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Topic: Burh

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	Alfred's towns, the burhs
		The Burghal Hidage is a unique document, a list of Wessex's fortified burhs which reveals a degree of organisation rare for this period, and gives us a detailed glimpse of the system Alfred designed for the defence of his kingdom.
		There are 33 burhs on the list, most of which would have been founded during Alfred's reign, and the distribution of these fortified centres meant that no one in Alfred's kingdom was more than 20 miles from a place of refuge.
		Each burh in the list is assessed in hides, a measurement of arable land which in the Hidage relates to two things, the nominal garrison size, and the length of the defences.
	www.ogdoad.force9.co.uk /alfred/alfhidage.htm (743 words)

	Medieval English urban history - Origins : wiks, burhs and ports
		The protective environment of the burhs was incentive to the location of markets within or nearby, if they were not already present (as is probable) in those existing settlements converted into burhs.
		But, just as the burh benefited from special royal protection, so ports were privileged by the restriction of minting and of all but minor commercial transactions to such places (the latter restriction proving impossible to enforce).
		The burhs established within the Danelaw, after reconquest, were typically within settlements already fostered by the Danes into commercial centres and so also tended to become important towns later in the Middle Ages.
	www.trytel.com /~tristan/towns/townint4.html (1171 words)

	Medieval English urban history - Maldon - Origins
		In 916 Edward the Elder, constructed a burh at Maldon as part of his programme to reconquer (from the Danes) and fortify eastern England.
		Whether this was the burh defences, or evidence of a Roman fort guarding the road leading inland near its crossing of the river, is uncertain; perhaps both.
		That Maldon was among the minority of Edward's burhs to have developed into a medieval borough is doubtless due to the fact that it also served as a regional market centre.
	www.trytel.com /~tristan/towns/maldon1.html (829 words)

	Ancient Monuments Laboratory Report --/00
		According to documentary sources, the south-west corner of the burh should lie within a zone 20m wide to the west of the main west front of the cathedral (Mackreth pers comm).
		In addition to the excavation record, previous geophysical investigations were conducted by the AML in 1987 in an attempt to locate the northern boundary of the burh in the Deanery Garden of the cathedral (Shiel and Haddon-Reece 1988).
		The survey was apparently successful in tracing the eastward continuation of the northern boundary of the burh from a point where it had earlier been recorded in two excavated trenches immediately north of the northern boundary of the Deanery Garden (Mackreth pers comm).
	www.eng-h.gov.uk /reports/peterborough_cath (2237 words)

	BOROUGH (A.S. nominati... - Online Information article about BOROUGH (A.S. nominati...
		BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf.
		The sanctity of the burh was enjoyed by all the dwellings of the king, at first perhaps only during his term of See also:
		Mercantile transactions in the burhs or ports, as they were called when their commercial rather than their military importance was accentuated, were placed by law under See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BLA_BOS/BOROUGH_AS_nominative_burh_dati.html (7140 words)

	Regia Anglorum - The Fyrd (Army) in Anglo-Saxon England - Part 2
		The landholders in these 'burghal districts' were charged with providing the men necessary to maintain and garrison the burhs, on the basis of one man from every hide of their land.
		The garrisons of the burhs were disbanded, and the burhs now stood merely as places of refuge for the civilian population.
		Burh after burh was stormed and burned by the invaders.
	www.regia.org /fyrd2.htm (3104 words)

	Borough - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alternate forms and spellings in English include bury and burrow.
		The English borough and the Scots burgh are derived from the Anglian word burh (with other dialectal variants including burg, beorh, beorg, and byrig).
		The word originally indicated a fortified town, and was related to the verb beorgan (cf.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Borough (2611 words)

	Saxon Burhs
		The term burh was used by the Saxons to refer to a fortified centre.
		Large burhs (such as Winchester and Bath) were planned as permanent settlements with trade centres.
		As with all centralised systems burhs had to be funded, and so the taxation system known as burghal hidage was introduced.
	www.manaraefan.ndo.co.uk /timeline/Raven_Burhs.htm (121 words)

