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	Butler Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Butler Act was a 1925 Tennessee law forbidding the teaching of any evolutionary theory which indicated that man descended from lower orders of animals in public schools.
		On January 29, aware the House had already voted on Butler's bill, the committee recommended rejection of the other bill by a vote of 5 to 4 and it was not until March 10 that the Senate judiciary committee recommended 7-4 for the Butler Act to be passed.
		The law was challenged by the ACLU in the famed Scopes trial, in which John Scopes a High School sports coach who occasionally acted as a substitute teacher, agreed to be arrested on a charge of having taught evolution on April 24, 1925.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Butler_Act (761 words)

	Josephine Butler
		Her father was a strong advocate of social reform and played a significant role in the campaign for the 1832 Reform Act and the repeal of the Corn Laws.
		She argued that women's special role was to protect and care for the weak and that women's suffrage was of vital importance to the morality and welfare of the nation.
		Butler, who was an outstanding orator, attracted large audiences to hear her explain why these laws needed to be repealed.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /Wbutler.htm (1538 words)

	Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v. Canada (Minister of Justice), 2000 SCC 69 (CanLII)
		67 of the Act to a judge of the superior court of the province where the material was seized, with a further appeal on a question of law to the Federal Court of Canada, and then with leave to the Supreme Court of Canada.
		Butler is directed to the prevention of harm, and is indifferent to whether such harm arises in the context of heterosexuality or homosexuality.
		If the department, while failing to act in a timely way, nevertheless regards the materials as obscene, the matter may be referred to the provincial authorities who may decide to commence a prosecution under the Criminal Code.
	www.canlii.org /ca/cas/scc/2000/2000scc69.html (16037 words)

	City of West Palm Beach v. Internal Improvement Trust Fund - 1998
		The Butler Act was expressly repealed by the Bulkhead Act of 1957, which vested title to all submerged lands in the trustees of the Internal Improvement Fund.
		The purpose of the Butler Act was "to stimulate and encourage the improvement of submerged lands and to improve the foreshore in the interest of commerce and navigation." Duval Eng'g and Contracting Co. v.
		The Butler Act permitted upland riparian owners to obtain title to submerged lands abutting land owned by them, provided that the submerged land was "actually bulk-headed [*4] or filled in or permanently improved continuously from high water mark in the direction of the channel." Ch.
	www.floridageomatics.com /flalaw/cases/westpalmbeach-tiif-1998.htm (6030 words)

	Education \| Change and continuity: reflections on the Butler act
		The 1944 Act required LEAs to provide state-funded education for pupils, up to the age of 15, that incorporated, to quote, "instruction and training as may be desirable in view of their different ages, abilities and aptitudes".
		The act did not define the types of secondary school to be provided; but firm guidance by the Ministry of Education stipulated a tripartite system of grammar, technical and secondary modern schools.
		It is no wonder that the 1944 act is often referred to as the Butler act, as a measure of the respect for Rab Butler's contribution to the development of state education.
	education.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4907246-106687,00.html (3506 words)

	The Scopes Trial: Frequently Rebutted Assertions. By W. R. Elsberry.
		The Butler Act passed in the lower house on 28 January 1925 by a vote of 71 to 5.
		The facts are that the purpose of the Scopes Trial was to begin a process of judicial review of the Butler Act, which did not proceed to a federal court as the ACLU had planned.
		Scopes was indicted under the Butler Act and the case set for trial on July 10th.
	www.antievolution.org /topics/law/scopes/scopes.html (3409 words)

	[No title]
		Butler, however, fills in none of these steps for us, and it will be hard, I think, to suppose that he really believes that the obligation to follow conscience depends on our nature's being intended.
		Butler may well believe this, but such an approach belongs to the "other" of the two methods of ethics than the one he is pursuing in the Sermons.
		A being who can have reasons or justifications for acting requires the capacity to frame a conception of which motives she ought to act on and to act on this conception (i.e.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~sdarwall/433bu398.txt (1193 words)

	Docket No. 855
		I believe that respondent's instructions were inadequate and that respondent violated section 5(a)(2) of the Act when its employee put the truck boom within eight to ten feet of the 4800 volt power lines in non-compliance with the cited standard.
		Prange testified that at Butler the chain of responsibility in safety matters ran from him to Tews, the manager, who was assisted in operations by Mislang, and in other matters by the so-called payroll clerk and by the dispatchers.
		When in 1968 Kapperman was asked by Butler to qualify as relief driver on brick trucks, he had had long experience with Butler as a driver of cement trucks and dump trucks.
	www.oshrc.gov /decisions/html_1974/855.html (10085 words)

