Byzantine-Arab Wars

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Topic: Byzantine-Arab Wars

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	Definition of History of early Arab Egypt
		From that time no serious effort was made by the Byzantines to regain possession of the country, and it would appear that the Arabs were actually assisted by the Copts, who found the Muslims more tolerant than the Byzantines.
		Byzantine emperor, and even burned a fleet which was being built for the Byzantine war, led to some persecution.
		Byzantine Empire appears to have been due to the treachery of the governor of Egypt,
	www.wordiq.com /definition/History_of_early_Arab_Egypt

	Encyclopedia: Battle of Yarmuk
		Despite this, Khalid was at first pushed back, but although his army was only about half the size of the Byzantine force, it was more unified then the multinational Imperial Army which contained Armenians, Slavs and Christian Arabs as well as regular Byzantine troops.
		According to some accounts the Muslims successfully bribed elements in the Byzantine army to defect, this task being made easier by the fact that the Arab Christians, Ghassanids, had not been paid for several months and whose Monophysite Christianity was persecuted by the Orthodox Byzantines.
		Byzantine emperor Heraclius organized a force of about 40 000 troops on learning of the loss of Damascus and Emesa.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Battle-of-Yarmuk

	Two Local Wars (Vietnam & Arab-Israel)
		Arab society, which has produced all sorts of ruling classes caricaturing all the classes of history, must now produce the forces that will bring about its total subversion.
		Arab unity and the destruction of Israel (invoked successively as the liquidation of the usurper state or as the pure and simple driving of the Israeli population into the sea) were the core of this propaganda-ideology.
		Arab workers were statutorily excluded from it and its activity often consisted of forbidding Jewish businesses to employ them.
	www.bopsecrets.org /SI/11.wars.htm

	Battle of Syllaeum
		Byzantine emperor Constantine IV sent his fleet to meet the Arabs near Syllaeum, and the Arab fleet was destroyed by Greek fire, a new Byzantine weapon that had been used for the first time only a few years before.
		Meanwhile, the Byzantine army pursued the Arabs back to Syria and defeated them there.
		As the Arabs retreated they were caught in a storm that sank nearly all of their ships.
	www.mcfly.org /wik/Battle_of_Syllaeum

	Crusade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To the south of Rome, Normans were showing how such energies might be unleashed against both Arabs (in Sicily) and Byzantines (on the mainland).
		While the Reconquista was the most prominent example of Christian war on Muslims, it is not the only such example.
		It is necessary to look for the origin of a crusading ideal in the struggle between Christians and Moslems in Spain and consider how the idea of a holy war emerged from this background.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crusades

	Explore Byzantium: Meet the People: The Byzantine Military
		Byzantium did engage in expansionist wars of conquest of its own from from time to time: Justinian's reconquest of Italy and North Africa or the much later wars of Nikephoros Phokas and John Tzimiskes on the eastern frontier for example, but in general Byzantine military doctrine was defensive in nature.
		Throughout its existence the Byzantine Empire faced constant military pressure on all sides, from such diverse and dangerous adversaries as the Sassanid Persians, the Arab Ummayad and Abbasid Caliphates, the Seljuk and Ottoman Turks, the Bulgars, Normans, Franks, Russians and Serbians, as well as nomadic peoples such as the Avars and Pechenegs.
		By way of contrast, after a gruelling though ultimately successful fight for survival against the Sassanid Persians, the Byzantine military was severely disrupted and not in a particularly good state for dealing with the Arabs.
	byzantium.seashell.net.nz /articlemain.php?artmaincat=mtp&artsortorder=4

	1.3 Byzantine Coins
		The Byzantine Empire fought continual wars with Persia and Persia's Arab conquerors, ultimately falling to a Crusader army in 1204.Though the Empire was restored in 1261, its economic vitality had been shattered, and Constantinople fell to the Turks in
		The East ern Empire � lasted another millennium ; known now as the Byzantine Empire, after an earlier Greek city on the site of Constantinople.
		The fall of the West in 476 did not end the Roman Empire.
	www.classicalcoins.com /page6.html

