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	Irene (empress) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Her most notable act was the restoration of the orthodox veneration of icons or images, a policy which she always had secretly favoured, though compelled to abjure it in her husband's lifetime.
		A hollow semblance of friendship was maintained between Constantine and Irene, whose title of empress was confirmed in 792; but the rival factions remained, and Irene, by skillful intrigues with the bishops and courtiers, organized a powerful conspiracy on her own behalf.
		Nevertheless, Irene is said to have endeavoured to negotiate a marriage between herself and Charlemagne; but according to Theophanes, who alone mentions it, the scheme was frustrated by Aëtius, one of her favourites.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantine_Emperor_Irene (624 words)

	Byzantine Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emperor Romanus IV is defeated by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert.
		The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople.
		The last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI Paleologus, was last seen entering deep into the fighting of a over-whelmingly outnumbered civilian army, against the invading Ottomans on the ramparts of Constantinople.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantine_Empire (4348 words)

	IRENE - LoveToKnow Article on IRENE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		IRENE (752--8o3), the wife of Leo IV., East Roman emperor.
		A hollow semblance of friendship was maintained between Constantine and Irene, whose title of empress was confirmed in 792; but the rival factions remained, and Irene, by skilful intrigues with the bishops and courtiers, organized a powerful conspiracy on her own behalf.
		She was the daughter of the count of Sulzbach, and sister-in-law of the Roman emperor Conrad II., who arranged her betrothal.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /I/IR/IRENE.htm (685 words)

	Encyclopedia: Byzantine emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Romanus IV (Diogenes), Byzantine emperor from 1068 to 1071, was a member of a distinguished Cappadocian family, and had risen to distinction in the army, until he was convicted of treason against the sons of Constantine X. While waiting for his execution he was summoned into the presence of the...
		Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus Alexius I (1048–August 15, 1118), Byzantine emperor (1081–1118), was the third son of John Comnenus, the nephew of Isaac I Comnenus (emperor 1057–1059).
		Alexius II Comnenus (1167-1183), Byzantine emperor (1180-1183), was the son of emperor Manuel I Comnenus and Maria, daughter of Raymund, prince of Antioch, and was born at Constantinople on September 10, 1167.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Byzantine-emperor (8284 words)

	Byzantine - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Byzantine
		Byzantine fresco of Cain killing Abel in the basilica of Sant'Angelo in Formia, Italy.
		Byzantine fresco of Pilate washing his hands and Christ being helped with the cross by Simon of Cyrene, in the basilica of Sant'Angelo in Formia, Italy.
		In Byzantine architecture, the dome supported on pendentives (supportive structures at the intersection of arch and dome) was in widespread use.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Byzantine (770 words)

	Empress Irene of Athens
		When Irene of Athens was crowned sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire in 797, she became the first woman ever to hold the throne of the old Roman Empire.
		Irene came to rule the Byzantine Empire at a time when it was deeply divided over the use of icons (sacred paintings or sculptures) in the church.
		Irene was taken to the island of Lesbos in the Aegean Sea off the west coast of Turkey, where she died in 803.
	www.edwardsly.com /irene.htm (767 words)

	Byzantine Emperor Irene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Her most notable act was the restoration of the orthodox veneration of icons or images,a policy which she always had secretly favoured, though compelled to abjure it in her husband's lifetime.
		A hollow semblance of friendship was maintained between Constantine and Irene, whose title of empress was confirmed in 792 ; but the rival factions remained, and Irene, by skillful intrigues with the bishops andcourtiers, organized a powerful conspiracy on her own behalf.
		Seized by his attendants on the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus, the emperor was carried back to the palace at Constantinople ; and there, by the orders of his mother, his eyes were stabbed out.
	www.therfcc.org /byzantine-emperor-irene-54179.html (518 words)

	The Iconoclastic Period (711-843)
		Riot succeeded riot and the Emperor was cursed by his ecclesiastic opponents and the residents of the powerful monasteries, both in the capital and in the provinces.
		Indeed, the young Emperor a weak and cruel man, an incompetent commander of troops and a man affraid of responsabilty, allowed his mother in January, 792, to resume her leading role in the administration of the Empire.
		Irene's reign is marked by a major political event which contributed to the ideological distancing between eastern and western Europe.
	www.greece.org /arts-culture/romiosini/iconoclastic.html (3162 words)

	Byzantine Empire
		The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire was the eastern section of the Roman Empire, with its capital at Constantinople (modern Istanbul), which remained in existence after the fall of Rome in the 5th century.
		The Byzantine period is usually considered to extend from 395 to 1453.
		These were recovered by the emperor Heraclius, but the unexpected appearance of the newly converted and united Muslim Arabs took Heraclius by surprise, and the southern provinces were all overrun.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/byzantine_empire (2216 words)

