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Topic: Byzantine

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	ArtLex on Byzantine Art
		Byzantine paintings and mosaics are characterized by a rich use of color and
		Byzantine architects favored the central plan covered by a huge dome.
		Byzantine, 14th century, Reliquary Box with Scenes from the Life of John the Baptist, tempera and gold on wood, 9 x 23.5 x 9.9 cm (3 5/8 x 9 1/4 x 4 inches), Cleveland Museum of Art, OH.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/b/byzantine.html (899 words)

	Byzantine Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople.
		Byzantines identified themselves as Romaioi (Ρωμαίοι - Romans) which had already become a synonym for a Hellene (Έλλην - Greek), and more than ever before were developing a national consciousness, as residents of Ρωμανία (Romania, as the Byzantine state and its world were called).
		The Byzantine Empire was the empire that brought widespread adoption of Christianity to Europe - arguably one of the central aspects of a modern Europe’s identity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantine_Empire (4370 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Byzantine Literature
		The poetic temperament of the Byzantines is thus akin to that of the Alexandrian, not of the Attic, writers.
		Byzantine variety of the laudatory poem is the begging-poem, the poetical lament of hungry authors and the parasites of the court.
		Byzantine literature, on the other hand, the refinement of erotic poetry was due to the influence of the love-poetry of chivalry introduced by Frankish knights in the thirteenth century and later.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03113a.htm (10980 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Byzantine Empire
		Byzantine Empire is strikingly exhibited in the depreciation of currency during the reigns of the Comneni.
		Byzantine civilization, it is true suffered from a serious and incurable disease, a worm gnawing at its core — the utter absence of originality.
		Byzantine State was menaced, as of old, on three sides: on the East by the Seljuk Turks, who had supplanted the Arabs; on the West by the Normans, who had sodded the Arabs in that quarter; on the North by the Slavs, Bulgarians, and Finnic-Ugrian (Magyars, Petchenegs, and Cumani).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03096a.htm (14281 words)

	The Byzantines
		In the latter decades of the fifth century, the Byzantine Emperor declared himself to be a Monophysite—this estranged the Byzantines from the Roman Pope.
		The Latin church had battled emperors for control of the church and with the disintegration of centralized authority in Europe and the proliferation of European kingdoms, the primacy of the Pope in matters of faith was relatively solidified.
		The greatest of Byzantine writers, in fact, was the historian Anna Comnena, the daughter of the emperor Alexius.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MA/BYZ.HTM (2634 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Collection Highlights
		Increased interest in Byzantine art amongst Russian scholars and collectors in the 19th and early 20th century led to the formation of some superb private collections, the greatest of which are now concentrated in the Hermitage.
		Byzantine metalwork of the 6th to 7th centuries is famous worldwide and the Hermitage owns some magnificent examples, such as a dish with an inscription containing the name of Bishop Paternus (lived in the late 5th and early 6th century), and skillfully executed 7th-century dishes with Antique motifs (Silenus and Maenads and Meleager and Atalanta).
		The Hermitage collection of Byzantine seals, in total some 12,000 items, is the second largest in the world.There are also large numbers of carved stones, coins, mosaics and enamel pieces, spanning the whole period of the existence of Byzantium.
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/03/hm3_5_3.html (248 words)

	Byzantine Empire - Crystalinks
		The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople.
		By far the most significant building of the Byzantine Empire is the great church of Hagia Sophia (Church of the Holy Wisdom) in Constantinople (532-37), which retained a longitudinal axis but was dominated by its enormous central dome.
		Heraclius and the military governors of Syria were slow to respond to the new threat, and Byzantine Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt, and the Exarchate of Africa were permanently incorporated into the Muslim Empire in the 7th century, a process which was completed with the fall of Carthage to the Caliphate in 698.
	www.crystalinks.com /byzantine.html (3016 words)

	Byzantine Empire - All About Turkey
		Almost all that survives of the Byzantine architecture are its churches, with their glorious frescoes and mosaics.
		For 1100 years, the Byzantine's were able to maintain control of their empire, although somewhat tenuously at times; the Empire's expansion and prosperity were balanced by internal religious schisms (such as Nika Riot) and recurring wars with enemies from the outside.
		The Byzantine Empire, however, had left its mark on the culture, never to be entirely erased even after the Conquest.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /bizans.htm (423 words)