	Map & Graph: Countries by Background: Background
		Syria's troop deployment was legitimized by the Arab League during Lebanon's civil war and in the Ta'if Accord.
		Since 1983, the war and war- and famine-related effects have led to more than 2 million deaths and over 4 million people displaced.
		A 12-year civil war, which cost about 75,000 lives, was brought to a close in 1992 when the government and leftist rebels signed a treaty that provided for military and political reforms.
	www.nationmaster.com /graph-T/bac_bac

	NITLE Arab World Project
		The Byzantines maintained the vassal Arab kingdom of the Ghassanids.
		Byzantine sixth-century experiments with domes were continued by Muslim architects, and the deployment of the dome as an honorific marker over the area in front of a mihrab, or over a mausoleum, may have derived from the similar use of the dome as an honorific marker in later Roman palaces.
		Byzantine silver often features both classical and mythological subjects, and pagan decorative imagery was to be found even in religious contexts (FIG.
	arabworld.nitle.org /texts.php?module_id=12&reading_id=201&print=1

	Byzantine Empire 610-1095 by Sanderson Beck
		The Byzantine empire had reached its greatest extent, and while reducing taxes on the poor and waging continuous wars enough plunder had been gained from the conquered and the estates of rebel aristocrats to leave a treasury that included 15,000,000 gold coins.
		After a blockade of eight months the Byzantine troops stormed the Muslim stronghold, killing 200,000 and enslaving as many according to the Arab chronicler Nuwairi.
		Both the Persian and Byzantine empires had been weakened by their war; having suffered persecution from Byzantine orthodoxy, the Monophysites and the Persian Magians were usually willing to pay tribute for their religious freedom under the Muslims or convert, the third choice being to fight.
	www.san.beck.org /AB15-ByzantineEmpire.html

	DIR-List of Contributors Roman Emperors Roman History Roman Roman Empire Imperator Basileus De Imperatoribus Romanis Encyclopedia Byzantine Rome
		After taking a Honours degree in Classics and Modern Languages and a DPhil in Byzantine Studies at the University of Oxford, she made for the wide-open spaces of Australia, where she has remained teaching Ancient and Medieval History and Classical Greek in the School of Classics, History and Religion.
		Her research interests are primarily in the areas of Byzantine social and political history, and Byzantine romance literature.
		He is preparing a thesis on the reign of the emperor Philip the Arab (A. 244-249) which will be finished by the end of 1999.
	www.roman-emperors.org /listcont.htm

	Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium
		Procopius: Procopius: On the Nika Revolt, from The Wars.
		The account of her father, the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I, by Princess Anna Comnena is perhaps the most important historical work by a woman writer written before the modern period.
		Byzantine Homosexuality texts are available at the People With a History site
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/sbook1c.html

	Welcome to Lonelythinker.com
		Arab Conquests of the 7th Century (includes wars against Byzantine Empire).
		Zulu Wars of the 19th Century (includes Shaka's campaigns, the Boer-Zulu Wars and the British-Zulu Wars).
		The Ottoman Empire Expansionist Wars (includes Wars with Venice and Austria).
	www.lonelythinker.com /hist350.html

	Arab
		Arab wars of (intended) annihilation against Israel in 1948, 1967 and 1973 were all attempts to put the call to Jihad into practice.
		Arab society paid a high price for allowing the Mufti's Jihad fanatics to gain the upper hand.
		Arab and Muslim political leaders and some of the Ulema (clergy) misled their own people when they taught that Islam prohibited them from recognizing the State of Israel or having peaceful relations with it.
	www.rb.org.il /Islam-Israel/commentary/arab.htm

	Voice From the Commonwealth
		North Korea has warned Japan that it is headed for "final ruin" while criticising a senior Japanese politician's comments that downplayed Japan's war history and insulted other Asian nations.
		Not a lot has been written about new products from Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works during the last couple of years, but aerospace officials say the advanced projects company has produced prototypes of a classified, unmanned aerial vehicle--built strictly as an intelligence-gathering aircraft--that "has been used" operationally over Iraq.
		"What will they do after it became clear that what they said were lies and that this was known to the president of the United States and the prime minister of Britain when they decided to wage war and aggression?" the voice asked.
	zbarbera.blogspot.com

