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Topic: Bushveld igneous complex

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	About the Bushveld Complex
		The Complex essentially comprises two portions, the western limb, where Crocodile River is found, in North West Province, and the eastern limb, where Kennedy's Vale is located, in the province of Mpumalanga.
		The Bushveld Complex is approximately 2 000 million years old and comprises a range of diverse igneous rock found in two layers - the Merensky Reef (named after Hans Merensky who first discovered these deposits of platinum in 1924) and the UG2 Chromitite Layer.
		The complex comprises an array of diverse igneous rocks from plutonic to volcanic, with a range in composition from ultramafic to felsic, with the lateral persistence and regularity of its layers an overwhelming characteristic.
	www.barplats.net /about_us/bushveld_complex.htm (301 words)

	c_xif1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Bushveld igneous complex in South Africa is magmatic in origin and consists of a series of layered igneous rocks that contain vast reserves of chromium along with platinum, nickel, and iron.
		The Bushveld complex is a good example of magmatic concentration as described earlier, in which chromite (chromium ore) accumulates toward the bottom of a layered magma intrusion due to its high density and tendency to crystallize before the rest of the magma.
		The complex occurs as a series of nearly circular igneous intrusions that are relatively isolated in that the surrounding rock is much older and essentially undisturbed.
	geoinfo.amu.edu.pl /wpk/pe/a/harbbook/c_xi/cxif1.htm (268 words)

	Aim Resources
		The BIC with a diameter of over 350 kilometres with a surface area of approximately 65,000 km² is the largest and economically most important Layered Intrusive Complex in the world.
		The BIC comprises a lower group of Mafic to Ultramafic rocks known as the Rustenburg Layered Suite and an upper group of felsic rocks that consist of the Rooiberg felsites, granophyres and overlaying Lebowa Granite Suite.
		Bushveld sulphides would be expected to have maximum sulphide contents of about 7%, yet the Townlands Platreef sulphides have Cu contents commonly in excess of 10%.
	www.aimresources.com.au /regions_bushveld.htm (849 words)

	Bushveld - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As implied by the region's name, the Bushveld's well-grassed plains are dotted by dense clusters of trees and tall shrubs.
		The Bushveld is one of the most mineral-rich regions of the world.
		The complex includes the Hans Merensky reef, which is the world's biggest source of platinum as well as platinum-group metals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bushveld (347 words)

	Phalaborwa Mine Geology
		The Phalaborwa Complex consists of a central backbone of ultrabasic rocks surrounded by numerous plugs of syenite and is 2030 (+/-18) million years old.
		Large numbers of younger dolerite dykes intrude and cut all of the rocks of the complex, and it is in these that zeolitic mineralisation occurs.
		The Phalaborwa Complex covers an area of 1950 hectares and it consists mainly of a phlogopite- and apatite rich pyroxenite.
	www.kruger2canyons.com /mining_geology.htm (812 words)

	Elandsfontein Project
		Elandsfontein 440 JQ is a prime platinum property on the south-eastern part of the Western Limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex.
		It is situated in the North West Province, 14 kilometres to the east of the town of Brits and within 70 kilometres of both Johannesburg and Pretoria.
		The Bushveld Igneous Complex, which extends over 66 000 square kilometres, is the world’s largest known deposits of platinum group metals (PGMs).
	www.elandplatinum.co.za /elandsfontein/elandsfontein_intro.htm (83 words)

	Formation of bifurcating chromitite layers of the UG1 in the Bushveld Igneous Complex, an analogy with sand volcanoes ...
		In particular, Dwars River in the eastern Bushveld is well known for the intimate association of chromitite and anorthosite layers.
		The Bushveld Igneous Complex within South Africa is the world's largest layered intrusion and is justly famed for its magmatic ore deposits of chromite, platinum group elements and vanadium.
		This paper is based on field and underground mapping of the UGl, and proposes a model for the formation of chromitite bifurcations and regards the disruption of chromitite and anorthosite layers as the culmination of multiple processes.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_200411/ai_n9462312 (920 words)

	Kitco - Contributed Commentaries
		The Bushveld Complex was derived from a massive body of metal-rich molten rock that originated deep in the crust of the earth around two billion years ago.
		Known as a layered intrusive complex, the Bushveld is by far the largest complex of this type in the world, 20 times bigger than the next largest deposit.
		The platinum group metals in the Bushveld are concentrated into thin layers, referred to as "reefs", that dip gently toward the center of the saucer and extend laterally for tens of kilometers.
	www.kitco.com /ind/Resopp/oct132003.html (980 words)

	Platinex Big Trout Lake Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The stratigraphy of three intrusions containing large commercial PGE deposits (the Bushveld Complex, the Stillwater Complex and the Great Dyke) in comparison to the Big Trout Lake Igneous Complex are shown in the Comparitive Stratigraphy of Large Layered Intrusions.
		A similar rapid increase in 2Cu/(Pt+Pd) ratios occurs in the Big Trout Lake Igneous Complex near the transition from ultramafic rocks to mafic rocks and is a portion of Target 2.
		The western and central parts of the complex are underlain by a poorly exposed ultramafic to mafic intrusive sequence of the Nemeigusabins Lake Arm, which comprises basal peridotite, pyroxenite, dunite and chromitite layers in its eastern part, and an upper gabbroic and anorthositic sequence in its western part.
	www.platinex.com /bigtroutlake.htm (3749 words)

