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Topic: Byzantine Empress Irene

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	Byzantine Empire - New World Encyclopedia
		The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered at its capital in Constantinople.
		The Byzantine Empire was the empire that brought widespread adoption of Christianity to Europ—aarguably one of the central aspects of a modern Europe’s identity.
		Lesser known is the influence of the Byzantine style of religion on the millions of Christians in Ethiopia, the Egyptian Coptic Christians, and the Christians of Georgia and Armenia.
	www.newworldencyclopedia.org /entry/Byzantine_Empire (5391 words)

	Irene (empress) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Her most notable act was the restoration of the orthodox veneration of icons or images, a policy which she always had secretly favoured, though compelled to abjure it in her husband's lifetime.
		A hollow semblance of friendship was maintained between Constantine and Irene, whose title of empress was confirmed in 792; but the rival factions remained, and Irene, by skillful intrigues with the bishops and courtiers, organized a powerful conspiracy on her own behalf.
		Nevertheless, Irene is said to have endeavoured to negotiate a marriage between herself and Charlemagne; but according to Theophanes, who alone mentions it, the scheme was frustrated by Aëtius, one of her favourites.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantine_Empress_Irene (624 words)

	Byzantine Empire – FREE Byzantine Empire Information \| Encyclopedia.com: Facts, Pictures, Information!
		In 800, during the reign of Irene, the Frank Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the West at Rome.
		The political division of East and West was paralleled by a religious schism, intensified by the patriarch Photius, between the Roman and the Orthodox Eastern Church, later culminating in a complete break (1054).
		The reconstructed empire was soon attacked from all sides, notably by Charles I of Naples, by Venice, by the Ottoman Turks, by the new kingdoms of Serbia and Bulgaria, and by Catalonian adventurers under Roger de Flor.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-ByzantinEmp.html (1880 words)

	Byzantine Empire (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered around its capital in Constantinople.
		Byzantines identified themselves as Ρωμαίοι (Rhomaioi - Romans) which had already become a synonym for a Έλλην (Hellene - Greek), and more than ever before were developing a national consiousness, as residents of Ρωμανία (Romania, as the Byzantine state and its world were called).
		Thanks to the efforts of Empress Irene, the Second Council of Nicaea met in 787 and affirmed that icons could be venerated but not worshipped.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Byzantine_Empire (3595 words)

	Empress Irene of Athens
		When Irene of Athens was crowned sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire in 797, she became the first woman ever to hold the throne of the old Roman Empire.
		Irene came to rule the Byzantine Empire at a time when it was deeply divided over the use of icons (sacred paintings or sculptures) in the church.
		Irene was taken to the island of Lesbos in the Aegean Sea off the west coast of Turkey, where she died in 803.
	www.edwardsly.com /irene.htm (767 words)

	Irene, Byzantine empress. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07
		In 797 Irene had her son deposed and blinded, and she ascended the throne.
		Her accession served as pretext for Charlemagne to be crowned emperor in 800.
		Irene was deposed in 802 and died in exile.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ir/IreneByz.html (121 words)

	Explore Byzantium: Meet the People: Byzantine Women
		Byzantine attitudes particularly favoured the role of mother: cultural and legal practice maintained primacy for the Byzantine mother as head of the household and protector of her childrens' interests, especially if she had been widowed whilst her children were still young.
		Amongst the elite, several Empresses ruled as Regents for their underage children: most notably the Empress Irene in the late eight century, Saint Theodora, for her infant son Michael III in the ninth century, and Zoe Karvounopsina, fourth wife and widow of the Emperor Leo VI, in the tenth century.
		Irene is generally treated as a notorious character due to the murder of her son.
	byzantium.seashell.net.nz /articlemain.php?artid=mtp_women (815 words)

	Byzantine Empire - Crystalinks
		The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople.
		Byzantine art is generally taken to include the arts of the Byzantine Empire from the foundation of the new capital of Constantinople (now Istanbul) in AD 330 in ancient Byzantium to the capture of the city by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
		Byzantine art could play this role because, throughout its long history, it maintained a connection with the artistic heritage of Greek and Roman art and architecture; it preserved and transmitted much of this heritage to the West until Western artists were able to approach antiquity directly.
	www.crystalinks.com /byzantine.html (7085 words)

	Irene
		Irene was almost immediately confronted with a conspiracy to raise to the throne the Caesar Nikephoros, a half-brother of Leo IV.
		Irene went as far as to send an official to instruct the Frankish princess in Greek; however, Irene herself broke off the engagement in 787, against her son's wishes.
		Nevertheless, Irene is said to have endeavoured to negotiate a marriage between herself and Charlemagne; but according to Theophanes the Confessor, who alone mentions it, the scheme was frustrated by Aetios, one of her favourites.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Medieval/Bio/Irene.html (870 words)

