rizzi. September 1999.
		Trotsky cited Rizzi's contention in La Bureaucratisation du Monde that Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, the USSR and even Roosevelt's New Deal in the USA were all aspects of a common trend towards a bureaucratised post-capitalist world.
		In September and October 1939 Trotsky argued that if the USSR, as it was, nationalised property and all, survived the looming war, giving way to neither capitalist restoration nor a new working-class revolution, then it would have to be seen as a new form of class society.
		At this distance that might not matter, except that something of very great importance is simultaneously lost: the picture of the development and trajectory of Trotsky's own thinking, and the relationship of Trotsky's thinking to the politics on the USSR developed after his death.
	archive.workersliberty.org.uk /wlmags/wl57/draperintro.htm (1804 words)

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