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	Tony Cliff: Bureaucratic collectivism - A critique (1948)
		The place of Bureaucratic Collectivist society in the chain of historical development is not clearly stated, and, in any case, Shachtman’s account is often inconsistent.
		Bureaucratic Collectivism now came to be called the new barbarism, the decline of civilisation, etc. Yet in no document did he give any new analysis of the Russian economy after the Resolution of the 1941 Convention.
		The Bureaucratic Collectivist theory is thus entirely capricious and arbitrary in defining the limitation and direction of exploitation under the regime it presumes to define.
	www.marxists.org /archive/cliff/works/1948/xx/burcoll.htm (5798 words)

	Worker Insurgency and Statist Containment in Portugal and Spain, 1974-1977 \| libcom.org
		This peculiarity of development, combined with the fact that the virtual entirety of the extreme-left tendencies and individuals in Portugal in 1974 had passed through the puberty rites of the PCP, created a situation in which few individuals or groups were capable of seeing their way clear to an autonomous, revolutionary perspective outside its shadow.
		Their ideologies and their configuration were predicated on the existence of the bureaucratic stratum which rules the so-called socialist countries, and given the opportunity, the leading strata of these parties would have been perfectly capable of moving to create such a power for themselves.
		Their very foundations, and conception of socialism as a bureaucratic rule over the working class, was a negation of the necessary content of such a revolution.
	libcom.org /library/worker-insurgency-portugal-spain (13998 words)

	Weekly Worker 518 Thursday March 4 2004
		There was also bureaucratic collectivism, a theory which held in essence that the USSR was a new form of class society, based on totalitarian slavery, that appeared destined to replace capitalism as the predominant form of exploitation across the globe.
		Of course, the same reality also disproved the ‘bureaucratic collectivist’ thesis that Stalinism was a new stage of class society, which was supposedly more dangerous and more dynamic than capitalism.
		The bureaucratic collectivists were closest to the truth, in that they postulated that Stalinism was some new kind of exploitative society, neither socialist nor capitalist.
	www.cpgb.org.uk /worker/518/lfi.html (1510 words)

	USSRbsc
		A great deal of academic debate has been directed to this conception of bureaucratic collectivism, but I want to proceed to discuss one of the lesser known documents emanating from the left in order to consider whether it appears to be rather more internally consistent than the ideas already mentioned.
		A bureaucratic state collectivism is seen as a society of a new type of running "parallel" to capitalism.
		It is precisely the "bargaining function" which promotes "the existence of bureaucrats as a separate group" and exactly their manner of existence which enables them to carry out the "bargaining function".
	freespace.virgin.net /pep.talk/USSRbsc.htm (2324 words)

	Jim Higgins: More Years for the Locust (App.1)
		From the standpoint of socialism, the bureaucratic collectivist State is a reactionary social order; in relation to the capitalist world, it is on a historically more progressive plane.
		At first Shachtman took the view that bureaucratic collectivist society was superior to capitalism, but later he decided that it was the ultimate barbarism.
		It is, of course, true but unsurprising that some of the critical framework used to describe Stalinist society in bureaucratic collectivist writing is much the same as that used by the theoreticians of state capitalism.
	www.marxists.org /archive/higgins/1997/locust/app01.htm (2001 words)

	The Stalinist State in China (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bureaucratic collectivism has two great advantages over private capitalism and even over state capitalism (under the latter also there is large-scale private ownership): (a) it is possible to regulate capital in a more systematic fashion; (b) it is possible to exploit workers more efficiently.
		Bureaucratic collectivism or Stalinism is essentially the transitional form which obtains during the delayed and difficult birth of socialism from the womb of capitalism.
		To guarantee that the new China shall remain under bureaucratic rule and not turn into a genuine workers’ and peasants’ state, they must limit this movement to certain well-defined bounds, beyond which it must not be permitted to stray so much as a single step.
	www.whatnextjournal.co.uk /Pages/Back/Wnext29/Wang.html (3487 words)