	Blythburgh Society - The History Notes: The Question of a Mint at Blythburgh. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Now a burh is an entity known to the law and thus every burh should have a moneyer.
		The burh is essentially a stronghold, a place of refuge and probably with a military presence and with its own judicial administration and also an established market.
		Blythburgh was a burh and it also had a market with possibly foreign trading as far back as 8/9th century, so a mint could have been justified, but coinage of this period has to bear the name of the moneyer who struck coins officially but not the actual name of the town or burh.
	www.blythweb.co.uk /blythburgh/mint.htm (469 words)

	UCL Institute of Archaeology
		The element burh is also found in compounds such as burh-tūn and burh-stede.
		The primary meaning of burh is ‘fortification, fortified place’, whether this refers to an ancient earthwork or encampment (e.g.
		The term was sometimes used in the later Anglo-Saxon period to denote a ‘fortified house’, from which the common post-conquest sense ‘a manor house, the centre of an estate’ developed.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /archaeology/project/beyond-burghal/place-names.htm (516 words)

	The defence of the Anglo-Saxon state
		Hill D 'The Calculation and the purpose of the Burghal Hidage' in 'The defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hideage and Anglo-Saxon fortifications' Hill D and Rumble A R [Eds.] p 96.
		Consider for example the construction of Burh at Stamford in 918, Swanton M (2000) ASC A 918 p103.
		Consider for example the victory of the burgware of Chichester in Swanton M (2000) ASC A 894 p88 in the context of the 'king's ðegn who were occupying the fortifications' Swanton M (2000) ASC A 893 p87.
	www.millennia.demon.co.uk /ravens/glover.htm (4789 words)

	ORB - Medieval English urban history - Norwich - Map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Archaeology has not substantiated this (in contrast to evidence of a ditch in the northwestern sector of the Anglo-Saxon settlement), and it seems unlikely that burh fortifications would have extended so far south beyond the main concentrations of settlement, but the theory remains.
		As one of the most important, populous and prosperous towns of the kingdom, it was caught up in national conflicts and was used as a base, or targeted for attack, by rebels on several occasions between the Conquest and the baronial revolt of mid-13th century.
		At the time of the complaints about the 1253 ditch, when referred to as the croft of St. Augustine (being adjacent to that churchyard), it was in use for meetings of the court of an external jurisdiction (either Tokethorpe manor or Taverham hundred).
	www.the-orb.net /encyclop/culture/towns/norwmap2.html (2340 words)

	SEAX Archaeology - Unlocking Essex's Past
		In 916 he ordered a burh to be built at Maldon itself, as part of his campaign to recover eastern England from Danish control.
		The remnants of the Maldon burh were identified in the 18th century by the antiquarians Joseph Strutt and Nathaniel Salmon as an earthwork on the west side of the town on the top of the ridge with the main Chelmsford and London Road cutting through it.
		The Saxon town developed around the east gate of the burh, along the main road that led from the burh down to the Hythe.
	unlockingessex.essexcc.gov.uk /content_page.asp?content_page_id=125&... (1393 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Carisbrooke Castle, Isle of Wight, UK - A311112
		A burh is a fortified camp built by the Saxons to defend England against the Vikings.
		The burh at Carisbrooke was called Wihtgarsburh, named after Wihtgar who was said to be King of the Isle Of Wight and kinsman of Cerdic, the first of the kings of Wessex.
		The Saxons are said to have won a battle here in 530 AD, yet it is believed that the island stayed in the hands of the Jutes until the 680s.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/alabaster/A311112 (1532 words)

