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	Mamluk Information
		Mamluks were to follow the dictates of furusiyya, a code of conduct that included values like courage and generosity but also doctrine of cavalry tactics, horsemanship, archery and treatment of wounds.
		Burji, برجي meaning 'of the tower', referred to their center in the citadel of Cairo, and it consisted of Circassians.
		Mamluks fought well at Battle of Austerlitz on December 2 1805 and the regiment was granted a standard and a roster increased to accommodate a standard bearer and a trumpet.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Mamluk (2261 words)

	Burji dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A result of the Mamluk cavalry charges proving to be no match for the Ottoman artillery and the janissaries.
		In 1517 the Ottoman Turks and their sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluks with the capture of Cairo on January 20.
		However, the Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as an Egyptian ruling class and the Mamluks and the Burji family succeeded in regaining much of their influence, but remained technical vassals of the Ottomans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Burji_dynasty (615 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Mamluk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mamluks were to follow the dictates of furusiyya, a code of conduct that included values like courage and generosity but also doctrine of cavalry tactics, horsemanship, archery and treatment of wounds.
		Burji, Ø¨Ø±Ø¬Ù meaning 'of the tower', referred to their center in the citadel of Cairo, and it consisted of Circassians.
		Mamluks fought well at Battle of Austerlitz on December 2 1805 and the regiment was granted a standard and a roster increased to accommodate a standard bearer and a trumpet.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Mamluk (2327 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Mamluk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		MAMLUK [Mamluk] or Mameluke [Arab.,=slaves], a warrior caste dominant in Egypt and influential in the Middle East for over 700 years.
		The Mamluks were defeated by Napoleon I during his invasion of Egypt in 1798, but their power as a class was ended only in 1811 by Muhammad Ali.
		The mamluks: James Waterson introduces the slave warriors of medieval Islam who overthrew their masters, defeated the Mongols and the Crusaders and established a dynasty that lasted three hundred years.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/M/Mamluk.asp (892 words)

	Mamluk. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		The Mamluk sultans are usually divided into two dynasties, the Bahris (1250–1382), chiefly Turks and Mongols, and the Burjis (1382–1517), chiefly Circassians who were chosen from the garrison of Cairo.
		He did not, however, destroy the Mamluks as a class; they kept their lands, and Mamluk governors remained in control of the provinces and were even allowed to keep private armies.
		The Mamluks were defeated by Napoleon I during his invasion of Egypt in 1798, but their power as a class was ended only in 1811 by Muhammad Ali.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ma/Mamluk.html (666 words)

	Timeline of 15th century Islamic history - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Nasiruddin Faraj died and was succeeded by Al Muayyad.
		In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Saifuddin Inal died and was succeeded by his son Shahabuddin Ahmad.
		In the Burji Mamluks Empire, Temur Bugha was deposed, the Mamluk general Qaitbay took power.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Timeline_of_15th_century_Islamic_history (1333 words)

	Mamluks - Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mamluks were to follow the dictates of furusiyya, a code of conduct that included values like courage and generosity but also doctrine of cavalry tactics, horsemanship, archery and treatment of wounds.
		In 1803, Mamluk leaders Ibrahim Beg and Usman Beg wrote a letter to Russian general-consul and asked him to act as a mediator with the Sultan as they wanted a ceasefire and return to their homeland, Georgia.
		Mamluks fought well at Battle of Austerlitz on December 2, 1805 and the regiment was granted a standard and a roster increased to accommodate a standard bearer and a trumpet.
	mamluks.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Mamluks (2676 words)

	mamluks - Information from Reference.com
		A mamluk (Arabic: مملوك (singular), مماليك (plural), "owned"; also transliterated mameluk, mameluke, or mamluke) was a slave soldier who was converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans during the Middle Ages.
		In 1803, Mamluk leaders Ibrahim Beg and Usman Beg wrote a letter to Russian general-consul and asked him to act as a mediator with the Sultan as they wanted a ceasefire and return to their homeland, Georgia.
		The Russian Ambassador in Istanbul categorically refused to mediate because the Russian government was afraid of allowing Mamluks to return to Georgia, where a strong national-liberation movement was on rise and the Mamluk return may have encouraged it.
	www.reference.com /browse/mamluks (2521 words)

	Mamluk Rule and Ottoman Conquest - History - Egypt - Africa
		A Mamluk sultan usually bequeathed his position to a son or other relative, but a rival Mamluk claimant often toppled the heir and seized the throne.
		The Mamluk sultans who ruled from 1250 to 1382 were commonly referred to as the Bahri sultans.
		In the late 18th century widespread famine reduced the population of Egypt, and factional fighting in Cairo weakened the authority of the Mamluks.
	www.countriesquest.com /africa/egypt/history/mamluk_rule_and_ottoman_conquest.htm (388 words)

