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Topic: Buruli Ulcer

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	Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Venous ulcers are also known to have the highest recurring rates, with twenty-five per cent recurring within one year (Moffatt and Dorman, 1995).
		Characteristically large and shallow with sloping walls, venous leg ulcers enter a healing phase under favourable conditions with the epidermis growing in from the sides and ruddy granulating tissues surrounding the edge of the lesion (Fig.
		Ulcers are widely colonized by complex aerobic-anaerobic microflora (Bowler and Davies, 1999).
	podiatry.curtin.edu.au /encyclopedia/venous_leg_ulcer/legulcer.html (1657 words)

	ANESVAD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		WHAT DOES BURULI ULCER CONSIST IN Buruli Ulcer is a "new" disease that leads to severe lesions in the human organism -mainly in children- and may even lead to the sufferers from this disease to death.
		BURULI ULCER is named after a region in Uganda in which a large number of cases of a bacteriological disease (a near cousin of the tuberculosis and leprosy bug) were discovered in 1958.
		Buruli ulcer is a new and practically unknown disease: since the bacteria develops very slowly in laboratory cultures, attempts to identify a preventive treatment or cure take a long time.
	www.anesvad.org /web_idiomas_nueva/anesvad_english/our_challenges/buruli_ulcer/01.htm (319 words)

	Buruli Ulcer Recurrence, Benin \| CDC EID
		Buruli ulcer does not yet appear in health statistics, and few physicians or surgeons are trained to treat this disease.
		Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) in a rural hospital, southern Benin, 1997–2001.
		Buruli (mycobacterial) ulceration in Uganda (a new focus of Buruli ulcer in Madi District, Uganda).
	www.cdc.gov /NCIDOD/EID/vol11no04/04-1000.htm (3866 words)

	Treatment
		Buruli ulcer is defined as an infectious disease involving the skin and caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans.
		Recurrent cases are made up of patients who have previous surgical treatment for Buruli ulcers who are now presenting another lesion at the same or different site within one year from the last treatment.
		Other methods of treating Buruli ulcers include placing the lesion and affected areas in a 40º C water bath or the use of hyperbanic oxygen on the lesion.
	www.arches.uga.edu /~mesaros/treatment.htm (396 words)

	CDC - Buruli Ulcer in Ghana: Results of a National Case Search
		Buruli ulcer commonly affects the young, even though cases are reported in all age groups (7,8).
		The first probable case of Buruli ulcer in Ghana was reported in the Greater Accra Region in 1971; the presence of additional cases along the tributaries of the Densu River in the area was considered likely (12).
		Emergence of Buruli ulcer disease in the Daloa region of Côte d’Ivoire.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol8no2/01-0119.htm (2409 words)

	Global Health Council - Global Health News from around the World
		Buruli ulcer, which is sweeping across Africa now, is a cruel disease which silently eats through skin, muscle and bone and, in its worst form, leaves victims with disfiguring and debilitating craters.
		As Buruli does its work, the normal warnings of fever and pain, which are common with other infections, rarely appear.
		An Australian physician discovered that Buruli ulcer is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, a member of a family that includes the bacteria which cause tuberculosis and leprosy.
	www.globalhealth.org /news/printview-news.php3?id=1740 (832 words)

	Buruli Ulcer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Buruli ulcer is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium ulcerans, from the same family of bacteria which causes tuberculosis and leprosy.
		Buruli ulcer is steadily rising as a serious disease, especially in West Africa and underdeveloped countries, where it is the third leading cause of mycobacterial infection in healthy people, after tuberculosis and leprosy.
		Its name is derived from an area of Uganda which was the site of many cases in the 1960s.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Buruli_Ulcer (194 words)