	STATE IN DEBATE
		Shachtman's writings, for example, are available chiefly in a collection, The Bureaucratic Revolution, which has long been out of print, and many of the articles were in any case bowdlerised by the author in order to reflect his current political opinions as opposed to those he held when he originally wrote them.
		Shachtman's first version of the theory of bureaucratic collectivism thus took over many of the features of Trotsky's analysis of Stalinism that made it so fragile and vulnerable to political events, at the same time adding to it the further contradiction that this `belated', `transitory', `anachronism' was simultaneously `a new, exploitative society'.
		Bureaucratic and unaccountable though current forms of capitalist organisation may be, their international extension represents a significant difference from the era of nationally organised capitalism characteristic of the first half of the century.
	pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk /isj73/callinic.htm (3944 words)

	Participatory design
		In collectivist organizations authority resides in a collectivity as a whole, although it may be temporarily delegated.
		Martin (1990) suggests that scholars of collectivist organizations tend to agree on their essential qualities, which include how authority or control are organized, and the goal of participatory democracy.
		Bureaucratic feminist organizations (which are more likely to have paid staff) are also more likely to display task and knowledge specialization as well as explicit chains of authority, all of which appear to be essential to participatory design projects.
	www.sfu.ca /~ebalka/aarhus.htm (4540 words)

	Vilfredo Pareto
		Also of importance was Pareto's observation that since the equilibrium is merely a solution to a set of simultaneous equations, then it is at least theoretically possible that a socialist or collectivist economy could "calculate" this solution and so attain exactly the same outcome as in a system guided by free markets.
		Pareto's theory of society claimed that there was a tendency to return to an equilibrium where a balanced amount of Class I and Class II people are present in the governing élites.
		Finally, Pareto's ruminations on the potential efficiency of a collectivist society were aired in the Socialist Calculation Debate that arose between the Paretians and the Austrians.
	cepa.newschool.edu /het/profiles/pareto.htm (3058 words)

	The Bankruptcy of "New Class" Theories
		While Cliff’s “theory” of state capitalism differs internally from the “bureaucratic collectivist” theory of Max Shachtman and originated a decade later, what they have in common is their service as vehicles for dumping the Trotskyist program of unconditional defense of the degenerated or deformed workers states from imperialist attack.
		The absurdity of “state capitalist”; and “bureaucratic collectivist” theories is manifest in light of the simple surrender of the Soviet degenerated workers state and the East European deformed workers states by the disintegrating Stalinist bureaucracy.
		Bureaucratic collectivism posits that it is the lust for disembodied power, and not the private accumulation of wealth, that is the decisive motor force in human history.
	www.icl-fi.org /english/esp/archives/oldsite/NEWCLASS.HTM (12207 words)

	The USSR and non-linear capitalism. Workers' Liberty #59, December 1999.
		If he called it "bureaucratic collectivist", with the proviso that this was a unique hybrid system, that avoided such implications.
		But the bedrock difference between "bureaucratic collectivism" and "state capitalism", in the whole long historical debate, remains this: "state capitalist" means capitalist, "bureaucratic collectivist" means something beyond capitalism.
		The argument is circular.) Moreover the "bureaucratic collectivist" designation can seem to clarify the contrast between Stalinist economies and "ordinary" capitalism only for those who confine their analysis to the two polar cases typified by the USA and the USSR, and leave most modern economies in a comfortable blur.
	archive.workersliberty.org /wlmags/wl59/ussr.htm (2208 words)

	Weekly Worker 436 Thursday June 13 2002
		What is similar, as we shall see, in both Hobsbawm’s and Matgamna’s accounts is the distinction between a systematically enforced barbarism, as presented in Soviet ‘bureaucratic collectivism’, and a new barbarous flux which emerges in the collapse of that project in the late 1980s and 1990s.
		This period of breakdown and disruption is a consequence of the failure of social democracy and liberal capitalism and what Matgamna obviously mentions and Hobsbawm does not: the profound defeat of the Russian Revolution.
		The ‘barbarism’ of an asphyxiated, bureaucratic Stalinism (profoundly different, it would seem, from that of a post-Stalinist neo-barbarism) and a social-democratic reformism which would use the methods of barbarism of occasion are then situated within an expanding, dynamic capitalism - refuting the thesis of a neo-barbaric solution to a dying capital.
	www.cpgb.org.uk /worker/436/defeat.html (4218 words)