	Byzantine Antiquities at AncientCoinArt.com
		Byzantine bronze cross with incuse triangles in the arms and a miniature cross at the center.
		Byzantine 45mm gold cross with inlaid glass or genstone in center, with omegas within circles at the arms.
		Byzantine broze cross with bilobate terminations and rivets at the ends, one rivit missing.
	www.wildwinds.com /aca/antiquities/byzantine/i.html (363 words)

	ACM Presents DOUG SMITH: Lettered Byzantine Bronzes" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The East came to be known for the city of Byzantium converted to Constantinople as capitol of the Roman East.
		After the 8th century, Byzantine rulers abandoned the use of denominationally lettered bronzes ending a fascinating series for collectors.
		Byzantine bronzes can be considered a bit crude and ugly but they are plentiful, low priced and well deserving of study by collectors.
	www.ancientcoinmarket.com /ds/byz (1039 words)

	Hotels in Turkey \| Hotels in Istanbul \| Blue Voyage Yachting and Cabin Charters \| The Byzantine Civilization
		In Byzantine art we see Greek and Roman forms exposed to the stylistic influence of ancient Anatolian cultures and eastern art.
		Byzantine art, which is divided into three phases, the First, Middle and Late, lived through its first brilliant period was the Justinianos period (527-565).
		The fact that there was an archbishop’s palace in Aphrodisias, Byzantine basilicas uncovered in Side, the formation of St. Philip’s Martyrium in Hierapolis (Pamukkale) and other ancient cities like these show us that after the Roman Age, the Byzantine Age was a powerful entity.
	www.exploreturkey.com /exptur.phtml?id=10 (1723 words)

	Romanesque/Byzantine
		From the little information that is left from these Middle Ages, it seems that the differences in the Byzantine and Western dress in the years between the sixth and eleventh centuries are the differences in ornament, headdress, and length of particular garments.
		Byzantine men wore their hair cropped or bobbed with bangs across the forehead.
		Fur distinguishes Western Europe from Byzantine modes, and much of their clothing was lined and decorated with it.
	www.cwu.edu /~robinsos/ppages/resources/Costume_History/romanesque.htm (906 words)

	Byzantine Macedonia
		Its importance was even greater after the conquest of the eastern Byzantine provinces by the Arabs, despite Slavic and Bulgarian incursions, which impeded movement over land routes.
		After the end of the Frankish occupation, Macedonia became the territorial centre of the Late Byzantine Empire and developed into a cultural centre whose influence was felt throughout the Balkan Peninsula.
		However, the destruction and pillaging that occurred as the Turks advanced westwards at the end of the 14th century limited Byzantine sovereignty to small areas of the whole region.
	www.macedonian-heritage.gr /HellenicMacedonia/en/A2.html (175 words)

	Gallery: Byzantine Images
		The plan of the typical Byzantine house in 6th century Jerusalem (the period depicted in the Medeba map), suited the life-style of that city.
		Illustrated is the interior of a reconstruction of a typical Byzantine house in Jerusalem.
		The sun clock was not a Byzantine invention, and clocks like the one illustrated (or similar to it) have been found from earlier periods (ancient Roman).
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/byzantium/images.html (2139 words)

	Byzantine. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
		in the Byzantine Empire, characterized especially by a central dome resting on a cube formed by four round arches and their pendentives and by the extensive use of surface decoration, especially veined marble panels, low relief carving, and colored glass mosaics.
		Of the painting and decorative style developed in the Byzantine Empire, characterized by formality of design, frontal stylized presentation of figures, rich use of color, especially gold, and generally religious subject matter.
		A native or inhabitant of Byzantium or the Byzantine Empire.
	www.bartleby.com /61/36/B0593600.html (233 words)

	Byzantine Books - www.byzantinebooks.com
		The aim was to conduct a comprehensive investigation of Byzantine diplomacy from beginning to end: from the emergence of the empire in late antiquity to its final convulsions as it fell to the Ottoman Turks.
		This is not just a narrow study of political relations, but a panoramic sweep from Italy to the steppes of Central Asia, from the imperial court to the marriage bed, from the scriptorium to the barracks.
		Byzantine Diplomacy is Volume 1 in the series published by Variorum for the Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies.
	www.storesonline.com /members/byzantinebooks/A0070.html (169 words)