	THE ANGLO-SAXON HISTORY OF LYDFORD
		The total area including farming land associated with and defended by the Lydford burh can be estimated from information in the set of 9th-century Anglo-Saxon documents called the "Burghal Hidage".
		The difficulty, however, is that no known Anglo-Saxon documents define a hide in terms of acres or other exact unit of area, and it seems likely that the size of a hide was not the same in different parts of the overall Anglo-Saxon domain.
		Assessment of the ramparts of many of King Alfred's burhs has indicated that their lengths mostly agree well or very well with the values calculated as above in terms of the number of hides belonging to the burh.
	www.lydford.co.uk /anglosaxonlydford.htm (1159 words)

	BBC - Coventry and Warwickshire Features - Short stories 03
		The year was 915 AD, and the fortified town of Burh, (today Warwick), was attempting to build a resistance to the Danish attacks.
		The sharp wind tore through the village, rippling the grass as it went, and in Edwards’s case, rattling the windows in his house.
		A day passed and the resistance of Burh stood in line and waited for any signs of enemies.
	www.bbc.co.uk /coventry/features/stories/2004/05/short-stories-03.shtml (1540 words)

	At the Edge: Recovering the lost religious place-names of England
		Most promising is OE element burh, found in the names of monasteries including Glastonbury, Bury St Edmunds, Peterborough, Canterbury, Malmesbury, and significantly in Paulus byrig aet Lundaenae for St Paul’s in London.
		Blything Hundred in Suffolk is perhaps a minster territory centred on Sigeberht’s monastery at Bythburgh (burh); Happing Hundred in Norfolk may similarly relate to Happisburgh.
		Surrey has two cases of burh stow, at Bristow Farm in Frimley by Bagshot Heath, and Burstow church a mile from Thunderfield Castle (‘Thunor’s field’, see later) in the remote clayey Weald and inexplicably the site of a court of king Alfred.
	www.indigogroup.co.uk /edge/Religpns.htm (5207 words)

	Chapter the Second: A Parting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The village folk gained precious coin in return for the sale of their excess to the grain merchants who visited Kilton then, and even the humblest hut holder prospered in the sudden bounty.
		But Godwulf sold none of the burh's grain, tho' ready silver was put before him many a time, but filled the store houses, old and new, to bursting.
		That night all the folk of the burh, even onto the slaves, and all the village folk, and all gamesmen and snaresmen and woodcutters of the forests, all who had been within the call of horns or sounding of bells or hurried cry from swift riders; these all filed into the timber hall at Kilton.
	www.octavia.net /books/kilton/Chapter2.htm (2296 words)

	Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust - Projects - Historic Landscapes - Bro Trefaldwyn -
		Early prehistoric activity in the area is represented a Neolithic axe found near The Ditches and by cropmark ring-ditches representing Bronze Age round barrows to the south of Rownal, north of Chirbury, and to the north of Whitley.
		The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that a burh or fortress was built by Aethelflaeda at Chirbury (Cyricbyrig) in 915 and was evidently already a religious centre, the name meaning 'the fort with a church'.
		More recent observations suggest that the burh was a much larger enclosure, built around the village on an axis parallel with its roads.
	www.cpat.org.uk /projects/longer/histland/montgom/1074.htm (2285 words)

	Old Sarum
		Saxon burh situated on the site of the Iron Age hillfort at Old Sarum (SU 13 SW 30).
		The burh was also used as an `emergency burh' (Haslem 1984) during the early 11th century because of conflicts with the Danes.
		By Domesday the area of the hillfort and burh were under royal and ecclesicastical ownership leading to the building of the cathedral (SU 13 SW 150) and castle (SU 13 SW 149).
	pastscape.english-heritage.org.uk /hob.asp?hob_no=660752 (362 words)

	EDINBURGH (surveyed in 1849-53) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		There appears to have been a settlement in the area from the time of the British kingdom of Gododdin in the sixth century AD.
		burh suggests that it was also settled by the Northumbrian Angles around the tenth century.
		Certainly by the eleventh century the Scottish king Malcolm III (1058-93) had a castle there and built St Margaret’s Chapel on the Castle Rock for his wife in 1076.
	www.nls.uk /digitallibrary/map/townplans/background/edinburgh_2.html (1416 words)

