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Topic: Byssus

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	Waite Research Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The byssus consists of a bundle of threads 1-5 cm in length attached proximally to the mussel at the base of the foot and distally by adhesive plaques to foreign surfaces.
		Between the mussel and the foreign surface, there are two aspects that define the success of attachment: the cohesive strength of the molecules in the byssus, and the adhesive strength of the interfacial interactions with the foreign surface.
		The cohesive strength of mussel byssus is due in large part to collagen fibrils, which are consolidated and oriented by a molding process during thread formation in the foot.
	www.lifesci.ucsb.edu /mcdb/labs/waite/intro.html (732 words)

	The Truth Seeker - The True Face of Jesus
		They trace their art of byssus production to the Princess Berenike, one of Herod's daughters, who was a lover of the Emperor Titus, after he had destroyed Jerusalem.
		Byssus was the most costly fabric in the ancient world.
		Byssus can be dyed with purple, she had explained to me in the car.
	www.thetruthseeker.co.uk /print.asp?ID=2664&Pictures=Off (2193 words)

	history of sea byssus cloth
		byssus in the tombs of the pharaohs and counted
		byssus in a short humorous speech on why he has stopped
		byssus manufacture in the south of france and in
	www.designboom.com /eng/education/byssus_history.html (708 words)

	LAMELLIBRANCHIA - LoveToKnow Article on LAMELLIBRANCHIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A pyloric caecum connected with the stomach is commonly found, containing a tough flexible cylinder of transparent cartilaginous appearance, called the crystalline style (Mactre).
		In many Lamellibranchs a gland is found on the hinder surface of the foot in the mid line, which secretes a substance which sets into the form of threadsthe so-called byssus by means of which the animal can fix itself.
		L-tma; members of this genus form a nest by means of the byssus, or swim by clapping the valves of the shell together.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /L/LA/LAMELLIBRANCHIA.htm (8643 words)

	Integrative and Comparative Biology: Adhesion a la moule1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The term byssus (Greek [beta][upsilon][sigma][sigma][omicron][final sigma] for flax linen) was accidentally coined by him for the holdfast (van der Feen, 1949) and has since gained universal acceptance.
		Mussels are common and their attachment is easy to watch; formation of byssus is rapid, robust, and relatively simple in that proteins are secreted into the ventral groove of the foot and molded there prior to release as a new byssal thread.
		The strength of the entire byssus is expected to be proportional to the number of threads times the average strength of each thread (Bell and Gosline, 1996).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4054/is_200212/ai_n9158315 (1243 words)

	how to spin a byssus thread
		chiara vigo shows us how she spins a byssus silk thread.
		after the 'harvest' the raw byssus fibers were
		byssus filaments -finer than a hair -are twisted
	www.designboom.com /eng/education/byssus_howto.html (142 words)

	(R&D Horizons) Implants and Disposables Drive the Search for Stronger Glues (MDDI archive, Feb 98) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The byssus, explains Bonner, is outside the living cells that compose the animal's foot, and is the mussel's equivalent of fingernails.
		The adhesive connects the byssus to the underwater surface, and the byssus tethers the mussel to the surface.
		Studies at SUNY Brockport indicate that after the granules become part of the byssus and participate in the attachment process—the actual gluing—they are transformed into a structure composed of very densely packed filaments.
	www.devicelink.com /mddi/archive/98/02/012.html (2099 words)

	frizzyLogic: Golden Fleecing
		Next to the shell in the case is exhibited a beautiful pair of gloves made of byssus.
		Byssus cloth is mentioned on the Greek portion of the rosetta stone.
		And there is still at least one person spinning the threads - see this history of byssus cloth for a fabulous byssus knitted tie - although the noble pen is now becoming scarce because of over-collection and destruction of its habitat.
	www.frizzylogic.org /archives/000004.html (480 words)

	Butterflies
		Byssus Skipper had been recorded in 14 other Kansas counties, but none near Konza.
		In spite of its large size for a skipper, the Byssus can easily be overlooked.
		The Byssus Skipper and the Regal Fritillary have a shrinking range in Kansas and are becoming threatened or endangered in other areas.
	www.ksu.edu /konza/hulbert/Butterflies.htm (302 words)

	Created with DiDa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Zebra mussels generate a tuft of adhesive proteinaceous fibers known as a byssus, or byssal threads, from a gland (byssal gland) in the foot (Ekroat et al, 1993).
		The byssus protrudes through the two halves of the shell (Ekroat et al, 1993).
		These threads attach to hard surfaces with an adhesive secretion that anchors the mussels in place (plaque) and are attached to byssal retractor muscles that can pull them into the animal or enable the threads to pull the mussel down close to the surface to which they adhere (Mackie et al, 1989).
	www.science.mcmaster.ca /Biology/Harbour/SPECIES/ZEBRA/ANATZ.HTM (756 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The soft parts of bivalves are divided into five groups (after Pojeta, 1987): mantle or pallium, gills, foot and byssus, muscles, and visceral mass.
		In some species the foot is small and not used for burrowing; here the foot makes the byssus, a structure associated with the foot and secreted by the byssal glands.
		Byssus glands often present at ventral end; secrete byssal threads used for anchorage to the substrate (Lehmann, 1983).
	www.cox-internet.com /coop/bivalvia.html (2688 words)