	Byzantine empire - History Of Byzantine empire \| Encyclopedia.com: Dictionary Of World History
		Byzantine empire The eastern half of the Roman empire.
		After the fall of Rome to the OSTROGOTHS (476) Constantinople was the capital of the empire and was famous for its art, architecture, and wealth.
		Byzantine Architecture The architecture of the Byzantine Empire was based on the great legacy of...
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O48-Byzantineempire.html (950 words)

	Irene - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		In the year 752, Irene, Byzantine empress jointly with her son Constantine VI 780-797; then alone 798-802, a saint of the Greek Orthodox church, was born in Athens (d.
		Irene (752-803), Byzantine empress, born of a humble family in Athens.
		Dunne, Irene (1898–1990), American actress, who appeared in a wide variety of films but is most closely associated with the genre of romantic...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Irene.html (189 words)

	8Th Century A.D.: The People's Chronology
		Greece revolts from the Byzantine rule of Leo III, who has forbidden the worship of icons (images) in a move to check superstition, miracle-mongering, and the spread of monasticism which is draining thousands of men from active economic activity and is concentrating great wealth in the tax-exempt cloisters.
		The Byzantine emperor Leo IV dies at age 30 after a 5-year reign in which he has been dominated by his beautiful Athenian wife, Irene, now 28 (he married her when she was a poor orphan of 17).
		The Byzantine emperor Constantine VI is seized and blinded in July on orders from his mother, Irene, who has been placed in control of the empire by a new army uprising.
	www.enotes.com /peoples-chronology/year-8th-century-d (9337 words)

	Irene (empress) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A hollow semblance of friendship was maintained between Constantine and Irene, whose title of empress was confirmed in (Click link for more info and facts about 792) 792; but the rival factions remained, and Irene, by skillful intrigues with the bishops and courtiers, organized a powerful conspiracy on her own behalf.
		An (Click link for more info and facts about eclipse of the sun) eclipse of the sun and a darkness of seventeen days' duration were attributed by the common superstition to the horror of heaven.
		Her zeal in restoring images and (Click link for more info and facts about monasteries) monasteries has given her a place among the (A person who has died and has been declared a saint by canonization) saints of the Eastern Orthodox church.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/i/ir/irene_(empress).htm (418 words)

	Russian Icons: Russian Life
		During the 12th and 13th centuries, the Byzantine style of iconography was prevalent in Novgorod.
		Soon, the artists of Novgorod adopted a method that combined the Byzantine's characteristic severity with a less formal approach of gentleness and familiarity in the faces and postures of the images.
		Byzantine faces are known for their deep, soul searching gaze which provokes to view to gaze right back.
	www.russianlife.com /article.cfm?Number=582 (1186 words)

	Malaspina Great Books - Irene of Byzantium (752-803)
		Irene (752-803), the wife of Leo IV, was Byzantine emperor from 797 to 802.
		A hollow semblance of friendship was maintained between Constantine and Irene, whose title of empress was confirmed in 792; but the rival factions remained, and Irene, by skilful intrigues with the bishops and courtiers, organized a powerful conspiracy on her own behalf.
		In 802 the patricians, upon whom she had lavished every honour and favour, conspired against her, and placed on the throne Nicephorus,; the minister of finance.
	www.malaspina.org /home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=439 (666 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Byzantine Empire
		Byzantine territory, the empire was loosely connected on the
		Byzantine Empire is strikingly exhibited in the depreciation of currency during the reigns of the
		Byzantines of this school often appear so modern to us precisely because they were permeated with rationalistic
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03096a.htm (5784 words)

	Leo to Irene - History for Kids!
		Irene was originally from Athens, and she was a total iconodule: she loved images and as soon as she came to power, she put all the images back.
		In 800, however, Charlemagne had himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, challenging Irene, and in 802 he made matters worse by sending her a proposal of marriage.
		Irene seemed to be about to accept the proposal, when her horrified subjects deposed her and exiled her to Lesbos.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/medieval/history/byzantine/irene.htm (573 words)

	Turkish Odyssey/Places of Interest/Marmara/Istanbul-Bursa Destination
		The council was convened in 325 by the Roman Emperor Constantine I. The Second Council of Nicaea, the seventh ecumenical council of the Christian church, was convoked by the Byzantine Empress Irene in 787 to rule on the use of saints' images and icons in religious devotion.
		Prompted by Irene, the council declared that whereas the veneration of images was legitimate and the intercession of saints efficacious, their veneration must be carefully distinguished from the worshipping of God alone.
		The Chinese kept the secret of it in their monopoly till two monks, during the reign of Justinian II in the 6C AD, smuggled silkworm eggs inside a hollow cane from China and cultivation of silk was begun in Constantinople.
	www.turkishodyssey.com /places/marmara/marmara9.htm (1676 words)

