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	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Mamluk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The origins of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt lies in the Ayyubid Dynasty that Saladin (Salah al-Din) founded in 1174.
		The first Mamluk dynasty was named Bahri after the name of one of the regiments, the Bahirya or River Island regiment.
		Burji, Ø¨Ø±Ø¬Ù meaning 'of the tower', referred to their center in the citadel of Cairo, and it consisted of Circassians.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Mamluk (2395 words)

	History of early Arab Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 969 the Ismaili Shi'a Fatimid dynasty from Tunisia conquered Egypt and established its capital at Cairo.
		In 1049 the Zirid dynasty in the Maghrib returned to the Sunni faith and became subjects of the Caliphate in Baghdad, but at the same time Yemen recognized the Fatimid caliphate.
		During the Burji dynasty, the Mamluks fought Timur Lenk and conquered Cyprus.
	www.higiena-system.com /wiki/link-History_of_early_Arab_Egypt (2509 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		Under the 4th Dynasty, Egyptian civilization reached a peak in its development, and this high level was generally maintained in the 5th and 6th dynasties.
		In fact, the next two dynasties, the 23d and 24th, were contemporaneous with parts of the 22d Dynasty, just as the 25th (Cushite) Dynasty effectively controlled much of Egypt during the latter years of the 22d and the 24th dynasties.
		Native rule was reestablished early in the 26th Dynasty by Psamtik I. A resurgence of cultural achievement, reminiscent of earlier epochs, reached its height in the 26th Dynasty.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/nations/egypt2.html (7206 words)

	Mamluk - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Mamluk sultans are usually divided into two dynasties, the Bahris (1250-1382), chiefly Turks and Mongols, and the Burjis (1382-1517), chiefly Circassians who were chosen from the garrison of Cairo.
		The Burji period that followed was one of bloodshed and treachery.
		The mamluks: James Waterson introduces the slave warriors of medieval Islam who overthrew their masters, defeated the Mongols and the Crusaders and established a dynasty that lasted three hundred years.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-mamluk.html (857 words)

	Egyptian History D
		Although Egypt remained under the nominal rule of the Abbasid Caliphate its rulers were able to establish quasi-independent dynasties, such as those of the Tulunids and the Ikshidis.
		During the period that elapsed between the Moslem conquest and the end of the Umayyad dynasty the nature of the Arab occupation had become a systematic colonisation.
		In 1049 the Zeirid dynasty in the Maghrib returned to the Sunni faith and became subjects of the Caliphate in Baghdad, but at the same time Yemen recognized the Fatimid caliphate.
	www.a-1hotels.com /eg/history/html/egyptian_history_d.html (2570 words)

	Mamluk coins.
		The lengthy Mamluk rule is traditionally divided into two dynasties, the Bahri (from 1250 to 1382 and again in 1389) and the Burji (from 1382 to 1517, with a brief interruption in 1389).
		The Bahri line followed a fairly traditional form of family succession, but the Burji rulers came from a most unusual process: the leading amirs selected the rulers from groups of youths that had been imported as slaves from the Caucasus and had received rigorous training as soldiers.
		The origin of the dynasty in 1250 AD occurred while Saint Louis (King Louis IX of France) was being held for ransom after his ill-fated landing on the Egyptian coast during the 6th Crusade.
	users.javanet.com /j/-/j-roberts/mamluk.htm (238 words)

	Mamluk Textiles
		The mamluk classes were boys taken from their non-Egyptian parents, at first from among Turkish tribes of Central Asia, later from among peoples of Western Asia, and trained to be expert soldiers and horsemen, to become bodyguards, and perhaps eventually to serve the sultans.
		The second to last Burji sultan was Qanush al-Ghri who was chosen by the mamluk council in 1510.
		The last Burji sultan fought against the Ottomans but faced defeat after defeat and in January 1517 the Ottomans were recognized as rulers of the Mamluk Empire of Syria and Egypt.
	home.earthlink.net /~lilinah/Textiles/mamluk.html (1838 words)

	Egypt's Mamluk Sultans [Usually Misspelled Mamelukes]
		The Egyptian Kurdish Ayyubid Dynasty, founded by the foe of the Crusaders, Salahaddin, better known as Saladin, 80 years before the rise of the Mamluks, in 1169, came to an end when its last Sultan, Turanshah, was assassinated and replaced by the first Aybak.
		The first ruler of the Burji Dynasty of Mamluks was Saifaddin Barquq, an Egyptianized Circassian.
		Sultan Saifaddin Qaitbay, a Circassian Mamluk, 18th of the Burjis, who ruled Egypt from 1468 till his death in 1496, expanded Egyptian hegemony northward and clashed with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid II in what is now Turkey.
	www.useless-knowledge.com /1234/feb/article146.html (644 words)