	Home > Piedmont, CA, California Yellow Pages, Classifieds, Real Estate, Business, Schools, Library and Jobs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A mamluk (Arabic: ÙÙÙÙÙ (singular), ÙÙØ§ÙÙÙ (plural), "owned"; also transliterated mameluk, mameluke, or mamluke) was a slave soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ottoman Empire during the Middle Ages.
		Burji, Ø¨Ø±Ø¬Ù meaning \'of the tower\', referred to their center in the citadel of Cairo, and it consisted of Circassians and Georgians).
		Finally, on March 1, 1811, Muhammad Ali invited all Mamluks to his palace to celebrate the declaration of war against the Arabs.
	www.piedmontcaus.com /section/Mamluks (2374 words)

	Mamluk Textiles
		The mamluk classes were boys taken from their non-Egyptian parents, at first from among Turkish tribes of Central Asia, later from among peoples of Western Asia, and trained to be expert soldiers and horsemen, to become bodyguards, and perhaps eventually to serve the sultans.
		The mamluks stationed in Cairo under the last strong Ayyubid caliph were known as al-Bahriyya al-Salihiyya: "bahri" means "sea", near which the Cairene mamluks were stationed, and from across which they had come; "salih" was the name of their owner, Sultan al-Salih Najn al-Din Ayyub (ruled 1240-1249).
		The Mamluk ecomony suffered in the first half of the 15th century, as tax revenues fell, military expenditure increased, the currency was devalued, and trade revenues were lost.
	home.earthlink.net /~lilinah/Textiles/mamluk.html (1838 words)

	Mamluk - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mamluks (also Mameluks, Mamelukes or Mamlukes) (the Arabic word usually translates as "owned", singular: Щ…Щ…Щ„Щ€Щѓ plural: Щ…Щ…Ш§Щ„ЩЉЩѓ) comprised of slave soldiers who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ottoman Empire.
		The origins of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt lies in the Ayyubid Dynasty that Saladin (Salah ah-Din) founded in 1174.
		Mamluks captured him in March 1250 and received a random of 400.000 livres.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Mamluk (2365 words)

	The Art of the Mamluk Period (1250–1517) \| Thematic Essay \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Mamluk sultanate (1250–1517) emerged from the weakening of the Ayyubid realm in Egypt and Syria (1250–60).
		The Burji Mamluk sultans followed the artistic traditions established by their Bahri predecessors.
		Mamluk textiles and carpets were prized in international trade.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/maml/hd_maml.htm (1041 words)

	15 Century
		In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Gakmuk.
		In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Khushqadam, accession of his son Saifuddin Yel Bey.
		Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, Uzun Hasan defeated the Timurids at the battle of Qarabagh whereby the White Sheep became the masters of Persia and Khurasan.
	users.aol.com /_ht_a/iftkhar1398/html/body_15_century.html (1161 words)

	history.htm
		Mamluk rugs are extremely rare and are considered to be the finest carpets ever produced.
		The Mamluk sultanate (1250-1517) emerged from the weakening of the Ayyubid realm in Egypt and Syria.
		Mamluk silks were sought by European aristocracy and clergymen and remain today in the holdings of Egyptian churches and museums.
	pr.sv.net /aw/2005/january/english/history.htm (1085 words)

	Egypt's Mamluk Sultans [Usually Misspelled Mamelukes]
		The Mamluks (usually misspelled Mamelukes) were a military caste of mostly Circassian and Georgian extraction that ruled Egypt for 267 years, from 1250 to 1517 in their own right, but from then till 1811 as surrogates of the Ottoman Turks, who conquered Egypt in 1517.
		Baybars, a Kipchak Turk and a Mamluk general in the service of the two Aybaks, Ali and Qutuz, captured King Louis IX of France, a Crusader later called St. Louis, in 1250, and stopped the Mongols in the battle of Ayn Jalut in Palestine in 1260.
		Sultan Saifaddin Qaitbay, a Circassian Mamluk, 18th of the Burjis, who ruled Egypt from 1468 till his death in 1496, expanded Egyptian hegemony northward and clashed with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II in what is now Turkey.
	www.useless-knowledge.com /1234/feb/article146.html (644 words)

	Mamluks
		But with the establishment of the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt, this and other rules were bended, and many Mamluk sultans were children of former sultans.
		It took the Mamluks only a decade to formalize power, of which the reestablishment of the caliphate in Cairo was part of the legitimization process.
		Among the main achievements of the Mamluk period was the development of historical writing, but the time did not allow serious deviations from the standard religious science, which affected Ibn Taimiya and his attempts to cleanse Islam of superstition and foreign accretions.
	i-cias.com /e.o/mamluks.htm (905 words)

	Mamluks info here at en.andmoretop.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Rise and Fall of the Templar Knights The Latin Kingdom were attacked by the Mamluks.
		The Mamluks were illiterate slaves who were trained as part of an elite military caste which came to rule Egypt and much of the Middle-East.
		The Mamluks were supplied with steel and wood...
	en.andmoretop.info /Mamluks (2395 words)