	BUSHVELD IGNEOUS COMPLEX RESEARCH
		There are literally hundreds of papers in the scientific literature dealing with various aspects of the Bushveld Complex, and some are included in the Virtual field trip section of this page.
		It is taken mainly from an excursion guide prepared for delegates to a conference and is designed as a travelogue through the eastern Bushveld complex.
		Many of the classic localities of the Bushveld Complex are described here, with sufficient references to permit follow-up of the scientific theories these rocks have spawned.
	www.wits.ac.za /geosciences/Research/Bushveld/01_bushveld_home.htm (385 words)

	Platinum Tour
		The chromitite seams in the Bushveld Complex display a lateral extension roughly similar to that of the Merensky Reef, varying in thickness from a few centimetres to 1,8 m.
		This tour concentrates on the eastern and northern portions of the Bushveld Complex and its floor and roof rocks.
		The Bushveld Complex consists of a variety of intrusive and extrusive rock suites, occupying an area of approximately 65 000 square kilometres.
	www.geotoursafrica.com /english/Tours/Platinum.htm (341 words)

	Bushveld igneous complex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lithologies vary from largely ultramafic peridotite, chromitite, harzburgite, and bronzitite in the lower sections to mafic norite, anorthosite, and gabbro toward the top, and the mafic Rustenburg Layered Suite is followed by a felsic phase (the Lebowa Granite Suite).
		The origin of the vast complex is attributed to a series of huge arcuate differentiated lopolithic intrusions.
		The orebodies within the complex include the UG2 reef containing up to 43.5% chromite, and the platinum-bearing horizons Merensky Reef and Plat Reef.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bushveld_igneous_complex (330 words)

	Southern African Final Results
		Applications to substantially expand the land holdings on the western limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex ('BIC') were submitted and a drilling programme initiated, the results of which have been extremely encouraging.
		On the BIC, the Bakwena Tribe resolved to include the farms Wolwekraal 407JQ and Kareepoort 407JQ, into the 4,600 hectare Leeuwkop 402JQ prospecting contract, adding a further 460 hectares and 605 hectares respectively.
		It has been established that the complex is a layered intrusion, similar to the BIC in South Africa, and that the rock type and age are the same as the BIC.
	www.advfn.com /news_final-results_8833903.html (3567 words)

	Dullstoom Platts - Jubilee Platinum
		The two major PGM bearing reefs within the BIC, the Merensky and UG2, outcrop to the north of the tenement area, and host Anglo Platinum’s De Brochen Mine and Aquarius’ Everest South Project only 21km north of the area of interest.
		An anomalous regional gravity high strongly suggests that the BIC extends below the Transvaal Supergroup cover in the area, and is further postulated to extend southwards below Transvaal and Karoo sediment cover towards the direction of Bethel.
		The lithologies are characteristic of the Main Zone of the Bushveld Complex.
	www.jubileeplatinum.com /p_dullstroom.htm (517 words)

	Base Metals and Minerals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In South Africa, cobalt is found as a minor element in the base-metal sulphides of the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) from which platinum group metals are extracted; it is also found in a number of chromite layers of the BIC.
		Six of the occurrences support major mining operations, where copper in the BIC is being recovered as a by-product of the platinum industry.
		The red granites and fl/grey norites of the Bushveld Igneous Complex form the backbone of the South African dimension stone industry.
	www.bullion.org.za /MiningEducation/Base.htm (3086 words)

	Geotimes - December 2003 - South Africa's Geological Gifts
		South Africa has a long and complex geological history which goes back some 3.7 billion years, and the country is blessed with an amazing array of mineral resources of various ages.
		This complex is the world’s largest known layered intrusion, with an estimated areal extent of 66,000 square kilometers.
		Associated with the chromites of the Bushveld Complex as well as in more sulphidic horizons are PGM (platinum-group metals), the most common of which is platinum; the others include palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium and iridium.
	www.geotimes.org /dec03/feature_SAfrica.html (2971 words)

	Council for Geoscience - Economic Geology
		Siginificant tin, fluorite and copper mineralization occurs in the acidic lithologies of the Bushveld Complex.
		The Phalaborwa alkaline intrusive complex in the Northern Province was intruded at the same time as the Bushveld Complex, and is being mined for its copper content.
		The Bushveld Complex is divided into the western, eastern and northern lobes, and the PGMs are concentrated in the Merensky, UG2 and Platreefs.
	196.33.85.14 /cgs_inter/content/view/53/100 (1028 words)