	Islamic Chronology: Part TWO
		In the Muzaffarids empire, On the disintegration of the II Khan rule Mubarazud Din Muhammad established the rule of the Muzaffarid dynasty.
		In the Burji Mamluks empire, The rule of the Burji Mamluks rounded by Saifuddin Barquq.
		In the Burji Mamluks empire, Death of Gakmuk.
	www.themodernreligion.com /basic/islam_Chronology_P2.htm (5348 words)

	History of early Arab Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Although Egypt remained under the nominal rule of the Abbasid Caliphate its rulers were able to establish quasi-independent dynasties, such as those of the Tulunids and the Ikhidis.
		Main article: Ayyubid dynasty Saladin was confirmed as Nureddin's deputy in Egypt, and on the death of Nureddin on April 12, 1174 he took the title sultan.
		Main article: Bahri dynasty The Mameluk sultans were drawn from the enfranchised slaves who formed the court and officered the army, and were mostly unable to form a new dynasty, usually leaving behind infants who were then overthrown.
	history-of-early-arab-egypt.iqnaut.net (2592 words)

	:: ISlam \| Quran in Urdu \| Quran in English \| Quran in Arabic \| Islamic History ::
		16th Century (1500-1599) C.E. 1500: In the Burji Mamluks empire, Zahir Kanauh overthrown by Ashraf Gan Balat.
		1501: Isamil I establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia, and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state religion.
		1508: Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, End of the White Sheep dynasty and the annexation of their territories by the Safawids.
	www.kashar.net /islam/?link=16th (212 words)

	USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts
		In the Burji Mamluks empire, Zahir Kanauh overthrown by Ashraf Gan Balat.
		Isamil I establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia, and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state religion.
		Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, End of the White Sheep dynasty and the annexation of their territories by the Safawids.
	www.usc.edu /dept/MSA/history/chronology/century16.html (188 words)

	Andy's Playing Cards - The Tarot And Other Early Cards - page V - the Mamlûk cards
		In 1250 the latter was murdered, and Izz ad-Din Aibek became the first Mamlûk ruler, founding the Turkish branch of the dynasty, also known as Bahrî Mamlûks from the regiment they belonged to.
		In 1382, with sultan Barqûq, the new Circassan dynasty (or Burjî Mamlûks) replaced the Turkish branch.
		This enabled them to maintain a high social status, and slowly their control over the army and the administration in Egypt grew strong again, up to the point of almost founding an independent state, in the 18th century.
	l-pollett.tripod.com /cards64.htm (1852 words)

	Mamluks info here at en.16-power.info (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		revision 3 Because a minor scion of the dynasty took refuge with the Mamluks in Egypt,...
		The number uncommon Mamluk regime was named Bahri after the john hancock of uncommon of the regiments, the Bahirya or River Island regiment.
		Burji, Ø¨Ø±Ø¬Ù context 'of the tower', referred to their middlemost in the citadel of Cairo, & it consisted of Circassians.
	en.16-power.info /Mamluks (2585 words)

	[ important-information.be \| Mamluk Resources ] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The militant Mamluk sway was named Bahri after the signature of of the regiments, the Bahirya or River Island regiment.
		Baibars troops onward defeated the outermost of the Crusader postures in the Holy Land.
		Burji, Ø¨Ø±Ø¬Ù purport 'of the tower', referred to their midway in the citadel of Cairo, und it consisted of Circassians.
	www.important-information.be /Mamluk (2463 words)

	Burji dynasty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Their name means 'of the tower', referring to them ruling from the Citadel east of Cairo.
		In 1377 a revolt broke out in Syria which spread to Egypt, and the government was taken over by the Circassians Barakah and Barkuk; Barkuk was proclaimed sultan in 1382, ending the Bahri dynasty.
		He was expelled in 1389 but recaptured Cairo in 1390.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Burji_dynasty (614 words)

	Mamelukes
		From this class sprang two ruling dynasties, the Bahri (1250-1382), made up of Turks and Mongols, and the Burji (1382-1517), made up of Circassians; both were named for places where the troops who seized power had been quartered.
		The founding of the Bahri dynasty in 1250 began a succession that brought territorial gains and great prosperity to Egypt.
		His rule and that of his successors was troubled by palace revolts, civil wars, and foreign conquests, culminating in the defeat of Egypt in 1517 by Selim I, sultan of Ottoman Turkey.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txh/mameluke.htm (534 words)

	africanfront.com (AUF)
		Fatimid dynasty of Egypt during the 11th and 12th centuries is Sudanese.
		1270-1285 Emperor Tasfa Iyasus establishes the Solomonid Dynasty in Axum, and is succeeded by Solomon I. The dynasty lasts 710 years and includes such colourful emperors as Takla George I who was deposed and restored to his throne four times between 1779 to 1800.
		Phillipa was role model for all English women and girls who showed their adoration for her by carrying daggers and wearing hats shaped like helmets (Leon 212, 213).
	www.africanfront.com /calendarcontd2.php (1476 words)