	Encyclopedia: Scopes Trial
		At issue was the Butler Act, which had been passed a few months earlier by the Tennessee State legislature.
		Rappelyea pointed out that while the Butler Act prohibited the teaching of the theory of evolution, the state required teachers to use a textbook - Hunter's Civic Biology - which explicitly described and endorsed the theory of evolution, and that teachers were therefore effectively required to break the law.
		The ACLU had originally intended to oppose the Butler Act on the grounds that it violated the separation of Church and State within the public education system and was therefore unconstitutional.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Scopes-Trial (7209 words)

	Ching, K. --- The Teaching of Creation and Evolution in the State of Tennessee
		Believing the Butler Act to be unconstitutional, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) placed a classified ad in the Chattanooga Times on 4 April 1925, offering financial backing for the defense in a test case of this law.
		Others resisted the repeal measures, believing the Butler Act to already be a dead letter, and argued that bringing up the issue again would call unnecessary and unfavorable attention to Tennessee.
		The provisions of this Act shall not apply to the use of any textbook now legally in use, until the beginning of the school year of 1975-76....
	www.grisda.org /origins/01086.htm (2280 words)

	Butler Act -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Butler Act was a 1925 (A state in east central United States) Tennessee law forbidding the teaching any (Click link for more info and facts about evolutionary theory) evolutionary theory which indicated that man descended from lower orders of animals in public schools.
		Reportedly dismayed the legislature had passed the bill, but needing the support of rural legislators for educational reform, Governor (Click link for more info and facts about Austin Peay) Austin Peay signed the Butler Act into law on March 21.
		Although the Court found that the Act was constitutional, it reversed the conviction on a technicality, and the case was not retried.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bu/butler_act.htm (806 words)

	Internal Improvement Trust Fund v. Key West Conch Harbor
		The Butler Act permitted upland, riparian owners to obtain title by improving commerce and applied only to land that is "bulkheaded or filled in or permanently improved." Ch.
		The Butler Act, a repealed hoary statute, is not an integral part of Florida's jurisprudence, and its application under these circumstances yields inequitable and environmentally unsound results.
		The Butler Act was later expressly repealed by the "Bulkhead Act" of 1957, which vested title to all submerged lands in the trustees of the internal improvement fund, provided for the disposition thereof, provided for the establishment of bulkhead lines, and prohibited certain actions on the part of the upland owners.
	www.floridageomatics.com /flalaw/cases/tiif-keywest.htm (2119 words)

	Butler Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Butler Act was a 1925 Tennessee law forbidding the teaching of anti-creationist theories, specifically, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
		AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities, Normals and all other public schools of Tennessee, which are supported in whole or in part by the public school funds of the State, and to provide penalties for the violations thereof.
		Be it further enacted, That this Act take effect from and after its passage, the public welfare requiring it.
	www.portaljuice.com /butler_act.html (143 words)

	FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
		The position is that the act is merely a revenue measure levying an excise upon the activity of processing cotton-a proper subject for the imposition of such a tax-the proceeds of which go into the federal Treasury and thus become available for appropriation for any purpose.
		When an act of Congress is appropriately challenged in the courts as not conforming to the constitutional mandate, the judicial branch of the government has only one duty; to lay the article of the Constitution which is invoked beside the statute which is challenged and to decide whether the latter squares with the former.
		Indeed, the government does not attempt to uphold the validity of the act on the basis of the commerce clause, which, for the purpose of the present case, may be put aside as irrelevant.
	caselaw.findlaw.com /scripts/getcase.pl?navby=case&court=US&vol=297&page=1 (9313 words)

	SparkNotes: Inherit the Wind: Context
		In 1922, John Washington Butler, a Tennessee legislator, had argued that the Bible provided the basis for the American governmental system and that therefore any deviance from the Bible constituted disrespect for the law.
		During his second term in the Tennessee legislature, Butler penned the Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee public schools.
		Although the Scopes trial was a dramatic high point in the debate between evolutionists and creationists, the trial failed to resolve the constitutionality of the Butler Act, which remained a Tennessee state law until 1967.
	www.sparknotes.com /drama/inheritwind/context.html (1027 words)

	Docket No. 855
		Butler Lime and Cement Co., 520 F.2d 1011 (1975), reversed the Commission decision reported in 11 OSAHRC 819 (1974) and is inconsistent with the following decisions of the Commission and its judges in cases other than those reviewed by the Courts of Appeals.
		In purporting to notify Butler [19] of the prima facie case against it, the Secretary alleged in Paragraph IV(a) of his complaint that at 78th and Sheridan Streets, Milwaukee, Butler* "[f]ailed to provide that a wheel-mounted crane not be operated.
		But before the end of 1971, when Butler qualified Kapperman as a brick truck driver, the ten-foot rule as an OSHA standard to be complied with by him was brought home to Kapperman by Butler, with emphasis.
	www.oshrc.gov /decisions/html_1977/855.html (11090 words)