	Buruli Ulcer Distribution in Benin \| CDC EID
		Several forms of Buruli ulcer exist; large, chronic ulcerations or indurated plaques of the skin are the most frequent manifestations of the disease (1), and bone is sometimes involved (3).
		Little is known about the focal epidemiology of Buruli ulcer; incidence, prevalence, and other data are usually reported at the national or district level (4).
		These results confirmed that distribution of Buruli ulcer must be determined at geopolitical divisions lower than district or national levels, as is frequently assumed to be the case.
	www.cdc.gov /NCIDOD/eid/vol11no03/04-0597.htm (882 words)

	BCG prevention Buruli Ulcer
		Buruli ulcer is an emerging ulcerative skin disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans.
		The name Buruli ulcer originated from the Buruli district of Uganda where the first large numbers of the disease were recorded (Dodge 1962; Lunn 1965).
		Though it is not given routinely for preventing Buruli ulcer, it is currently being encouraged in infants as a means of preventing Buruli ulcer (Asiedu 2000).
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /%7Emuzd/protocols/proto41BCGBuruli.htm (987 words)

	General News of Tuesday, 8 June 1999
		Buruli ulcer usually manifests as a nodular swelling which later develops into a chronic ulcer with varying degrees of necrotic tissues.
		The Minister noted that majority of the cases of buruli ulcer are found in young people below 15 years of age who suffer pain and deformity even before they become productive and are in a position to contribute to their society.
		Dr Martin Mandara, WHO Representative, said buruli ulcer is the third most common micro-bacterial disease after tuberculosis and leprosy and is known to cause much human suffering.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/artikel.php?ID=7150 (568 words)

	The potential role of aquatic insects in the transmission of Buruli Ulcer Disease in Africa - NABS Communication - ...
		Buruli ulcer is the third most frequent mycobacterial disease in humans, next to tuberculosis and leprosy, often causing serious skin ulcerations, bone deformities, and disability.
		Unlike TB and leprosy, Buruli ulcer has emerged dramatically since the 1980’s, with increasing numbers of cases being reported from at least 31 countries, mostly in tropical and subtropical areas, including Africa.
		Although poorly understood, the epidemiology of Buruli ulcer associates the resurgence with people who live and/or work close to wetlands, especially slow flowing (riverine) or stagnant water bodies (marshes, swamps), often created as a result of some human environmental disturbance.
	www.benthos.org /database/allnabstracts.cfm/db/Vancouver2004abstracts/id/312 (260 words)

	European Tissue Repair Society : Bulletin 11.2
		Buruli Ulcer is the third most frequent mycobacterium disease after tuberculosis and leprosy, but it is not a notifiable disease and has not been considered a public health problem.
		The decrease of hospitalisation time from six months to three months is attributed to the implementation of a protocol for the management of BU ulcer introduced in the IME Kimpese hospital in 2000 and, since 2002, the management of the ulcer by excision of the lesion and the use of antibiotics.
		Buruli ulcer in the Democratic Republic of Congo: epidemiology, presentation and outcome.
	www.etrs.org /bulletin11_2/section11.html (880 words)

	Tennessee Alumnus
		Small is always eager to talk about her research on Buruli ulcer, a mysterious flesh-eating disease nearly unknown to Westerners.
		Buruli ulcers have that “clean” look because the white blood cells that form pus are kept away from the wound site.
		Schistosomiasis is a disease of the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and bladder caused by a flatworm.
	pr.tennessee.edu /alumnus/alumarticle.asp?id=254 (1395 words)

	Research Note (Buruli Ulcer in Ghana ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Buruli ulcer (BU) was first described in 1897 in the present territory of Uganda and Mycobacterium ulcerans was first reported to be the etiologic agent by Mac Callum in 1948, in Australia (P Mac Callum et al.
		The disease is defined as an ulcer with undermined borders, necrosis of the underlying subcutaneous tissue and a shiny hyperpigmented skin surrounding the ulcer (TS van der Werf et al.
		Epithelial hyperplasia at the ulcer edges, granulomatous tissue under the skin overlaps, and fibrosis of the subcutis under the ulcers bottoms were found in every sample.
	memorias.ioc.fiocruz.br /92(1)/3143rn.html (945 words)