	Fauna of the Croatian Area
		After a certain period the larva descends to the bonom of the sea and attaches itself to the sandy shoal by the byssus glands.
		Many shellfish, the pen shell including, have a byssus gland that secretes byssus, an organic maner that hardens in contact with water and forms threads that help fasten the valves to the base.
		With the pen shell the byssus consists of tender, fine thin threads, like silk, and it was well known to the ancient Romans.
	mirror.veus.hr /stamps/1997/fauna97.html (1303 words)

	Byssus Skipper (Problema byssus) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The rainy summer of 2003 was a good one for this rare species in North Carolina - this male was one of 5 on the Wilmington count.
		Byssus is a bright orange butterfly (though not so bright as a Delaware Skipper) that can be identified below by the pale chevron on both the forewing and the hindwing.
		As you can probably tell, Byssus Skippers tend to be relatively easy to photograph.
	www.duke.edu /~cwcook/pix/byssusskipper.html (196 words)

	Smithsonian: Spotlight on Science
		For centuries, the byssus fiber from Pinna nobilis Linné was used as a substitute for silk.
		Samples of yarn made from this byssus fiber, as well as of the raw fiber itself, were brought for analysis to Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education (SCMRE) by Cheryl Bright, collections manager, and Tyjuana Nickens of Invertebrate Zoology at the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH).
		How the byssus fiber survives may relate to the engineering of polymers and textiles designed specifically for marine applications.
	www.si.edu /research/spotlight/printable/1_26.htm (1543 words)

	American Society of Limnology and Oceanography
		In mussels, adhesive bonding takes the form of a byssus - a bundle of extracorporeal threads - each connected to living tissues of the animal at one end and secured by an adhesive plaque at the other.
		We have investigated the composition and formation of byssal plaques and threads with the hope of discovering technologically relevant innovations in chemistry and materials science.
		All proteins isolated from the byssus to date share the quality of containing the unusual amino acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine.
	aslo.org /albuquerque2001/1182.html (237 words)

	Search the Sea Grant: National Aquatic Nuisance Species Clearinghouse
		MT0780 A study of the morphology, fine structure and histochemistry of the foot of the pediveliger of Mytilus edulis.
		MT0608 A molecular, morphometric and mechanical comparison of the structural elements of byssus from Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis.
		MT0644 The influence of cross-linking on protein-protein interactions in a marine adhesive: The case of two byssus plaque proteins from the blue mussel.
	www.aquaticinvaders.org /nan_browse.cfm?level=4&key=040210000000 (1069 words)

	Exodus Chapter 39 - Darby s English Translation - Free Bible Software by johnhurt.com
		And the girdle of his ephod, which was on it, was of the same, according to its work, of gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and twined byssus; as Jehovah had commanded Moses.
		And they wrought the onyx stones mounted in enclosures of gold, engraved with the engravings of a seal, according to the names of the sons of Israel.
		and the turban of byssus; and the ornamental caps, of byssus; and the linen trousers, of twined byssus;
	www.speedbible.com /darby/B02C039.htm (1002 words)

	The Common Mussel (Mytilus edulis)
		At the foot's end there is the byssus gland producing a hard thread, that renders the mussel capable of attaching itself on the ground.
		Besides the mussel can move by it's byssus thread by cutting it off and building it again.
		It even is able to defend itself with byssus thread by tying predator snails down with byssus threads.
	www.weichtiere.at /Mollusks/Muscheln/miesmuschel.html (1248 words)

	Tridacna Clams
		One of the distinguishing characteristics of this family is the greatly reduced foot and the increased importance of the byssus gland in attachment.
		The reason for this is that unless they were collected very carefully the byssus gland was most surely damaged when the animal was removed from its home and they will not live long after that has happened (Achterkamp 1987b).
		The reason they are being banned is because the larger varieties are considered food sources and their numbers are decreasing due to overfishing.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~delbeek/delb7.html (1245 words)

	The Western Regions â“ Appendices (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The byssus fiber of some of the larger species in this family is sufficiently long so that it can be spun and then woven or knitted to make small garments.
		Pinna byssus are extremely strong and durable except that they are readily attacked by moths so that great care must be taken in their preservation.
		The word byssus not only refers to the excretions of seashells, as sometimes assumed, but originally referred to fine threads of linen, and later, of cotton and silk.
	depts.washington.edu /uwch/silkroad/texts/hhshu/appendices.html (10394 words)

	Hydroxyarginine-containing Polyphenolic Proteins in the Adhesive Plaques of the Marine Mussel Mytilus edulis -- Papov ...
		Since mussel adhesion is mediated by the byssus, an external bundle of quinone-tanned threads tipped with flattened adhesive pads or plaques, much recent research has focussed on characterizing those byssal proteins in closest proximity with the substrate surface.
		Of the other proteins known to be present in adhesive plaques, the recovery of three is much improved in plaques formed at cold temperatures.
		In this paper, we report on a unique 6-kDa family of Mefp-3 proteins that is synthesized and stockpiled in the mussel foot and then specifically deposited into the adhesive plaques of the byssus.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/270/34/20183 (6647 words)

