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	BUTTRESS. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Romans employed buttresses, which sometimes projected from the exteriors of the walls and were then left as mere piles of masonry, without architectural treatment.
		But in the large structures, such as basilicas and baths, the buttresses that received the thrusts from the main vaulting were confined to the interior of the building, where they served also as partition walls.
		They devised the flying buttress, an arch of masonry abutting against the wall of the nave; the thrust of the nave vault could thus be received and transferred to the vertical buttress built against the outside walls of the side aisles.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/bu/buttress.html (374 words)

	Buttress - LoveToKnow 1911
		The buttresses of the early Romanesque churches were only pilaster strips employed to break up the wall surface and decorate the exterior.
		The introduction of ribbed vaulting, extended to the nave in the 12th century, and the concentration of thrusts on definite points of the structure, rendered the buttress an absolute necessity, and from the first this would seem to have been recognized, and the architectural treatment already given to the Romanesque buttress received a remarkable development.
		The buttresses of the early English period have considerable projection with two or three sets-off sloped at an acute angle dividing the stages and crowned by triangular heads; and slender columns ("buttress shafts") are used at the angle.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Buttress (377 words)

	buttress - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Buttress, pile of masonry built up against a wall to strengthen it, especially against lateral pressure, or thrust, from an arch or vault....
		A buttress dam consists of a wall, or face, supported by several buttresses on the downstream side.
		The vast majority of buttress dams are made of...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /buttress.html (138 words)

	Cracking Dams: Buttress anatomny, i
		buttress head (*) may be flat, as shown above, or rounded.
		Usually, buttress dams are made of concrete and may be reinforced with steel bars.
		Bartlett is the highest concrete buttress dam in the U.S., at 287 feet.
	simscience.org /cracks/intermediate/butt_anat1.html (47 words)

	Cracking Dams: Buttress Dams, a
		Buttress could not prevent the failure of the super thin, 0.9 m dam wall at Ituranduz.
		The most remarkable of the Roman buttress dams is the one near the village of Esparragalejo.
		There was an introduction of a new kind of design in which the arches or slabs as upstream closures of the intermediate spaces between the buttresses were replaced by a thickening of their heads to make them contiguous.
	www.simscience.org /cracks/advanced/butt_hist1.html (1367 words)

	Pericardial Fat Pad Flap Buttress
		Buttressing suture/staple lines in thoracic surgery has been shown to promote healing and prevent breakdown, especially in situations where the native tissues have been compromised.
		A pericardial fat pad flap is indicated for buttressing the bronchial suture/staple lines in various instances where chance of suture line failure may be increased by preoperative variables.
		For larger buttressing needs only, the superior pericardial branches are preserved allowing the entire bulk of the pericardial fat pad to be used.
	www.ctsnet.org /sections/clinicalresources/thoracic/expert_tech-28.html (1828 words)

	buttress - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		BUTTRESS [buttress] mass of masonry built against a wall to strengthen it.
		The decorative possibilities of the buttress were discovered in the ancient temples at Abu Shahrein in Mesopotamia (3500-3000 BC), where they were used both as utilitarian and decorative forms.
		Beginning with Romanesque architecture about AD 1000, a steady evolution of buttresses can be traced, from the simple, slightly projecting piers of the 11th cent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-buttress.html (526 words)

	Flying buttress - LoveToKnow 1911
		FLYING BUTTRESS, in architecture, the term given to a structural feature employed to transmit the thrust of a vault across an intervening space, such as an aisle, chapel or cloister, to a buttress built outside the latter.
		Though employed by the Romans and in early Romanesque work, it was generally masked by other constructions or hidden under a roof, but in the 12th century it was recognized as rational construction and emphasized by the decorative accentuation of its features, as in the cathedrals of Chartres, Le Mans, Paris, Beauvais, Reims, andc.
		As a vertical buttress, placed at a distance, possesses greater power of resistance to thrust than if attached to the wall carrying the vault, vertical buttresses as at Lincoln and Westminster Abbey were built outside the chapterhouse to receive the thrust.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Flying_buttress (231 words)

	Flying buttress - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In architecture, a flying buttress, or arc-boutant, is a butt, usually on a religious building, used to transmit the thrust of a vault across an intervening space (which might be an aisle, chapel or cloister), to a buttress outside the building.
		The employment of the flying buttress means that the load bearing walls can contain cut-outs, such as for large windows, that would otherwise seriously weaken the vault walls.
		As a vertical buttress, placed at a distance, possesses greater power of resistance to thrust than if attached to the wall carrying the vault, vertical buttresses as at Lincoln Cathedral and Westminster Abbey were built outside the chapterhouse to receive the thrust.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flying_buttress (470 words)