	WHO \| Buruli ulcer
		Buruli ulcer is the third most common mycobacterial infection in healthy people after tuberculosis and leprosy and the most poorly understood of these three diseases.
		Buruli ulcer, named after an area of Uganda which was the site of many cases in the 1960s, is most common in West Africa.
		Treatment of Buruli ulcer with antibiotics has been unsuccessful to date although the organism is sensitive in-vitro to some of the antibiotics used for treatment of tuberculosis.
	www.who.int /mediacentre/factsheets/fs199/en (872 words)

	Buruli Ulcer - Talk Medical (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Buruli ulcer: A disorder caused by infection with a member of the family of bacteria that causes tuberculosis and leprosy -- the bacterium Mycobacterium ulcerans -- that starts as a painless swelling in the skin, most commonly in the limbs (the arms and legs) and causes severely deforming ulcers.
		Massive areas of skin and sometimes bone are destroyed causing grossly deforming ulcers, unique to Buruli ulcer and easy to recognize.
		Buruli ulcer is named after an area of Uganda which was the site of many cases in the 1960s.
	www.talkmd.com /medical-dictionary/print-2226 (225 words)

	Emerging Infectious Diseases: Buruli ulcer in Ghana: results of a national ca... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Buruli ulcer disease is assuming public health importance in many countries, prompting the establishment of a Global Buruli Ulcer Initiative by the World Health Organization (WHO) in early 1998.
		If only active lesions (preulcerative or ulcerative) were used to calculate the prevalence of the disease in Ghana, 3,725 of the patients (66.3%) had active lesions and 1,894 (33.7%) had healed lesions, for a national crude prevalence rate of 20.7 per 100,000.
		Emergence of Buruli ulcer disease in the Daloa region of Cote d'Ivoire.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:83315630&refid=ip_almanac_hf&COOKIE=NO (2417 words)

	Buruli Ulcer -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The infection causes painless swelling, with (Any visible abnormal structural change in a bodily part) lesions developing in the skin later on.
		Buruli ulcer is steadily rising as a serious disease, especially in (An area of western African between the Sahara Desert and the Gulf of Guinea) West Africa and underdeveloped countries, where it is the third leading cause of mycobacterial infection in healthy people, after tuberculosis and leprosy.
		Its name is derived from an area of (A landlocked republic in eastern Africa; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1962) Uganda which was the site of many cases in the (The decade from 1960 to 1969) 1960s.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/B/Bu/Buruli_Ulcer.htm (219 words)

	KFPE - Projects - Echanges Universitaires - Buruli Ulcer: Rapid Assessment...
		In Cameroon, Buruli ulcer has so far been confirmed in one well circumscribed swampy area in the Nyong river basin.
		The aim of this study was therefore, to evaluate the importance and the geographical distribution of the disease on the national level using a rapid assessment procedure.
		The overall strengthening of the sanitary system especially the reinforcement of the health facilities and education of health staff are crucial for the implementation of an adequate national program.
	www.kfpe.ch /projects/echangesuniv/studer.html (340 words)

	Buruli Ulcer - Patient UK
		Buruli ulcer is a necrotising skin infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans.
		Although the first cases of Buruli ulcer were reported in Uganda as early as 1897, it was not until 1961 that the number of cases significantly increased.
		In 1998 the WHO global Buruli ulcer initiative was established to draw attention to, and mobilize international efforts to effectively treat the disease.
	www.patient.co.uk /showdoc/40024853 (890 words)

	Science News Online (7/17/99): Africa's Latest Scourge
		There is no proven drug treatment for Buruli ulcer, so physicians can only limit the bacterium's spread by surgically excising the dead tissue and covering the wounds with skin grafts.
		Disruption of the normal immune response to a bacterial infection is a hallmark of Buruli ulcer.
		The moniker Buruli ulcer arose in the 1960s, when a large number of cases struck the Buruli region of Uganda.
	www.sciencenews.org /pages/sn_arc99/7_17_99/bob1.htm (2191 words)