	The Nature of the Soviet State - The Subjectivist and the Marxist Method \| Workers' Liberty
		Such is the case with the subjectivist analysis of Stalinism and the USSR that lies behind the Bureaucratic Collectivist and State Capitalist theories.
		Even the Bureaucratic Collectivists accept that Stalinism wherever it took control abolished all other social classes, and did so by abolishing the property relations on which those classes were based.
		In order for this not to be the case the Bureaucratic Collectivists have to prove that the bureaucracy represents not just an excrescence upon the working class, but constitutes a fully formed class in its own right.
	www.workersliberty.org /node/7254 (5421 words)

	Collectivist Schemes
		Another example of collectivist folly is the legislation passed by Congress that seeks to help all businesses by reducing their costs.
		If they seek instead to increase the disposable incomes of all rich people in a way that does not directly help to eliminate unemployment, then they reveal themselves to be deluded fools who end up victimizing themselves as well as others through their ineptitude.
		It certainly is not difficult to think of more examples of these kinds of collectivist political attempts by various groups to obtain 'easy enrichment' for themselves (their group).
	nontrivialpursuits.org /collectivist_schemes.htm (1891 words)

	On Bureaucratic Collectivism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In their introduction, Haberkern and Lipow assess the significance of bureaucratic collectivism -- a third form society, neither capitalist nor socialist -- not only in historical perspective, that is, in its Stalinist form, but as a continuing challenge for socialism in the emerging post-Cold War world.
		It is precisely in their lack of understanding of bureaucratic collectivism that they remain, for all their otherwise demonstrably robust distinctions, symmetrical political entities.
		Clearly bureaucratic intrusions especially in post-war European society, but paralleled by the burgeoning permanent arms economy and nascent welfare statism of America, were historic innovations signifying something other than the mere bolstering of capitalism.
	www.wpunj.edu /~newpol/issue23/finger23.htm (4083 words)

	Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Shachtman’s aim, Ernie Haberkern has argued, was to construct his own bogus theory of continuity by presenting himself as the sole author of the bureaucratic collectivist position: "For this purpose it was necessary to conceal the fact that there had been two theories of bureaucratic collectivism.
		One, espoused by Shachtman, held that collectivist property forms were per se progressive, a conquest of the Russian Revolution that had to be defended no matter what class was the immediate beneficiary (or victim) of the social relations based on these forms.
		As for Carter’s theory of bureaucratic collectivism as a regressive system which did not merit even critical defence by revolutionaries, given that this is Matgamna’s own position you might have expected him to at least give Carter his due.
	www.whatnextjournal.co.uk /Pages/Back/Wnext11/Reviews.html (6486 words)

	B. Getting There
		In some class societies, like the bureaucratic collectivist societies of the old Soviet bloc, some portion of the state apparatus itself is the ruling class.
		Free market, libertarian communist, syndicalism, and other kinds of collectivist anarchists must learn to coexist in peace and mutual respect today, in our fight against the corporate state, and tomorrow, in the panarchy that is likely to succeed it.
		Collectivist anarchists generally insist that the collective exists to further the liberty of the sacred individual, and that they have no objection to individual and small group enterprise so long as there is no wage labor.
	mutualist.org /id107.html (11952 words)

	Two Souls of Socialism
		The "collectivist" feeling one may get from a description of the Spartan regime comes from a different direction: the way of life of the Spartan ruling class itself, which was organized as a permanent disciplined garrison in a state of siege; and to this add the terroristic regime imposed over the helots (slaves).
		The relatively privileged position of managerial, bureaucratic and intellectual-flunky elements in the Russian collectivist system can be pointedly contrasted with the situation in the West, where these same elements are subordinated to the owners of capital and manipulators of wealth.
		It is not hard for an intellectual or bureaucratized official to convince himself that permeation of and adaptation to the existing power is the smart way to do it, when (as it happens) it also permits sharing in the perquisites of influence and affluence.
	www.global-labour.org /two_souls_of_socialism.htm (12746 words)