	Mapleshade Audio Products - The Rooted Buttress Speaker Stand (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Rooted Buttress is a straightforward column stand, but extreme in mass and rigidity: A solid 4-inch thick maple base is rooted to the floor by 4 massive threaded brass cones.
		The ‘buttress’ is a solid maple column of bridge timber girth (8"x 8"), bolted to the base.
		Buttresses are sanded, beveled and finished with four coats of clear, hand-rubbed lacquer.
	www.mapleshaderecords.com /audioproducts/rootedbuttress.php (317 words)

	structures - buttress, triangulation, truss, pyramid
		A buttress is a thickening of a wall or an outside walls at right angles used to make a wall stronger.
		Buttresses counteract the outward force of a heavy roof or wall.
		Buttresses are often used to hold a heavy roof or tower.
	www.pennridge.org /works/otherstruct.html (537 words)

	South Buttress of Mount Moran
		The south buttress is the steep bottom third of the south ridge of Mount Moran, which is known as one of the longest sustained rock climbs in North America.
		To approach the south buttress, we park at String Lake trailhead and canoe across String and Leigh lakes to the mouth of Leigh Canyon.
		The three routes on the south buttress proper are most commonly descended by making as many as 10 double-rope rappels back down the east side of the south buttress.
	www.exumguides.com /elite/southbuttress.shtml (607 words)

	Tree Buttress Microhabitats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		We assessed the importance of tree buttresses as a microhabitat for the leaf litter
		Both abundance and species richness of the herpetofauna were much greater in plots containing buttressed trees; higher species richness in buttress plots was attributed solely to greater abundance in these plots.
		Buttress and non-buttress plots contained a similar species composition, and we found evidence of specialization on tree buttresses by a single species, the scincid lizard Sphenomorphus cherriei.
	www.fiu.edu /~swhit002/tree_buttress_microhabitats.htm (174 words)

	Buttress: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The decorative possibilities of the buttress were discovered in the ancient temples at Abu Shahrein in Mesopotamia (3500â“3000 b.c.), where they were used both as utilitarian and decorative forms.
		BUTTRESS mass of masonry built against a wall to strengthen...uniform load of a floor or roof, it is more economical to buttress it at certain intervals than to make the entire wall thicker.
		Structural ornament, an integral part of the framework, includes the shaping and placement of the buttress, cornice, molding, ceiling, and roof and the capital and other elements of the column, as well as the use of building...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/buttress.jsp (1622 words)

	East Buttress of El Cap
		This is the beautiful, sweeping buttress at the far right end of the escarpment of El Cap.It should take about 45 minutes to reach the rope up spot which is 1000 feet above the valley floor and just short of a dropoff.
		The East Buttress is the easiest route on El Cap, and yet, it is harder than any climb we had ever done before.
		The East Buttress was first climbed in 1953 by two of the great composers of climbs, Allen Steck and Willi Unsoeld.
	isaac.exploratorium.edu /~pauld/climbing/East_Buttress_of_El_Cap.html (4260 words)

	Pickets Traverse - Day 6 - Mount Terror, North Buttress
		There was a distinct snowfield near the bottom of the buttress that we dubbed "the kitty".
		The climb back up to the buttress stepping point was again steep but thankfully made easier by large cups in the snow.
		We left the crest of the buttress and moved back on to the face before ending at an awkward stance before a chimney.
	theronwelch.com /mountains/pnw/north/pickets/traverse/day6/index.htm (1746 words)

	Earth retention engineering - Applying Tosoil to a Buttress
		The more simple is that in adding topsoil over the buttress you may be loading it in excess of the strength it may be prepared to in accord to the codes resist.
		Buttress dimension-length: 120 ft, height: 13-15 ft, built upon l.s.
		If in soil, the possibility is greater in reducing the buttress stability to less than a safe value in comparison to the excavation in bedrock.
	www.eng-tips.com /viewthread.cfm?qid=69201 (763 words)

	South Peak of Mt. Judge Howay - Kindl Buttress
		We propose to name the climb the Kindl Buttress after our friend Enrico Kindl who was killed by an avalanche on the Kain Face of Robson after a successful ascent of that mountain's North Face.
		A ninety minute hike to the base of the South Face was followed by an hour of intricate route-finding and enjoyable scrambling up a shoulder leading to the buttress on the west side of the south face.
		The descent of a technical peak by a route other that the one used to climb it can be a pain and this would be the case here.
	kobus.ca /adventures/kindl_buttress/index.html (1407 words)

