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Topic: Burmese Wars

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	SWORDS OF CONTINENTAL SOUTHEAST ASIA
		It actually is a Burmese term that simply means "blade." The corresponding term in Thai is "daab," or "darb." We in the West tend to use it to refer to a variety of sword and dagger-length weapons that are used by a variety of people in continental Southeast Asia.
		The Burmese moved into Southeast Asia from the northwest (via Assam/Darjeeling in present-day India), absorbing the Western Mon after conquering Thaton in 1057 C.E. and dominating all of the Irawady River valley, and the lower Sulawen (Salween) River valley to the east.
		Burmese swords do tend to be straighter than Thai swords; the square or concave tip seems more common in Burmese swords, while the upswept tip seems favored in Thai blades.
	www.arscives.com /historysteel/continentalsea.article.htm (4860 words)

	Myanmar History: A Historian's View
		Logistically poor Burmese armies marching to and from Thailand were the scourge to the inhabitants of Lower Burma, sparing neither crops, houses, fruit tress, nor even monastic property.
		Even when Chinese threatened war in 1637 and troops were sent to the frontier he issued orders to safeguard the places on the route of march from the ravages of soldiers.
		War to the finish is a kind of conflict understood by Burmese tyrants.
	www.yazawin.com (2326 words)

	BURMESE WARS - Online Information article about BURMESE WARS
		The armistice having expired on the 3rd of November, the army of Ava, amounting to 6o,000 men, advanced in three divisions against the British position at Prome, which was defended by 3000 Europeans and 2000 native troops.
		The war was thus brought to a successful termination, and the British army evacuated the country.
		The Burmese king and his country were taken completely by surprise by the unexampled rapidity of the advance.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BUN_CAL/BURMESE_WARS.html (2693 words)

	First Burmese War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By 1822, the Burmese army was effectively in control of Assam and the same problems of refugees and rebels operating in the border areas as had occurred with Arakan were now repeated in Assam.
		War with Burma was formally declared on March 5, 1824.
		This interval was employed by Campbell in subduing the Burmese provinces of Tavoy and Mergui, and the whole coast of Tenasserim.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/First_Burmese_War (2108 words)

	History of South East Asia
		The Burmese are predominantly Buddhist, whereas the Karen and the Shan are predominantly Christian and the Arakanese are split between Buddhists and Muslims.
		The Burmese have also ingrained fears of their huge northern neighbour China (remembering the Mongol conquest at the end of the thirteenth century) and still fresh memories of Indian migrants during the colonial period, who dominated the modern sector of the economy.
		The Chakri dynasty in Thailand was in its infancy, recovering from the Burmese destruction of Ayudhya, and the Vietnamese kingdom was torn by rebellion.
	www.aseanfocus.com /publications/history_myanmar.html (4741 words)

	The interaction of Theravada Buddhism and culture in Burma
		Being Burmese was indistinguishable from being Buddhist in the same as being Malay is indistinguishable from being Muslim in Malaysia.
		The Burmese follow these Noble Eightfold Paths and the Five Precepts (abstinence from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, false speech, and liquor and intoxicants) in their daily lives.
		The focus on sexual misconduct can be seen in the daily Burmese life when unmarried couples (and sometimes to the extend of married couples) do not engage themselves in public display of affections beyond holding hands, so as to avoid crossing the line between appropriate and inappropriate sexual conduct.
	www.angelfire.com /ca/YANA/ANTHR.html (3013 words)

	Myanmar Burma-Myanmar History Culture Information
		The composition of different Burmese musical instruments may not be appreciated to the Westerns, because, to their apparition, the Burmese musicals instruments are created without taking account of the harmonic effect which is very important for the western music.
		In the Burmese traditional music, the rhythm and the melody constitute the musical structure that develops itself by means of the repetition, light changes of rhythm and tonality bring the modulation that is provided by the harmonic dimension in the western music.
		For a Burmese, everything that he or she celebrates or what happens around him or she, since his or her birth until his or her death, can be accompanied with "Saing", either music of the Burmese traditional orchestra or rural music troop of amateurs.
	www.myanmarmtetours.com /myanmar.htm (5144 words)