	Peter Charanis - The Monk as an Element of Byzantine Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Those monastic establishments in the Byzantine Empire throughout the duration of its existence were very numerous is a matter, which admits of no doubt: A considerable number of them, though unquestionably only a very small fraction of the total, have been identified and their general emplacement determined.
		(58) The monastery of the Pantocrator, according to the typikon issued in 1136 by its founder, the Emperor John II Comnenus, was to house a maximum of eighty monks.
		Emperors loved him, shared their table with him, sought his blessing, and when on the point of launching some important undertaking, often consulted him.
	www.myriobiblos.gr /texts/english/charanis_monk.html (10783 words)

	Byzantium: The Shining Fortress
		The Byzantine Empire made great contributions to civilization: Greek language and learning were preserved for posterity; the Roman imperial system was continued and Roman law codified; the Greek Orthodox church converted some Slavic peoples and fostered the development of a splendid new art dedicated to the glorification of the Christian religion.
		The emperor was concerned that icons played too prominent a role in Byzantine life and that their common use as godparents, witnesses at weddings, and objects of adoration violated the Old Testament prohibition of the worship of graven images.
		The emperor Theophilus (829-842), for example, was a student of Muslim art and culture, and Constantinople's painting, architecture, and universities benefited from the vigor of Islamic culture.
	members.tripod.com /~Huysse/byzance.htm (4680 words)

	Byzantine Emperor Irene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Nicephorus Phocas Read about this emperor whose military achievements contributed to the resurgence of Byzantine power in the 10th century.
		Byzantine Chant Includes history, theory, and Wav files of Byzantine choirs and individual psalters.
		Anna Comnena Byzantine historian, eldest daughter of Alexius Comnenus, Emperor of Constantinople (1081-1118).
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Byzantine_Emperor_Irene.html (282 words)

	Byzantine Empire
		The Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire was the eastern section of the Roman Empire which remained in existence after the fall of the western section.
		The empire was not referred to as "Byzantine" until the 17th century--and only then by "Western" historians, when they decided to distinguish the medieval entity from the (in reality quite different) ancient empire.
		The last few centuries of Byzantine life were brought by a usurper, Alexius Comnenus, who began to reestablish an army on the basis of feudal grants (pronoia) and made significant advances against the Seljuk Turks.
	www.fact-index.com /b/by/byzantine_empire.html (2030 words)

	Talk:Irene (empress) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		b)The so-called "Byzantine" emperors called them selves Romans and believed themselves to be the sole heirs of the Roman Empire, superior(at least in idea) to all other monarchs of the world."Byzantium" has little to do with their title and the idea they represented.
		She did call herself Emperor, but the title should likely be "Irene of the Byzantine Empire," to match the other emperors that need that particular disambiguation.
		The article refering to herself is Irene (empress) I corrected the article linking to Irene_of_the_Byzantine_Empire or Byzantine Emperor Irene to link there.
	wikipedia.com /wiki/Talk:Byzantine_Emperor_Irene (183 words)

	Facts About the Byzantine Emperors
		On Julian's death, he was proclaimed emperor by the army, negotiated a peace with the Persians, but then died of apparent natural causes on the way back to the capital.
		The only instance in Byzantine history of a father succeeding his son as Emperor was Zeno the Isaurian (474-491) succeeding Leo II (474) after the latter died of some childhood disease.
		Irene was the first Byzantine or Roman woman to rule the Empire alone and specifically took the title of "Emperor," not "Empress." She ruled at a time of magnificent contemporaries, especially Harun al-Rashid (who ruled the Abbasid caliphate at its peak) and Charlemagne.
	web2.airmail.net /uthman/byzantine.html (1398 words)

	Byzantine Empire - All About Turkey
		The Byzantine Empire is also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, for it was in fact a continuation of the Roman Empire into its eastern part.
		Almost all that survives of the Byzantine architecture are its churches, with their glorious frescoes and mosaics.
		For 1100 years, the Byzantine's were able to maintain control of their empire, although somewhat tenuously at times; the Empire's expansion and prosperity were balanced by internal religious schisms (such as Nika Riot) and recurring wars with enemies from the outside.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /bizans.htm (423 words)

	What, If Anything, Is A Byzantine?
		Emperor Julian II [361-363], an Emperor who tried to stop the Christian tide, described himself as a "Hellene." By "Hellene," Julian signified his combination of Neo-Platonic philosophy and worship of the Olympians.
		Therefore, Irene's inscriptions uniformly eschewed the word "Augusta." Instead, Irene elected to call herself by the female form of "Basileus," that had in the past been employed by reigning Queens as well as consorts and mothers of Kings.
		Irene appeared objectionable on three counts: she was a woman, she had committed the heinous act of blinding her own son, and she adhered to Eastern religious practices, which the West rejected.
	www.romanity.org /htm/fox.01.en.what_if_anything_is_a_byzantine.01.htm (3537 words)