	East Buttress of Middle Teton
		The east buttress of the Middle Teton offers one of the shortest approaches to any high-quality, high-altitude, Grade IV climb in the Teton Range.
		There are two superb routes on the east buttress, the Direct East Buttress and "Line of Lees Resistance." Both routes entail difficult 5.10 crack climbing and some very interesting other features such as a horizontal 5.8 undercling, and improbable face and friction climbing.
		The crux of the Direct East Buttress is a stunning thin crack, which is climbed on thin edges and finger tip jams.
	www.exumguides.com /dayclimbs/eastbuttress.shtml (235 words)

	SummitPost - Northeast Buttress -- Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering
		Aim for the left side of the toe of the NE Buttress just below where jumbled blocks of ice crowd for space at the base of the prominent dihedral couloir that leads up between the main bulk of Goode and its Southeast Peak.
		Above the trees, the buttress is Class 3 and 4 for about 700 vertical feet until it steepens and narrows (simulclimb this 700 vertical).
		We made it within five minutes of its scheduled arrival time and were amazed to see it on time and containing the threesome we had climbed the NE Buttress with the previous two days.
	www.summitpost.org /route/159406/northeast-buttress.html (2181 words)

	Canadian Flying Buttress Lighthouses
		Among all Canadian lighthouses, the "flying buttress" towers are perhaps the most striking.
		The flying buttress design was the ultimate development of what Anderson called "ferro-concrete" lighthouse design, a marriage of steel and concrete to produce unusually sturdy towers.
		The central column has steel pillars at the corners, and each of the six buttresses is steel clad in concrete.
	www.unc.edu /~rowlett/lighthouse/types/buttressed.htm (568 words)

	buttress.HTM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Windows were sparse and quite small because of the cumbersome masonry therefore entrance into those Romanesque houses of worship would remind one more of some dark, dank cave than it would of the Light of the world.
		With the coming of the flying buttress into its own, walls could now climb to unbelievable heights holding enormous vaulted ceilings.
		The flying buttress is really an outside "prop" taking the strain and weight of the roof away from the soaring walls.
	members.aol.com /GDCSoul/buttress.htm (310 words)

	American Alpine Institute Program - Denali Expedition - West Buttress
		The West Buttress requires intermediate level mountaineering skills; the West Rib is more difficult and includes sections with sustained climbing on exposed 55-degree faces; and the Cassin Ridge is very challenging, with 65-degree hard ice, mixed climbing on steep ground, and rock to 5.7.
		As we begin to move along the crest of the Buttress, we gain views across the Peters Glacier to the Alaskan tundra stretching out far beyond, and to the south we can look over the top of Mt. Hunter to the scores of other peaks in the Alaska Range.
		Initially the ridge is fairly broad, but as we reach the 16,400-foot level it narrows with steep drop-offs to both the north and south.
	www.aaioutside.com /ProgramDetail.asp?program=9 (2422 words)

	SummitPost - North Buttress Couloir -- Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering
		Probably the second most climbed route on the peak, the Northwest Buttress Couloir is a far more interesting alternative to the much easier Colchuck Glacier Route.
		The base of the North Buttress Couloir is obvious from and easily reached from the toe of the glacier.
		The couloir tops out on the North Buttress Route which is Grade II, Class 3 & 4 if one climbs west of the crest as suggested by Beckey, but with some very nice easy class 5 climbing directly on the crest.
	www.summitpost.org /route/162206/north-buttress-couloir.html (309 words)

	buttress — Infoplease.com
		HHS Report Buttresses NACDS' Call for Action.(Department of Health and Human Services)(National Association of Chain Drug Stores)(Brief......
		Ankara moves on domestic reform and to buttress its image as regional peacemaker.
		Fat deposits, buoyant house prices may buttress banks.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/world/A0809659.html (586 words)

	Tom's Utah Canyoneering Guide - Foolz Buttress, Cathedral Mtn, Hook Canyon - Zion
		A fair amount of snow was still in place, so Plan B was the NorthEast Buttress, also looking good and allowing us to stay in the sun and out of the snow.
		We third classed up the left side of the prominent sub-buttress at the bottom of the NorthEast Buttress until it got too steep, then switched to rock shoes and belayed the second up the gritty slabs for a couple hundred feet.
		The top of the buttress provided an excellent view and great flat spot, with a small snowdrift against the wall.
	www.canyoneeringusa.com /utah/zion/foolz.htm (978 words)

	southbuttresstext
		The South Buttress of Mt. McKinley is long and huge.
		The whole buttress was never climbed, only the upper 3/4 of it.
		The Thayer Basin, on the upper part of the South Buttress, is named after him.
	www.northstar.k12.ak.us /schools/joy/denali/Burgess/southbuttress.html (133 words)

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