	Word order
		Hi forbærndon ða ða burh and ðæt ðe binnan hyre wæs.
		They burned (up) then the city and that which within her was.
		ða burston ða weallas, ðe ða burh behæfdon, endemes to grunde
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~cpercy/courses/OESyntaxOverhead.htm (1183 words)

	The Maldon Burh Jigsaw Intro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This is an Internet version of a popular booklet first published by Maldon Archaeological Group in 1986.
		There have been several important excavations since but they do not appear to have produced any new evidence contrary to that presented in the original Maldon Burh Jigsaw.
		Owen Bedwin - Excavations at Beacon Green - The Maldon Burh (1987), Essex Archaeology & History Volume 23 1992
	www.maldonsx.freeserve.co.uk /jigsaw/jigintro.html (117 words)

	Aldbrough St John
		No-one has yet convinced me that during the attacks on Stanwick and later peace-keeping, the Romans simply packed up their kit at tea-time and went home to Cataractonium [Catterick] to return the next day to continue their siege.
		We have found the original burh site within the village, and believe we have identified the original fortification within the oval burh site.
		Later, I present the case for "Aldbrough Castle" - the name is used loosely - from early writings and from new evidence.
	www.aldbrough-st-john.co.uk (404 words)

	Place Names
		Burh was Anglo-Saxon for a defended site so there may have been a Saxon defended site, most likely on what we now call Killy Hill.
		In which case it almost retains the Anglo-Saxon spelling of 'burh'.
		The Castle Grove area takes its name from a family called Le Castell who also had property in Horsell.
	www.chobham.org.uk /place.htm (458 words)

	Maldon Archaeology, Maldon, Essex, England, UK
		The Maldon Burh Jigsaw - Search for Maldon's Saxon Fort...
		The Maldon Burh Jigsaw attempts to put together small pieces of surviving evidence of the Maldon Saxon burh.
		A big problem with rescue archaeology in a working gravel pit is that the landscape tends to change rather rapidly.
	www.maldonsx.freeserve.co.uk (720 words)

	Barnstaple, from Lundy, Isle of Avalon by Mystic Realms
		In his book 'Celts etc' Kerslake speaks of Barnstaple being also a sphere of St. Brannock's work, and traces a connection between the names Bran and Barum.
		" Burridge Camp is an iron age hillfort which became the burh of Pilton." from
		As to the strategic importance of Burridge Camp; Polwhele remarks on the fact of there being a regular chain of earthworks running from Barnstaple to the northeast...
	www.lundyisleofavalon.co.uk /places/barnstaple.htm (190 words)

	Newsletters
		Assuming the courses of Saxon and medieval thoroughfares to be still extant, there are few alternatives for the site of the burh: the traditional candidate centres on the Square; another would have St. Mary Street as its main thoroughfare; High Street would be the centre of a further candidate.
		No dating has yet been attempted (nor is it known whether Axbridge had a town wall after being a burh) but the gardens on one side are at a considerably lower level than the path on the other.
		This would be compatible with medieval levelling of habitable land within the perimeter of the burh.
	www.sanhs.org /Newsletters.htm (13619 words)

	Chapter the Sixteenth: Shattered
		At the first message we were gladdened, but one man riding fast from burh to burh bearing such news did not loosen our resolve nor soften our defences, tho' he bore the King's signet mark and was known to Wulfstan.
		Without Godwin the fate of Kilton was in Ælfred's hands, and the King, wise and just as he was, must use such a burh to reward one he knew faithful to him, or take it, with proper recompense, for himself.
		The burh yard, awrack with cattle pens, long houses and sheds thrown up to house the village and their beasts, stood nearly empty of any save the hall's own people by mid-day.
	www.octavia.net /books/kilton/Chapter16.htm (8078 words)

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