	Left
		After three Anglo-Burmese wars over a period of 60 years, the British completed their colonization of the country in 1886, taking the last of a long line of Burmese kings into custudy.
		Burma was immediately annexed as a province of British India, and the British began to permeate the ancient Burmese culture with foreign elements (left).
		Burmese customs were often weekened by the imposition of British traditions.
	www.hri.ca /partners/cfob/Background/HistoryofBurma/cppg2.shtml (192 words)

	The History Guy: The War List
		These wars are placed in the Anglo-French category as an illustration of their placement in the pattern of wars between those two countries.
		This war was preceded by years of border combat short of all-out war.
		Parts of the war saw the Muslims and Croatians cooperate against their common foe, but from 1993-1994, Bosnia saw a three-way war when the Muslims and Croats battled each other as well as fighting the Serbs.
	www.historyguy.com /War_list.html (4997 words)

	New Internationalist 280
		After three Anglo-Burmese wars over a period of sixty years, the British completed their colonization of the country in 1886, taking the last of a long line of Burmese kings into custody.
		Burmese customs were often weakened by the imposition of British traditions.
		Hailed as the architect of Burma's new-found independence by the majority of the Burmese, Aung San was able to negotiate an agreement in January 1947 with the British, under which Burma would be granted total independence from Britain.
	www.newint.org /issue280/simply.html (1376 words)

	Chapter 3
		One of the factors may have been the outbreak of civil war in the nascent Union of Burma and the fact that government was only in control of the main urban centres at that time.
		At the university, Burmese was also the medium of instruction for all subjects starting from Intermediate part A. English was the medium of instruction in the Honours and Masters classes.
		Burmese military rule can be classified into two phases: from 1962 to 1974 was the first phase of absolute military rule; and from 1974 to 1988 was the second phase of ‘constitutional dictatorship’ (Silverstein, 1977).
	www.ibiblio.org /obl/docs/Education_in_Burma_(1945-2000).htm (6269 words)

	Third Burmese War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was the final of three wars fought between Burma and the British during the 19th century, and resulted in the loss of Burmese sovereignty and independence.
		However, some sources say that the Burmese resistance was not fierce because the defence minister of Thibaw, Kin Wun Mingyi U Kaung, who wanted to negotiate peace with the British, issued an order to the Burmese troops not to attack the British.
		In addition, the British deceived the Burmese including U Kaung by their propaganda that they did not intend to occupy the country for long, but only to depose the king Thibaw and enthrone Prince Nyaung Yan, an elder half-brother of Thibaw, as the new king.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Third_Burmese_War (1799 words)

	Mandalay Inn - Information About Myanmar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		After the war, the AFPFL talked with the British in an attempt to gain the independence of Myanmar and in April 1947 they won a majority of the constitutional assembly seats.
		The Burmese word "Zat" is derived from the Pali word "Jataka", the narrations, and the birth stories of the Buddha's previous lives.
		A Burmese wears the "longyi" around the hips; the men tie a knot in the front and the women fold it and fix on the one side (right or left) Both sexes wear the flip-flops or sandals, "Pha-nut ", made of leather and in velvet.
	www.mandalayinn.com /about_myanmar.html (4048 words)

	KAREN ACTION GROUP- History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Through the Anglo-Burmese wars in 1826 and 1852 Burma became part of the British Empire until finally the whole country became absorbed into the Empire in 1886, initially as part of the Indian Raj.
		During the war the Burman fought for the Japanese on the promise of independence, and the Karen fought under General Orde Wingate's British 'Chindit' force, on the promise that the Karen would be given their own homelands for fighting alongside the allies.
		As the war drew to an end the Burmese realised that the Japanese had no intention of giving them their independence so they switched their allegiance to the British, and under the leadership of General Aung San, commander of the Burma National Army, they welcomed the allies.
	www.kagint.org /history.html (748 words)