	AllRefer - Cyprus - Byzantine Rule Cypriot Information Resource
		In A.D. 965, General Nicephorus Phocas (later emperor), leading the Byzantine imperial forces, drove the Arabs out of Crete and Cilicia and scored a series of victories on land and sea that led to the liberation of Cyprus after more than three centuries of constant turmoil.
		The pitiable condition of the Cypriots during the three centuries of the Arab wars can only be imagined.
		In the twelfth century Isaac Comnenos, a Byzantine governor, set himself up in the capital as the emperor of Cyprus, and the authorities in Constantinople were either too weak or too busy to do anything about the usurper.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/cyprus/cyprus15.html

	Ahavat Eretz Israel - Jewish Hebron
		Jews lived in Hebron almost continuously throughout the Byzantine, Arab, Mameluke, and Ottoman periods.
		It was only in 1929 - as a result of a murderous Arab pogrom in which 67 Jews were murdered and the remainder were forced to flee - that the city became temporarily "free" of Jews.
		Following the creation of the State of Israel in 1948, and the invasion by Arab armies, Hebron was captured and occupied by the Jordanian Arab Legion.
	www.ahavat-israel.com /ahavat/eretz/hebron.asp

	Donner. Early Arab Conquests
		The theories relating an Arab migration to long or short-term desiccation of the peninsula rest on evidence that is tenuous at best, and do not explain why the conquest and migration occurred as a sudden burst of expansive energy rather than as the gradual efflux of the most miserable in Arabian society.
		It seems, then, that the Arab migrations took place mainly because the political and perhaps economic interests of the Islamic ruling elite were best served by a large-scale emigration of tribesmen into the conquered domains.
		On thc other hand, it is also possible to argue that the conquest of Syria and Iraq were merely side effects of the state's drive to consolidate its power over all Arab tribes, including those living in the Syrian desert and on the fringes of Iraq.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/med/donner.html

	islamic_period_1.htm
		639 C.E. Arab Muslim invasion of Egypt begins, 3,000 Muslim Yemenite cavalry capture border town of El Arish, Arabs march on Byzantine Roman forces near present site of Cairo.
		670 C.E. Arab Muslims begin siege of Byzantine capital city Constantinople.
		Death of al-Kindi, "Philosopher of the Arabs," studied Greek thought, of Arab descent, wrote at least 265 works on music, astronomy, mathematics, medicine, ethics, logic and metaphysics, tried to reconcile teachings of Aristotle to Islam.
	www.ben-keshet.com /prophecy/islamic_period_1.htm

	List of battles (alphabetical)
		Battle of the Long Orchard - 432 - Byzantine War against the Goths
		Battle of Akraba (1972) - Israeli defoliation of Arab wheat crops
		Battle of Gilboa - 1000 BC - Israeli Philistine Wars
	www.bambooweb.com /articles/l/i/List_of_battles__alphabetical_.html

	Iranian History, Byzantine History, Jewish history, Arab History
		Iranian History, Byzantine History, Jewish history, Arab History
		While Sebeos focusses his attention primarily on Armenia's lay and clerical naxarar s (lords), he also provides extensive and valuable information on events taking place in the neighboring societies of Byzantium, Iran, and among the Arabs.
		Byzantinists will find factual and anecdotal information on the reigns of emperors Maurice (582-602), Theodosius (co-emperor, 590-602), Phocas (602-610), Heraclius I (610-41) and his successors to Constans II (641-68), including their wars against Iran in the east and the Goths in the west.
	rbedrosian.com /seb1.htm

	Internet Women's History Sourcebook
		Procopius: On the Nika Revolt, from The Wars
		The account of her father, the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I, by Princess Anna Comnena is perhaps the most important historical work by a woman writer written before the modern period.
		The data in these texts present an opportunity to those who do not read Greek to gain a a massively richer view of Byzantine society than available hitherto.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/women/womensbook.html

	MedHist: The gateway to Internet resources for the History of Medicine
		This is the Web site of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, founded in Qatar in 2000, which aims to promote public awareness of the contributions made by Arab and Muslim physicians to the history of medicine.
		This single Web page is an extract from History of the wars (vol.2, xxii-xxxiii) by Procopius dealing with the outbreak of the Plague in Byzantium in 542.
		Pharmacy ; Medicine, Arabic ; Islam ; History of Medicine, Medieval ; History of Medicine, Ancient ; Arab World ; Alchemy ;
	www.medhist.ac.uk /browse/mesh/detail/C0019675L0019675.html