	Platinum today: Mining Glossary
		Bushveld Igneous Complex: Formed about 2,000 million years ago, the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) is a well differentiated geological structure with an areal extent of some 450km east-west by 300km north-south.
		Merensky Reef: A thin (0.3-3m) pgm-bearing horizon near the base of the Merensky zone in the Bushveld igneous complex.
		Platreef: A pgm-bearing horizon occurring at the base of the northern (Potgietersrus) limb of the Bushveld Igneous Complex.
	www.platinum.matthey.com /production/1048863442.html (1300 words)

	Waterberg Reservations
		The area is a mosaic of culture and tradition as is reflected by the different rural tribes such as the Bapedi, Tswana and Basotho, while the Voortrekkers also left their distinctive mark on the area.
		Otherwise, the bushveld landscape, interspersed with sandstone buttresses and baobab, Marula and fever trees, supports a number of towns that make up one of the country's fastest-growing industrial and agricultural districts.
		This is one of the most mineralised regions in the world and numerous towns form part of the Bushveld Igneous Complex - a 50,000km2 treasure trove yielding massive amounts of minerals such as vanadium, platinum, nickel and chromium.
	www.waterbergreservations.com (276 words)

	Formation of bifurcating chromitite layers of the UG1 in the Bushveld Igneous Complex, an analogy with sand volcanoes ...
		In particular, Dwars River in the eastern Bushveld is well known for the intimate association of chromitite and anorthosite layers.
		The Bushveld Igneous Complex within South Africa is the world's largest layered intrusion and is justly famed for its magmatic ore deposits of chromite, platinum group elements and vanadium.
		This paper is based on field and underground mapping of the UGl, and proposes a model for the formation of chromitite bifurcations and regards the disruption of chromitite and anorthosite layers as the culmination of multiple processes.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3721/is_200411/ai_n9462312 (900 words)

	Magma Chamber Processes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Wilson JR & Engell-Sørensen O (1986) Basal reversals in layered intrusions are evidence for emplacement of compositionally stratified magma.
		Wilson JR, Esbensen KH & Thy P (1981a) Igneous petrology of the synorogenic Fongen-Hyllingen layered basic complex, south-central Scandinavian Caledonides.
		Tegner C, Wilson JR & Cawthorn RG (1994) The dunite-clinopyroxenite pegmatoidal pipe, Tweefontein, eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa.
	www.geo.au.dk /english/research/minpetr/mcp (548 words)

	About the Bushveld Igneous Complex
		The PGMs – namely platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium and iridium –; occur with small amounts of gold, nickel, copper and cobalt, mainly in the UG2 and Merensky horizons.
		The Bushveld Igneous Complex is a 2 billion year-old igneous intrusion with outcrop extremities approximately 450 kilometres east-west and 300 kilometres north-south, with a thickness of between 7 and 9 kilometres.
		It is understood that the Bushveld Igneous Complex was formed by the ongoing injection of magma into a sub-volcanic chamber.
	www.elandplats.com /elandsfontein/bushveld_complex.htm (311 words)

	Igneous Sites
		Titaniferous Magnetite Mine-Eastern Bushvield, Rooiwater Igneous Complex-South Africa and Windimurra Complex, Narndee, Panton Sill, Springvale, Coobina and Munni Munni Complex in Western Australia.
		Mines visited in South Africa include: Rooiberg, Zaaiplats, Union and A Mine in the acid phase of the Bushveld igneous complex; Van Roois Vley, wolfram schist deposits in the northwest Cape and the Shangoni scheelite deposit in the Transvaal.
		The Pilanesburg igneous ring complex in the Bushvield has been assess for its uranium and rare earth potential.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /rocsol/igneoussites.htm (341 words)

	Northern Shield >> Properties >> Highbank Lake Properties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Layered intrusions are highly sought after as nearly all of the world's PGE deposits are contained in layered intrusions, including the Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa and the Great Dyke in Zimbabwe.
		The Bushveld Igneous Complex in South Africa is the largest known layered intrusion in the world and contains approximately 70% of the world’s reserves of PGEs.
		The target is modelled on the Bushveld Layered Intrusive Complex in South Africa which hosts approximately 80% of the world reserves of PGEs in association with chromite-rich layers or “reefs”.
	www.northern-shield.com /highbank_lake.htm (2002 words)

	PRESS RELEASE Platinum Group Metals Ltd. Completes Exploration Requirement Early (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Western Bushveld Joint Venture pre-feasibility study is targeted for completion in July 2006 and a full feasibility study for completion in December 2006.
		PTM holds significant mineral rights in the Northern and Western Limbs of the Bushveld Igneous Complex of South Africa including a joint venture with Anglo Platinum Limited on the Western Limb of the Bushveld Complex.
		The Western Bushveld Joint Venture is PTM's focus and the Company has elected not to continue with the option agreement on the Seagull Property, Ontario (and intends to write-down $790,000 in expenses) but continues to hold other properties in the area of the Lac-des-Iles mine in Ontario.
	www.marketwire.com /mw/release_html_b1?release_id=0122330 (999 words)

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