	The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Literature
		The Ava-based ruling Burmese dynasty seized the Irrawady delta, the Tenasserim coast, and the Arakan bordering the East India Company’s territory.
		He was instrumental in creating discord between the Burmese and the British authorities that eventually provoked the second war.
		Menezes, "The Third Anglo-Burmese War in 1885-86 followed the alleged growing influence of the French in Upper Burma by King Thibaw granting them commercial privileges, including a railway concession and the right to manage the royal monopolies of teak and petroleum." This war resulted in the annexation of the whole of Burma.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2002/20020915/spectrum/book8.htm (780 words)

	The Kingdom of Ayutthaya [ Ayuthaya ]
		All captives of war became slaves, debtors and bankrupts became slaves to pay off their debts, parents would sell their children to pay off debts, some destitute people would sell themselves and some were born slaves as the children of slaves.
		Traditionally the balance of power in war depended on elephants and large armies but the introduction of cannons and small arms changed the nature of war and the mobility to fight anywhere.
		The Burmese strategy of using elevated cannons to subdue the population within the city walls became standard practice.
	www.thailandsworld.com /index.cfm?p=213 (1280 words)

	Some Hints on Burma (Myanmar)
		Daughter of Burmese nationalist Aung San, who is regarded as the founder of modern Myanmar, she lived outside Myanmar after 1960.
		The Burmese capital, Pagan, fell (1287) to the Mongols, and the area was then divided among local rulers.
		The Burmese Toungoo dynasty united the area in the 16th cent.
	www.geocities.com /zawaung_2000/b.htm (708 words)

	The Second Burmese War
		It appeared that the war was over, the British aims had been achieved and the Burmese people were peaceful believing the British would leave soon.
		However, as soon as it was realised that the British forces were there to stay the Burmese soldiers, who had returned to their villages, began to form small private armies to expel the British.
		Eventually the Burmese were worn down and its was a victory for the British.
	www.somerset.gov.uk /archives/sli/3burmese.htm (400 words)

	Colonialism and Nationalism in Southeast Asia
		The Burmese, therefore, had two sets of rulers, the British at the top with the Indians in the middle.
		Unlike many colonial civil servants, he was sympathetic towards the Burmese and their desire for independence and unusually objective in his examination of the impact of colonial policies on Southeast Asians.
		The concept of a state, its functions and activities are examined for the pre-colonial, colonial, and modern periods of Burmese history.
	www.seasite.niu.edu /crossroads/wilson/colonialism.htm (2381 words)

	Books \| The lost chord
		After the Anglo-Burmese wars of the 1820s and 50s, in which the British took large amounts of territory, the Burmese signed a commercial treaty with France.
		While the Shan fought the Burmese, the Burmese were fighting the British.
		The grand piano in the jungle is reminiscent of the glass church floating downriver in Peter Carey's Oscar and Lucinda, and the spellbinding musical enchantment of the local chieftains recalls the magician sent by the French government to Algeria to rival the local marabout in Brian Moore's fine last novel, The Magician's Wife.
	books.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4584915-110738,00.html (998 words)

	Burma: A Cultural Profile
		With the outbreak of World War II, he and 29 of his supporters left Burma to undergo military training in Japan.
		It is estimated that one in twenty Burmese people are forced to leave their homes, either to find safety in neighbouring countries or become internally displaced persons (N.I., 1996: 19).
		Most of the Burmese newcomers to BC fled their homes during the 1988 uprising, became temporary refugees in Thailand, and have since been granted permanent immigration status in Canada.
	www.geog.ubc.ca /metropolis/burma/culture.html (1625 words)

	Europa: The History of the White Race :Chapter 46
		The third war was the last: after it a peace treaty recognized the independence of the by then thoroughly mixed race country.
		The First Anglo-Afghan war resulted in the famous battle of Khyber Pass (1842), where nearly 16000 White British troops and their Nonwhite Indian recruits were trapped and killed by the Afghans.
		The outcome of the First World War in 1919, saw the British Empire at its height: the Treaty of Versailles gave Britain most of the German Empire in Africa, while the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East led to the British acquisition of Palestine and Iraq in 1918.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/fowles/500/hwr46.htm (2406 words)