	Caselaw Update - www.ELULS.org Section Reporter - December 1998
		Ownership rights granted under the Butler Act to a party that made improvements to submerged lands are limited to the area upon which permanent structures were erected.
		Under the Butler Act, a riparian owner that erected permanent improvements on submerged lands was granted fee simple title to the improved area.
		All parties agreed that the Butler Act was applicable to the determination of ownership of the lands at issue.
	www.eluls.org /dec1998_caselawupdate.html (1777 words)

	VOA News Report
		Butler told reporters Iraq had no deployable chemical or biological weapons at the time of the March 2003 invasion.
		Butler says no one in particular is responsible for the intelligence failures.
		The Butler commission was less critical of pre-war intelligence failures than a U.S. Senate report issued last week.
	www.globalsecurity.org /intell/library/news/2004/intell-040714-35f0e447.htm (455 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In 1925 a Dayton, Tennessee, school teacher named John Scopes was charged with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which forbade the teaching of evolution in Tennessee's public schools.
		The Butler Act had been signed into law earlier that year by Governor Austin Peay, one of the most pro-education governors Tennessee has ever had.
		The Butler Act came to the attention of the New York chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union, which decided to challenge the act in court on First Amendment grounds.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /Gunner20/Essays/Blog%20Essay%20Evolution.htm (2035 words)

	FLORIDA’S BUTLER ACT
		It was not until 1957 that the Butler Act was expressly repealed by the enactment of the Bulkhead Act of 1957 (Bulkhead Act).
		Prior to the repeal of the Butler Act, it was a matter of course for courts determining ownership of submerged lands based on a claim under the Riparian Rights Act or the Butler Act to strictly construe the statute against the individual making a claim of ownership against the state under one of those acts.
		[127] While the court correctly stated that the Butler Act did not limit the definition of “permanent improvements” to strictly commercial-type uses,[128] the court violated the tenant of statutory construction of the Butler Act stating that grants under that act are to be construed against the grantee.
	www.law.fsu.edu /journals/landuse/Vol142/wulbern1.htm (6650 words)

	American History, 1919-1929
		The Butler act made it illegal, "to teach any theory that denies the story of the divine creation of man as taught in the Bible, and to teach instead that man descended from a lower order of animals," in any publicly funded schools.
		Not many people thought that the Butler Act was not going to be an active statute, but one group that did was the American Civil Liberties Unions in New York.
		Even though this trial was to test the legality of the Butler Act, the real public interest academic freedom, tolerance, bigotry, science, evolution, and religion dominated the court (4).
	www.mc.cc.md.us /Departments/hpolscrv/wolfe.htm (894 words)

	Butler by Glass Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The cost of a Passenger Butler that will be mounted on the chrome bracket is $44.95 for either size 34oz or 20oz.
		This is less than the standard Passenger Butler ($49.95) that gets mounted on the armrest because we don't need the "L" shape piece that goes under the armrest.
		So when you order a Passenger Butler to mount on the bracket, you are purchasing the hinge, ring, mug, lid, straw, caps and hardware for $44.95.
	www.glassact.com /1800bracket.html (144 words)

	BUTLER-IRAQ
		That's what the track record is. /// END ACT /// The United Nations team has not conducted inspections in Iraq since last December when the United States and Britain bombed Iraq for refusing to cooperate with the inspections program.
		Butler says the Iraqi leader has only himself to blame for those punishing measures still being in place.
		/// BUTLER ACT /// The person who's responsible for them (the sanctions) being there and has refused to allow them to be removed at an early date is the president of the Republic of Iraq.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/iraq/1999/990928-iraq.htm (399 words)

	Butler Act - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
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		Defence of Uriah P. Levy, before the court of inquiry, held at Washington City, Nov. and Dec., 1857: In pursuance of the Act of Congress, entitled "An...
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /butler_act.htm (660 words)

	The Greatest Trials of All Time
		Authored by John Butler, the new law barred any public teacher in the state from teaching the theory of evolution.
		They considered the Butler Act a perfect chance to strike out against the literal teachings of Christian Fundamentalists, and offered to defend any teacher who challenges the law.
		The Butler Act remained on the books for another 40 years, until the legislature repealed it in 1967.
	www.courttv.com /archive/greatesttrials/scopes/making.html (1282 words)

	Contagious Diseases Act
		Josephine Butler and Elizabeth Wolstenholme led the campaign against this legislation by forming the Ladies' Association Against the Contagious Diseases Act.
		Butler and Wolstenholme toured the country making speeches calling for a change in the law.
		Butler, who was an outstanding orator, attracted large audiences to hear her explain why this law needed to be repealed.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /Wcontagious.htm (402 words)

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