	Qaitbay - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Al-Ashraf Sayf al-Din Qa'it Bay was the eighteenth Burji Mamluk sultan of Egypt from 872-901/1468-1496.
		He was Circassian by birth, and was bought for fifty dinars by the ninth sultan Barsbay (1422 to 1438) before being freed by the eleventh sultan Jaqmaq (1438 to 1453).
		Monarchs, Rulers, Dynasties and Kingdoms of the World.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Qaitbay (248 words)

	\|\|The Cradle of Nubian Civilisation\|\|
		(Dynasties XXI-XXIV), rival dynasties in EgyptTanite (XXI dynasty, 1069-945 BC) established in Delta; later replaced by another dynasty at Bubastis.
		945-715 BCE Reign of Dynasty XXII; Delta rivalries
		Projected as a man of honor, a horse-fancier, and a "deliverer" from disunity, he responds to the pleas from Delta princes to reunify the Nile and defeat Osorkon IV of Dyn.
	www.thenubian.net /chronology.php (3611 words)

	Mamluk Encyclopedia Article @ Hostilities.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		There are architectural treasures from almost every historical period since then, including a supreme run of Mamluk architecture, the dynasty which ruled...
		Mamluk Flag over Cairo according to the Catalan Atlas c.1375
		Hostilities.org is designed and maintained by Kurt Karr and is hosted by pair Networks.
	www.hostilities.org /encyclopedia/Mamluk (2520 words)

	DAWN - Letters; 14 April, 2004
		The Circassian (or the Burji dynasty) was preceded by the Bahri dynasty that composed of Mamluks of Turkish and Mongol descent.
		The Burji Mamluks got control of the Egyptian throne only after the waning of the Bahri dynasty.
		It was the Bahri Mamluks who defeated the Mongols, not the Burji Mamluks.
	www.dawn.com /2004/04/14/letted.htm (2694 words)

	Burji dynasty information information - Search.com (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Burji dynasty information information - Search.com (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu)
		The Burji dynasty المماليك البرجية ruled Egypt from 1382 until 1517.
		Their name means 'of the tower', referring to them ruling form the Citadel east of Cairo.
	c10-ss-1-lb.cnet.com.cob-web.org:8888 /reference/Burji_dynasty (642 words)

	Mamluk - Free net encyclopedia
		The origins of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt lies in the Ayyubid Dynasty that Saladin (Salah ah-Din) founded in 1174.
		Aiber was later killed in his bath and in the following power struggle vice-regent Qutuz took over.
		Baybars troops also defeated the last of the Crusader states in the Holy Land.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Mamluk (2357 words)

	West bengal:: Travel to West bengal:: West bengal Journey :: West bengal Travel Guide
		Bengal was ruled by the Buddhist Pala dynasty from 750 to 1161.
		The Palas were eclipsed by the Hindu Sena dynasty, who ruled Bengal from 1095 to 1260.
		Bengal came under Islamic rule starting in the 13th century, and developed into a wealthy centre of trade and industry under the Mughal Empire during the 16th century.
	west-bengal.goto-india.com (1015 words)

	Andhra Pradesh :: Travel to Andhra Pradesh:: Andhra Pradesh Journey :: Andhra Pradesh Travel Guide
		Various dynasties have ruled the area, including the Andhra (or Satavahana), Ikshvakas, Eastern Chalukyas, Kakatiyas, Vijayanagar, the Qutb Shahis, and the Nizams (princes) of Hyderabad.
		Battle of Diu The naval Battle of Diu was a critical sea battle that took place on 3 February 1509 near Diu, India, between Portugal and a joint fleet of MamlÃ»k Burji Sultanate of Egypt, Ottoman Empire, Calicut and the Sultan of Gujarat, with technical maritime assistance from the Republic of...
		Music of Goa Goa a part of India since 1961, had been ruled since the 16th century by Portugal, and has...
	andhra-pradesh.goto-india.com (1236 words)

	The Georgian Mameluks in Egypt
		The Arabic word "bahr" means "sea or ocean", however, in both ancient and modern oriental languages the term also signifies any quantity of water, and therefore could mean lake, river, or swamp.
		First Mameluks of this dynasty possessed on Nile a little island called Er-Rawda and were mostly of Turkish origin;
		Their name has its origins in the Arabic word "burj" which means tower, castle or fortress where the Mameluk garrisons was deployed.
	www.napoleon-series.org /military/organization/c_mameluks1.html (3609 words)

	Assam :: Travel to Assam:: Assam Journey :: Assam Travel Guide
		Naraka removed this line of rulers and established his own dynasty.
		Historians consider Naraka's victory over the mlechchha rulers to mark the beginning of sanskritization in this region.
		Government of Tripura Like the other states of India, Tripura has a democratic government.
	assam.goto-india.com (1075 words)

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