	Milton V. Anastos - 14. Charlemagne and the title "Emperor of the Romans"
		One of the indirect consequences of the Byzantine losses in Northern Italy during the iconoclastic period was the meteoric rise of Charlemagne (768-814)(132) to a dominant position in western Europe.
		Simultaneously, Byzantine opposition to granting Charlemagne's request melted when he offered to hand back Venice and Liburnia, together with the coastal cities of Dalmatia and Istria,(137) which he had conquered, if the Byzantines would extend him the right tÎ¿ use the single word imperator (basileus) Î¿n his official stationery.
		Moreover, from 812 on, the Byzantine sovereign was no longer called merely "emperor" (basileus), as he had been since 629, but "emperor of the Romans,"(142) a designation, which was intended to minimize the dignity vouchsafed for a brief period to the Carolingian kings, and to indicate the superiority of the Byzantine monarchs to all others.
	www.myriobiblos.gr /texts/english/milton1_14.html (1854 words)

	Women of History: May 2007
		Irene dominated her husband, whom she married when she was aged 17 and poor.
		Irene began her reign as the first Byzantine Empress.
		Irene was then exiled to island of Lesbos, where she supported herself by spinning.
	womenofhistory.blogspot.com /2007_05_01_archive.html (7447 words)

	Major mosques of Istanbul - All About Turkey
		The courtyard paving materials and pillars used for the reservoir for ablutions were reclaimed from Byzantine ruins and re-used.
		During the 12th century, the Byzantine Empress Irene and Emperor John II Kommenos commissioned the Pantocrator, a three-church monastic complex, to serve as the dynastic mausoleum for themselves and later Byzantine emperors.
		In the 14th and 15th centuries, Palaeiologan emperors were also buried in the multi-domed structure in the heart of what is now the old city of Istanbul.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /ist_mosq.htm (1132 words)

	Irene -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Irene was a Broadway musical first produced in 1919.
		The (Any of numerous small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun (mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter)) asteroid (Click link for more info and facts about 14 Irene) 14 Irene.
		(Click link for more info and facts about Irene, South Africa) Irene, South Africa is a small town in (Click link for more info and facts about Gauteng) Gauteng.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/I/Ir/Irene.htm (128 words)

	The Balkan Peninsula: Part II. Changing Their Religion
		Empress Irene skillfully instigated numerous palace coups in Constantinople.
		Empress Irene was the titular leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church; Charlemagne should also be the leader of some Church.
		The new Emperor was promptly dispatched to work holy miracles of romance and charm upon Empress Irene to persuade her to marry him to rejoin the Eastern and Western Churches.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/international_trade_politics/63551 (981 words)

	Irene (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Irene desired supreme power, however, and contested the throne with Constantine, whom she eventually had imprisoned and blinded in 797.
		Subsequently, her rule was uncontested until 802, when the patricians revolted and exiled her to the island of Lésvos.
		During her reign image worship was restored by a decree of the Second Council of Nicaea, which Irene had summoned in 787 for this purpose.
	www.distinguishedwomen.com /biographies/irene.html (104 words)

	Whyever Irene?
		She is primarily famous as the ursurper of the throne that was to have been her son's (she first reigned as Regent and evidently decided to stay on when he came of age), and secondarily known for her efforts to restore the worship of icons, for which the Eastern Orthodox Church elevated her to sainthood.
		The recovery of a compromising photograph (of Irene and the King), of course.
		when [Holmes] speaks of Irene Adler, or** when he refers to her photograph, it is always under the honourable title of the woman." In fine, that photograph has become the photograph and holds a position in Holmes' mind as an icon.
	members.aol.com /mfrankland/whyIrene.htm (573 words)

	12 Byzantine Rulers: The History of The Byzantine Empire - Anders.com
		As the 6th Century dawned on the tottering Byzantine State, the future seemed to hold only decline and decay, and yet unexpectedly, it was to see a renaissance unmatched in the long history of the empire.
		Basil I was hardly a promising candidate to usher in a new golden age to the Byzantine Empire.
		This inevitably colored his view of Byzantine history, and led him to dismiss the empire as a "degenerate race of princes" mired in constant intrigue and corruption.
	www.anders.com /lectures/lars_brownworth/12_byzantine_rulers (3171 words)

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