	China's Capitalist Revolutions
		While the bureaucrats were successful in suppressing an uprising, they could not prevent the emergence of struggles on the local level and at the point of production.
		Much of the cadre and a number of party leaders came from poor-peasant backgrounds; but their conditions in the besieged enclaves of the '30's and '40's, the party ideology and the securing of official positions once in power led them to a different outlook and behavior from the parochialism and isolation of the typical peasant.
		The greatest disaster of the deformed workers' state and bureaucratic collectivist theories is that, at times of revolutionary upheaval, they led militants to rely on dissident reformist figures ultimately loyal to the ruling class like Imre Nagy in Hungary in 1956, and Lech Walesa in Poland.
	www.lrp-cofi.org /PR/ChinaPR53.html (9837 words)

	Mutualist.Org: Free Market Anti-Capitalism
		But it is our petty bourgeois tendencies that put us in the mainstream of the American populist/radical tradition, and make us relevant to the needs of average working Americans.
		Most people distrust the bureaucratic organizations that control their communities and working lives, and want more control over the decisions that affect them.
		They are open to the possibility of decentralist, bottom-up alternatives to the present system.
	mutualist.org (668 words)

	BT Debates LRP - On the Nature of the USSR
		It was, according to Shachtman, a new form of class society, which he labelled ‘‘bureaucratic collectivist.’’ The Workers Party accordingly advocated the creation of a ‘‘third camp,’’ equally opposed to both the Soviet Union and capitalism.
		Not because a few bureaucrats in the planning ministries were becoming disgruntled, but rather because the higher prices, increased inequality and ruthless profiteering spawned by these reforms had given rise to massive popular resentment against the regime, particularly in the cities.
		The reality is further that bureaucrats entrusted with the formulation and execution of the plan, no matter how incompetent, no matter how much they may abuse their authority, must still, as a matter of necessity, provide for the basic needs of the population.
	www.bolshevik.org /1917/no6/no06lrp.html (5552 words)

	Final exam study questions
		Over time during a cycle of protest, the use of confrontational but non-violent tactics rises early in the cycle, peaks, and then declines while the use of violence rises late in the cycle and declines only when the movement declines.
		When social movements adopt more formalized, bureaucratic organizational structures, they will move towards more conventional, less militant tactics.
		Describe the major differences in the operations of collectivist and bureaucratic strands of feminist movement organizations.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /socy/vanneman/socy432/exam.html (2451 words)

	\| Reviews / Comptes Rendus \| Labour/Le Travail, 52 \| The History Cooperative
		He later labelled this new and contradictory social formation "bureaucratic collectivism." If, under certain conditions, this new state, however defined, might be defended, it was also possible, in the shifting Shachtman set of understandings over the 1940s, to refuse it support.
		Suppression of principles and bureaucratic dictate did not win the day in all circles of the Left, as it had among the Stalinists, and the cult of personality and the unquestioned authority of leaders, even Trotsky, as these documents show, was anything but dominant in this factional contest.
		Internationalism, in combination with airing of differences (at times, admittedly, far too personalized) within a national section, and their eventual principled resolution, brought US Trotskyism out of its internecine fights and dog days and into the struggle for a proletarian party and an influence within the working class.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/llt/52/br_21.html (1754 words)

	Draper: The Two Souls of Socialism
		The "collectivist" feeling one may get from a description of the Spartan regime comes from a different direction: the way of life of the Spartan ruling class itself, which was organized as a permanent disciplined garrison in a state of siege; and to this add the terroristic regime imposed over the helots (slaves).
		If Bernstein was the theoretician of the identification of bureaucratic collectivism with socialism, then it was his left-wing opponent in the German movement who became the leading spokesman in the Second International of a revolutionary-democratic Socialism-from-Below.
		It is not hard for an intellectual or bureaucratized official to convince himself that permeation of and adaptation to the existing power is the smart way to do it, when (as it happens) it also permits sharing in the perquisites of influence and affluence.
	www.sirendesign.net /solidarity/socialism.htm (11757 words)

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