	History of Myanmar
		The Pyus were one of the first Burmese to rule their kingdom in the central Burma.
		During the indianization period of Southeast Asia, between 0 A.D and 400 A.D., the Tibeto-Burmans move from the north into the central Burma, creating their own kingdom of Pagan after the Pyus were wiped out by wars from other neighbouring nations.
		The Pagans expanded their territory to the Mon kingdom and thus the Burmese culture absorbed some of the Mons'.
	www.angelfire.com /ca/YANA/history.html (386 words)

	History of Burma
		After three Anglo-Burmese wars over a period of 60 years, the British completed their colonization of the country in 1886, Burma was immediately annexed as a province of British India, and the British began to permeate the ancient Burmese culture with foreign elements.
		The country was closed off from the outside world as the new despot promoted an isolation ideology based on what he called the Burmese Way to Socialism.
		The humanitarian situation in Burma is disasterous and civil war still ravages the border areas.
	www.cfob.org /HistoryofBurma/historyOfBurma.shtml (1360 words)

	Contrasto - Reportage
		Thai Boxe probably originated around 1400 a.c.; first quotations about this sport can be found inside tales of Thailandese and Burmese wars during the 15th and 16th century.
		In 1774, during one of the several wars between Thailand and Birmania, the prisoner warrior-boxer Nai kharom Tohm owned his and his mates’ freedom after defeating a good twelve Burmese soldiers in a tournament.
		Thailandese people usually compete with the strongest boxers of the provence, while Burmese fighters are mainly represented by poor peasants, called Karen, coming from an ethnic minority persecuted by the Burmese government.
	www.contrasto.it /eng/reportage/dettaglioprod.asp?idprod=978 (678 words)

	OpinionEditorials.com — “Where have all the Generals gone?” Burma’s By-Gone Days of Historic Military Courage - ...
		Alaungpaya, a man of humble origins, but a great leader and his successors, waged wars against the fractured provinces surrounding them, and modern Burma’s borders are a result of that expansion policy of the Konbuang dynasty.
		Their tactics went from negotiating to cajoling the French and the British, but it ended in three wars, known as “The Anglo-Burmese Wars”, and eventually lost all with the deposing of King Thibaw in 1885, and his banishment to India.
		Little is known of the history of those times, as the Burmese theologians and scholars recorded most of the history on palm leaf manuscripts, which were later destroyed by the British soldiers.
	www.opinioneditorials.com /freedomwriters/scarney_20060831.html (1395 words)

	Alaungpaya - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Alaungpaya, 1711-60, Burmese king, founder of the Konbaung dynasty, which ruled until 1885.
		His name, also given as Alompra, means "the coming Buddha." The son of a village headman, he rallied the Burmese and led them against their Mons rulers.
		He seized the important town of Ava in 1753 and moved south, uniting upper and lower Myanmar under his rule.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-alaungpa.html (258 words)

	New Horizons Travels & Tours Ltd. - Info & Links (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Despite their persecution, the Burmese are the kindest, friendliest people and will always extend a hospitable hand towards the foreign visitor.
		During World War II, Burma was occupied by the Japanese from 1942 till the return of the Allied Forces in 1945.
		Its culture however is neither that of India or China exclusively, but a blend of both interspersed with Burmese native traits and characteristics.
	www.burmaexpeditions.com /infos_links_burma.htm (699 words)

	Bush Announces Re-Deployment of Overseas US Troops - 2004-08-16
		The announcement was made during a speech in a key electoral state to one of the largest veterans groups in the country.
		Bush told the annual convention of the Veterans of Foreign Wars meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio, that it is no longer necessary to keep large numbers of American troops in areas where the wars of the last century were fought.
		But the president left no doubt the new realities of the war on terror had an impact on decision-makers.
	voanews.com /burmese/archive/2004-08/a-2004-08-16-1-1.cfm (649 words)

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