	A molecular, morphometric and mechanical comparison of the structural elements of byssus from Mytilus edulis and ...
		to the mechanical strength of the byssus is predominantly in
		The importance of a well-designed byssus is paramount to the
		Bairati, A. The byssus of the mussel Mytilus from the molecules to the organ: functional performance resides in the ultrastructural assembly.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/205/12/1807 (4970 words)

	Lesson 9 Reading Guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Byssus, a fantastic underwater adhesive, is a protein, synthesized in accordance with the message encoded in the base sequences of DNA.
		DNA is like a book of instructions written in the alphabet of A, T, G, and C, but merely knowing the letters does not tell us how the genes work.
		Researchers have found a marked increase in the number of certain mRNA transcripts after seedlings were exposed to one minute of red light.
	www.nmc.edu /~ftank/bio109t/9rg.htm (742 words)

	byssus : the nature of process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		“Byssus is as an integral part of our marketing team and has always
		"We chose Byssus for their vision, professionalism and commitment to quality.
		We had absolute faith that Byssus would understand our business, and think outside the square, to come up with a design that was original yet totally appropriate to our brand and industry."
	www.byssus.com.au /test.html (86 words)

	Bivalve notes
		During the juvenile stage, bivalves have both a muscular foot (for burrowing) and a byssus (for attachment), which could enable them to choose between modes of life.
		Bivalves that live on the sea floor can secrete threads of collagen, known as byssus, which they use to attach themselves on the sediment surface for stability.
		Epifaunal bivalves generally have wider, asymmetrical or elongated shells with a flat ventral surface, which keeps them from sinking into the substrate, and a reduced anterior muscle.
	www.uwm.edu /People/mtharris/Paleo2002/CN16.htm (528 words)

	Fish 'N' Chips March 2000 Issue
		The byssus opening extends towards the edge of the shell, but not as much as T. crocea.
		The byssus opening's edge on the T. maxima tend to curl upwards with a chitonous ring surrounding.
		The structure in clams that produces fibrous threads (byssus) that attach the clam to substrate.
	www.exotictropicals.com /encyclo/fishnchips/march2000/fnc0300.html (2305 words)

	Marine Superglue: Mussels get stickiness from iron in seawater: Science News Online, Jan. 17, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Exactly how these proteins link together to give the material, called byssus, its strength has remained unclear.
		What's more, it was a chemical match with the mussels' own byssus, the researchers report in the Jan. 16 Angewandte Chemie.
		Radicals often serve as polymerization agents in industrial processes, so it's possible they cross-link byssus molecules into a tough material and perhaps also attach the material to surfaces, he proposes.
	www.sciencenews.org /20040117/fob4.asp (606 words)

	Byssus Skipper (Problema byssus) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Uncommon and local, the coastal population of Byssus Skippers reaches the northernmost edge of its range in the southern half of the NC coastal plain.
		Byssus Skipper can look similar to Southern Broken-Dash, but note that Byssus Skippers show a light chevron pattern in the underforewing as well as the underhindwing.
		(Southern Broken-Dash shows only a couple of light spots near the apex of the underforewing.) Byssus Skipper is generally larger than Southern Broken-Dash, too.
	www.duke.edu /~jspippen/butterflies/byssusskipper.htm (87 words)

	A potential mediator of collagenous block copolymer gradients in mussel byssal threads -- Qin and Waite 95 (18): 10517 ...
		Recent biochemical analyses have sought a molecular explanation for the nontendon-like behavior of byssus.
		intermolecular stabilization of assembled preCols in the byssus.
		NG, nongradient; RT, reverse transcriptase; Col-D, pepsin-resistant collagen from the distal portion of byssus; Col-NG, pepsin-resistant NG collagen from the byssus; Col-P, pepsin-resistant collagen from the proximal portion of byssus; preCol-D, precursor of Col-D; preCol-NG, precursor of Col-NG; preCol-P, precursor of Col-P. Top
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/18/10517 (3748 words)

	Mollusca Lecture 7 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Note the byssus, reduced foot, reduced anterior adductor muscle, byssus, and byssal gland (Ruppert/Barnes, 1994).
		Fig 10.73G The pen clam, Atrina, with a byssus (Ruppert/Barnes, 1994).
		Fig 153 The byssus and shell of Atrina rigida along with a glove knitted from byssal fibers in Tarento, Italy (Turner/Rosewater, 1958).
	www.lander.edu /rsfox/310mollusca7Lec.html (1165 words)

	BYSSUS - Software Trial, Activation & Copy Protection - Solutions for Application Programmers
		BYSSUS - Software Trial, Activation and Copy Protection - Solutions for Application Programmers
		Hydra software protection solutions from Byssus offer the very best way for software developers and publishers to put a stop to hackers, cracks and software piracy, and to maximize their hard-earned revenue.
		Copyright © 2003-2005 Byssus Software Solutions, Ltd. All rights reserved.
	www.byssus.com (235 words)

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