	Mamluk coins. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The name "Mamluks" means "those possessed, slaves", referring to the origins of the first members of the dynasty, who were soldiers in the service of the last of the Ayyubid rulers.
		The lengthy Mamluk rule is traditionally divided into two dynasties, the Bahri (from 1250 to 1382 and again in 1389) and the Burji (from 1382 to 1517, with a brief interruption in 1389).
		The Bahri line followed a fairly traditional form of family succession, but the Burji rulers came from a most unusual process: the leading amirs selected the rulers from groups of youths that had been imported as slaves from the Caucasus and had received rigorous training as soldiers.
	users.rcn.com /j-roberts/mamluk.htm (238 words)

	Essential World Architecture Images- Muslim- Mamluks
		Trade and agriculture flourished under Mamluk rule, and Cairo, their capital, became one of the wealthiest cities in the Near East and the center of artistic and intellectual activity.
		Mamluk history is divided into two periods based on different dynastic lines: the Bahri Mamluks (1250–1382) of Qipchaq Turkic origin from southern Russia, named after the location of their barracks on the Nile and the Burji Mamluks (1382–1517) of Caucasian Circassian origin, who were quartered in the citadel.
		Mamluk decorative arts—especially enameled and gilded glass, inlaid metalwork, woodwork, and textiles—were prized around the Mediterranean as well as in Europe, where they had a profound impact on local production.
	www.essential-architecture.com /STYLE/STY-Muslim-Mamluks.htm (566 words)

	Mamluk info here at en.contentsindexof.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Cohen writes that âit is conventional to characterize the Mamluk reign as one of...
		Cohen, MR, 1984, Jews in the Mamluk Environment: The Crisis of 1442 (A...
		Mamluk - Â‘The devil is in the horsemenÂ’ or Â‘donÂ’t spare the detailsÂ’ Â“A Great Battles of History Module for Devil's Horsemen
	en.contentsindexof.info /Mamluk (2401 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Islamic Economics: What It Is and How It Developed
		Ibn Khaldun stated the stages of development through which every society passes, moving from the primitive Bedouin stage to the rise of village, towns and urban centers with an effective government, development of agriculture, industry and sciences, and the impact of values and environment on this development (Muqaddimah, pp.
		The first period was that of the Bahri (or Turkish) Mamluks (1250-1382), who have generally received praise in the chronicles of their contemporaries.
		The second period was that of the Burji Mamluks (Circassians, 1382-1517).
	eh.net /encyclopedia/article/chapra.islamic (8866 words)

	15th Century (1400-1499) C.E.
		15th Century (1400-1499) C.E. 15th Century (1400-1499) C.E. In the Burji Mamluks empire, The Mamluks lost Syria which was occupied by Amir Timur.
		In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Barsbay, accession of his minor son Jamaluddin Yusuf; Yusuf overthrown and power captured by the Chief Minister Saifuddin Gakmuk.
		In the Burji Mamluks empire, Abdication of Qait Bay, succession of his son Nasir Muhammad.
	members.tripod.com /~CHANDNYC/his11.htm (1142 words)

	Burji dynasty Information
		A result of the Mamluk cavalry charges proving to be no match for the Ottoman artillery and the janissaries.
		In 1517 the Ottoman Turks and their sultan Selim I defeated the Mamluks with the capture of Cairo on January 20.
		However, the Ottoman Empire retained the Mamluks as an Egyptian ruling class and the Mamluks and the Burji family succeeded in regaining much of their influence, but remained technical vassals of the Ottomans.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Burji_dynasty (592 words)

	Bahri dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Bahri dynasty or Bahriyya Sultante &1575;&1604;&1605;&1605;&1575;&1604;&1610;&1603; &1575;&1604;&1576;&1581;&1585;&1610;&1577; was a Mamluk dynasty that ruled Egypt from 1250 to 1382 when they were succeeded by the Burji dynasty, another group of Mamluks.
		In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub died, the Mamluks owned by sultan killed his owner's heir, and the Mamluk general Aybak (who ruled 1250 - 1257) married Shajarat ad-Durr (Arabic: Tree of Pearls), widow of as-Salih.
		The Mamluks were power calvalry warriors mixing the practices of the steppe peoples from which they were drawn and the organizational and technological sophistication of the Egyptians and Arabs.
	bahri-dynasty.area51.ipupdater.com (604 words)

	J561
		Mamluk or Mameluke [Arab.,=slaves], was a warrior caste dominant in Egypt and influential in the Middle East for over 700 years.
		The Mamluks favoured the cavalry and personal combat with sword and shield.
		They were no match for the Ottomans, who skilfully used artillery and their own slave infantry, the Janissaries, to defeat the Mamluks.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /historia/coins/j2/j561.htm (596 words)

	Wikinfo \| Mamluks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Mamluks (or Mameluks) (the Arabic word usually translates as “owned”) comprised slave soldiers used by the Muslim Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire, and who on more than one occasion seized power for themselves.
		Two Mamluk dynasties ruled Egypt: the Bahri (consisting of Turks and Mongols) and Burji (Circassians and Georgians).
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Mameluks (896 words)

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