	R. Phillips 2004 2866
		Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer) is a serious ulcerating skin disease which is common in many tropical countries.
		The ulcer surface area was monitored by weekly tracings made by assessors blinded to the treatment.
		Furthermore, in group II there was a significant reduction in the ulcer surface area during the second 6-week period, when active treatment was administered, whereas there was no significant reduction during the first 6 weeks, when the creams contained no active component.
	www.bionewsonline.com /w/t/r_phillips_2004_2866.htm (3324 words)

	Buruli ulcer infections increasing rapidly, says WHO
		ABIDJAN- The occurrence of the Buruli ulcer disease is rapidly increasing in several West African countries, including Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d`Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, and Nigeria, a World Health Organisation spokesman told IRIN on Tuesday.
		Somehow the bacteria pass through the skin, disable the alarms of the immune system, and release a corrosive toxin", WHO head of the Buruli Ulcer programme, Kingsley Asiedu said.
		The disease eats through the flesh for weeks or months until a crater (ulcer) appears.
	www.scienceinafrica.co.za /2002/march/ulcer.htm (388 words)

	FindHealthNews : News, Reviews and Articles On Buruli ulcer
		Buruli Ulcer patients are occupying 70 per cent of the hospital's beds.
		She said the district recorded 140 buruli ulcer cases last year and described it as a major problem and to arrest the situation, two medical doctors and some theatre nurses were given surgical training on the disease at Saint Martin's Hospital at Agroyesum and are actively helping in the management of the disease.
		Mrs Appah said 105 buruli ulcer cases were also recorded in the district in the first half of this year as against 44 cases in 2003.
	www.findhealthnews.com /files/Buruli_ulcer.html (3447 words)

	[Buruli ulcer in a Zairian woman with HIV infection]
		We report a case of Buruli ulcer observed in a Zairan female infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
		An HIV positive female patient was hospitalized for deep skin ulceration with detached and necrotic borders on the posterior aspect of the lower limb.
		While it is relatively easy to diagnose Buruli ulcers, identifying the causal bacteria is sometimes quite difficult requiring long culture periods.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1995/aug/M9580089.html (428 words)

	CBS News \| Sudan A Hotbed Of Exotic Diseases \| February 3, 2004 17:51:19
		BURULI ULCER: Bacterial infection from family of bacteria that causes tuberculosis and leprosy.
		People who live in rural areas near rivers or wetlands, particularly women and children, are also struck by Buruli ulcer, caused by bacteria related to leprosy and tuberculosis.
		The current approach is to cut out the ulcer, which requires long hospitalizations and is risky and expensive.
	www.cbsnews.com /stories/2004/02/03/health/main597751.shtml (1816 words)

	U.S. Medicine Information Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		He has traveled the globe in the course of tackling two of mankind’s most frequent mycobacterial infections, leprosy and Buruli ulcer, both of which can render their victims horribly disfigured and can be fatal in the extreme.
		Disease Resurgence: Advances in treating Buruli ulcer have been slow in coming, and at the same time disease incidence of the flesh-eating disease appears to be increasing, having been reported in areas of Africa where it had not been found before.
		The standard treatment for Buruli ulcer is surgical excision of the dead tissue followed by skin grafting.
	www.usmedicine.com /article.cfm?articleID=51&issueID=13 (2821 words)

	Regional News of Wednesday, 10 September 2003
		Speaking at the opening of a four-day workshop on Buruli Ulcer for middle level health workers in the district, Mrs Appah said the increase in Buruli Ulcer cases puts the district among the most endemic areas in the region.
		She said since the treatment of the disease is free the district hospital is using its own resources to treat the patients free of charge.
		Mrs Appah appealed to the Ministry of Health to build a separate dressing department at the hospital for buruli ulcer patients to avoid embarrassment to other patients who share the same dressing room.
	www.ghanaweb.com /GhanaHomePage/regional/artikel.php?ID=42752 (239 words)

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