	History 303: Byzantine Dark Age
		Battle of Talas: Arab Victory over armies of T'ang China
		Early Medieval and Byzantine Civilization: Constantine to Crusades
		Battle of Poson: Beginning of Byzantine Counteroffensive against Islam
	www.tulane.edu /~august/H303/chronologies/Byzantine_Dark_Age.htm

	General Ancient History
		Wars and Conflicts: Ancient Military History and Warfare - Links
		ArabNet - The Resource for the Arab World in the Middle East and North Africa
		WAR - WEAPONS - SHIPS - TRANSPORTATION - TRADE - TECHNOLOGY
	www.teacheroz.com /generalancient.htm

	Salem Press Catalog
		Time Line of Wars and Battles, 1705 Wars and Battles by Geographical Area, 1743 Military Leaders by Geographical Area, 1756 Selected Military History Web Sites, 1766 Bibliography, 1769
		Zama, 1688 Zapata, Emiliano, 1689 Zeng Guofan, 1689 Zenta, 1690 Zheng Chenggong, 1691 Zhu De, 1692 Zhukov, Georgy, 1693 Zia-ul-haq, Mohammad, 1694 Zimbabwean Independence, 1694 Zionist Movement, 1696 �i�ka, Jan, 1697 Zulu Kingdom, 1698 Zulu War, 1699 Zulu Wars of Empire, 1701 Zumwalt, Elmo, 1703 Zuo Zongtang, 1703
		Qaddafi, Muammar al-, 1253 Qi Jiguang, 1253 Qianlong, 1254 Qin Shihuangdi, 1255 Quadruple Alliance, War of the, 1255 Quatre Bras, 1257 Quebec, 1257 Quebec, Siege of, 1258 Quiberon Bay, 1259
	www.masterplots.com /display.asp?id=283&column=Table_of_Contents

	Encyclopedia: List of Georgian Wars
		640s - 1068 - Arab invasions in Georgia; Georgian resistance to Arab invaders.
		Georgian émigré Amilakvari was prominent military officer of the French Resistance.
		Many Georgians were involved in resistance movements against the Nazi occupants in France, Italy, etc. Georgian guerrilla fighter Phore Mosulishvili became a national hero of Italy.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List-of-Georgian-Wars

	Georgian Manuscripts - Historical Overview
		Its character was determined by the close cultural contacts with the Eastern-Christian (Byzantine) world on the one hand, and Muslim (Arab, Iranian) on the other.
		The fall of the Byzantine Empire (in 1453) was another heavy blow to Georgia, as Turkey gained control over the Black Sea coast, and Georgia was blocked off from the Christian world.
		With the fall of the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, in 1453, Georgia remained a Christian stronghold surrounded by Muslim kingdoms, which relentlessly invaded the country.
	www.manuscripts.ge /en/historical.asp

	Byzantine Empire 610-1095 by Sanderson Beck
		After a blockade of eight months the Byzantine troops stormed the Muslim stronghold, killing 200,000 and enslaving as many according to the Arab chronicler Nuwairi.
		Bulgaria was annexed by the Byzantine empire; Boris II was taken to Constantinople as a prisoner; and the Bulgarian Patriarchate was terminated.
		In 680 Constantine IV led a Byzantine navy north in the Black Sea to the Danube to attack the Bulgars; but they hid and then counter-attacked his army as it was crossing the Danube, and the Emperor had to agree to a treaty with Bulgar chief Ansparuch and pay an annual tribute.
	www.san.beck.org /AB15-ByzantineEmpire.html

	Byzantine Studies Conference: 1999 Abstracts
		In the late seventh century it became the capital of the Byzantine theme of Anatolikon and the headquarters of the army of the Anatolics; it was frequently regarded by ninth-century Arab sources as the largest Byzantine city in Anatolia.
		Having annexed Byzantine territories, Stefan Dusan acted as one of the sides in the incessant Byzantine civil wars: he was obviously accepted as such by many of the local magnates exhausted by decades of civil strife and tired of ever shifting political alliances.
		The specifically Byzantine nature of the elimination of the Evangelists' titulus is shown not only by the continuous practice of the Latin Church, but also by the prevalence of tituli, generally of the form 'This is the King of the Jews', in Syrian and Armenian illuminated manuscripts.
	www.byzconf.org /1999abstracts.html

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