	Byzantine Art - Artists, Artworks and Biographies
		Based on the Orthodox Church, it was primarily seen in the painting of icons and in church decorations, frescoes, and mosaics.
		Byzantine paintings are identified by their rich colors and flat, large-eyed figures.
		The intention of Byzantine artists was to teach the viewer religious lessons, therefore the images were clear and easily understood
	www.wwar.com /masters/movements/byzantine.html (152 words)

	Byzantine art -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The pictorial and architectural styles that characterized Byzantine art, first codified in the 6th century, persisted with remarkable homogeneity within the empire until its final dissolution...
		Mosaic and church architecture were closely related, as certain subjects became identified with particular parts of the structure—Christ and the virgin Mary, for example, typically appearing in the central dome and apse respectively.
		The first great period of the Byzantines occurred during the reign of Justinian I, who took the throne in 527.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9018408 (922 words)

	Byzantine Art: Artists and their Works
		Byzantine art is the art of the Byzantine Empire, centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul).
		Byzantine art was completely focused on the needs of the Orthodox church, in the painting of icons and the decoration of churches with frescoes and mosaics.
		The Byzantine style basically ended with the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453, during the European Renaissance.
	www.artcyclopedia.com /history/byzantine.html (97 words)

	The Byzantine Fresco Chapel
		The Byzantine Fresco Chapel Museum was opened in February 1997.
		Intimate in scale (4,000 square feet), the Chapel Museum is the repository in the United States for the only intact Byzantine frescoes in the entire western hemisphere.
		These masterworks from the 13th century -- a dome and an apse -- were ripped and stolen out of a chapel near Lysi in the Turkish occupied section of Cyprus in the 1980's, cut into pieces, and smuggled off the island by thieves prepared to sell them piece by piece.
	www.menil.org /byzantine.html (176 words)

	12 Byzantine Rulers: The History of The Byzantine Empire - Anders.com
		As the 6th Century dawned on the tottering Byzantine State, the future seemed to hold only decline and decay, and yet unexpectedly, it was to see a renaissance unmatched in the long history of the empire.
		This inevitably colored his view of Byzantine history, and led him to dismiss the empire as a "degenerate race of princes" mired in constant intrigue and corruption.
		12 Byzantine Rulers was released on iTunes the day Apple debuted podcast support and was cited on their 1 year Anniversary as a project that helped pave the way for podcasting to became mainstream.
	www.anders.com /lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers (3050 words)

	Byzantium: The Byzantine Studies Page
		As a result Byzantine culture was subjected to centuries of abuse as a time of barbarism and superstition.
		The counterpart to the dismissal of Byzantine culture was its exaltation by 19th-century Romanticism, and by a substrate of Christian, especially Anglican, intellectuals.
		Marxist historians are often derided, especially in the United States, for fitting facts to theory [as if they alone were guilty of this!] In Byzantium, especially in the agricultural laws of the tenth century, which were presented at the time as addressing a struggle of the "poor" and the "powerful".
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/byzantium (1791 words)

	Byzantine Art - Artists, Artworks and Biographies
		Based on the Orthodox Church, it was primarily seen in the painting of icons and in church decorations, frescoes, and mosaics.
		Byzantine paintings are identified by their rich colors and flat, large-eyed figures.
		The intention of Byzantine artists was to teach the viewer religious lessons, therefore the images were clear and easily understood
	wwar.com /masters/movements/byzantine.html (152 words)

	Byzantine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A citizen of the Byzantine Empire, or a native Greek during the middle ages.
		List of Byzantine emperors, of the late Roman Empire, called Byzantine.
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantine (110 words)

	Byzantine Empire on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		See the table entitled Rulers of the Byzantine Empire for a list of all the Byzantine emperors and the years they reigned.
		Faith and power: the Metropolitan Museum's triptych of Byzantine exhibitions reaches its conclusion with an unparalleled overview of the art of the Palaiologan era.
		Mehmet II was the Turkish invador who conquered the Byzantine empire in 1453 and brought Islam to Turkey.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/B/ByzantinE1mp.asp (696 words)

	Open Directory - Society: History: By Time Period: Middle Ages: Byzantine Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Byzantine Macedonia - Macedonian Heritage provides an illustrated description of Macedonia under the rule of the Byzantine Empire.
		Byzantine Studies at the University of Notre Dame - An introduction to the field, annotated bibliographies and translations of primary and secondary literature.
		Byzantium - Life in the Byzantine Empire, from the foundation of Constantinople in 330 until its fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
	dmoz.org /Society/History/By_Time_Period/Middle_Ages/Byzantine_Empire (622 words)

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