	Byzantine Emperor Irene: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Byzantine Emperor Irene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Byzantine Emperor Irene: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com - All about Byzantine Emperor Irene
		Saint Irene (752-803), the wife of Leo IV, was Byzantine emperor from 797 to 802.
		She is said to have endeavoured to negotiate a marriage between herself and Charlemagne; but according to Theophanes[?], who alone mentions it, the scheme was frustrated by Aëtius, one of her favourites.
	www.encyclopedian.com /em/Empress-Irene.html (535 words)

	Byzantine literature - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Byzantine literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		It was written mainly in the Greek koinē, a form of Greek accepted as the literary language of the 1st century and increasingly archaic and separate from the spoken tongue of the people.
		Byzantine literature is chiefly concerned with theology, history, and commentaries on the Greek classics.
		The literary encyclopedia Suda, which provides a wealth of information on classical and Byzantine literature, was compiled in about 975.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Byzantine%20literature (212 words)

	Byzantine Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Note: It is difficult to determine when exactly the Roman Empire endsand the Byzantine Empire begins; the Roman Empire was actually split into eastern and western halves for administrative purposesby Diocletian in 284.
		Constantine VI the Blinded (771-797, ruled 780 - 797) –; son of Leo IV Irene the Athenian (755-803, ruled 797 - 802) –; wife of Leo IV, mother of Constantine VI Non-dynastic
		In 1453 Mehmed II overthrew the Byzantine Empire and claimed the title of Caesar ; his successors continued this claim.
	www.therfcc.org /byzantine-emperor-49422.html (1425 words)

	(142) Irene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		When Leo IV died in A.D. 780, his son, Constantine VI, was made emperor, but since he was only ten years old the empress Irene was made co-emperor.
		Irene was diplomatically and fiscally inept, but she made her mark by rejecting iconoclasm, the official condemnation of the cult of icons, for which she was eventually made a saint of the Orthodox Church.
		Since she could not claim dynastic connections to the emperor she had deposed, she put her own portrait on both the obverse and reverse of her coins.
	www.lawrence.edu /dept/art/buerger/catalogue/142.html (229 words)

	Constantine VI, Byzantine emperor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		c.770, Byzantine emperor (780–97), son and successor of Leo IV.
		His mother, Irene, was regent until 790, when she was deposed by a military revolt.
		In 797, Irene deposed her son, had him blinded, and assumed the imperial title.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/Constnt6Byz.html (153 words)

	AllRefer.com - John II, Byzantine emperor (Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		John II (John Comnenus)[komnE´nus] Pronunciation Key, 1088–1143, Byzantine emperor (1118–43), son and successor of Alexius I. He was crowned despite the intrigues of his sister, Anna Comnena, and of his mother, Irene.
		His attempts to cancel the commercial privileges granted the Venetians by Alexius were unsuccessful, but his campaigns against the Magyars, Serbs, and Pechenegs were victorious.
		He successfully defied Roger II of Sicily, made an alliance with Emperor Conrad III to check growing Norman power, and conquered Cilicia from the Armenians.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/J/John2Byz.html (261 words)

	Irene, Byzantine empress
		In 797 Irene had her son deposed and blinded, and she ascended the throne.
		Irene was deposed in 802 and died in exile.
		Nicaea, Second Council of - Nicaea, Second Council of, 787, 7th ecumenical council, convened by Byzantine Empress Irene.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0825467.html (95 words)

	Irene, Byzantine Empress (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		However, Constantine was still too young to rule, so Irene ruled in his stead from 780 to 790.
		In 797, Irene had his son killed so that she could again rule the Byzantine Empire.
		She ruled uncontested until the Patricians (nobles) exiled her to the isle of Lesbos in 802.
	www.ghg.net /shetler/oldimp/338.html (64 words)

	790s (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In 791, the Avars invade Europe, but in 796 they are beaten decisively by Charlemagne.
		In Byzantine EmpireByzantium, Byzantine Emperor IreneIrene is forced to lay down her role as guardian of her son, emperor Constantine VI/.
		She still keeps acting as empress, and in 797 she has Constantine captured and deposed, and takes the throne.
	www.infothis.com /find/790s (130 words)

	Wingfield descent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		and to Ioannes Komnenos, Emperor of the [Byzantine] Romans († 1143)
		See a discussion of the DNA testing at the Wingfield Family Society webpage, and a hard-nosed critical essay by descendant Abigail Ann Young of Toronto, "The Real 'Thomas Wingfield of York River' Dilemma," dated October 2002.
		IOANNES KOMNENOS, BYZANTINE EMPEROR (†1143) ∞ Irene, of Hungary
	home.earthlink.net /~nathanieltaylor/royaldescents/wingfield.htm (672 words)

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