Byzantine-Emperor - Factbites

Byzantine-Emperor - Factbites
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Topic: Byzantine-Emperor

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	The Byzantines
		In the latter decades of the fifth century, the Byzantine Emperor declared himself to be a Monophysite—this estranged the Byzantines from the Roman Pope.
		The greatest of Byzantine writers, in fact, was the historian Anna Comnena, the daughter of the emperor Alexius.
		The Latin church had battled emperors for control of the church and with the disintegration of centralized authority in Europe and the proliferation of European kingdoms, the primacy of the Pope in matters of faith was relatively solidified.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/MA/BYZ.HTM

	Byzantine warfare
		Byzantine commanders and emperors were usually mindful of the difficulty of replacing losses among the soldiers, who were relatively expensive and difficult to recruit and train in that era of relatively small armies.
		Various Byzantine emperors encouraged the writing or actually wrote manuals themselves of tactics and strategy, some of the great families influenced the tone and content of such manuals, which therefore must be read with appropriate caution and discounting of biases and self-interest and self-glorification.
		The Byzantine science of military tactics rested on the basic assumption that there was a repetitiveness in warfare and that therefore, by mastery of various alternative patterns, one could avoid being surprised and overcome by the unexpected knowledge of military discipline and order in battle would help to overcome any surprises and unexpected enemy tactics.
	www.geocities.com /TimesSquare/Labyrinth/2398/bginfo/social/war.html

	Byzantine Empire
		Thereafter, Christian art languished in the former Byzantine lands, which were all subject to Turkish rule; only in the young Russian state, where the Orthodox church remained dominant, did the artistic tradition inspired by Byzantium continue to develop.
		Byzantine art is generally taken to include the arts of the Byzantine Empire from the foundation of the new capital of Constantinople (now Istanbul) in AD 330 in ancient BYZANTIUM to the capture of the city by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.
		Byzantine art could play this role because, throughout its long history, it maintained a connection with the artistic heritage of Greek and Roman art and architecture; it preserved and transmitted much of this heritage to the West until Western artists were able to approach antiquity directly.
	www.crystalinks.com /byzantine.html

	Byzantine Empire - All About Turkey
		For 1100 years, the Byzantine's were able to maintain control of their empire, although somewhat tenuously at times; the Empire's expansion and prosperity were balanced by internal religious schisms (such as Nika Riot) and recurring wars with enemies from the outside.
		Almost all that survives of the Byzantine architecture are its churches, with their glorious frescoes and mosaics.
		The Byzantine Empire is also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, for it was in fact a continuation of the Roman Empire into its eastern part.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /bizans.htm

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Byzantine Empire
		The decline of the Byzantine Empire is strikingly exhibited in the depreciation of currency during the reigns of the Comneni.
		Upon this motive, the Emperor Zeno closed the Nestorian school at Edessa, in 489 and it was a part of the same policy that induced the successors of Constantine the Great to support the leaders of the Christian clerical party, the Mamikonians, in opposition to the Mazdeistic nobility.
		Byzantine civilization produced a succession of typical women of middle class who are a proof, first, of the high esteem in which women were held in social life and, secondly, of the sacredness of family life, which even now distinguishes the Greek people.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03096a.htm

	Byzantium: Timeline
		Alexius I Komnenos becomes emperor, establishing the Komnenos dynasty; the following year, to gain the support of the Venetian navy against the Normans in South Italy, he grants Venice legal, political, and economic concessions, eventually leading to Venetian commercial and economic domination in much of the Byzantine Empire.
		Workshops of Byzantine mosaicists from Constantinople are invited to decorate churches in the Norman kingdom of Sicily (Palace Chapel and the church of Saint Mary of the Admiral in Palermo; the cathedral in Cefal).
		The Fourth Crusade leads to a Latin occupation of Constantinople, with the Byzantine Empire reduced to several contending states in outlying regions of its territories; as a result, for much of the next fifty years, vast amounts of artistic booty are sent to western Europe from the city and the lands of Frankish Greece.
	www.metmuseum.org /explore/Byzantium/time.html

	Byzantine Empire. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In 1261 the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII conquered most of the tottering Latin empire and reestablished the Byzantine Empire under the Palaeologus family (1261–1453).
		In 800, during the reign of Irene, the Frank Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the West at Rome.
		Russia, converted to Christianity, became an outpost of Byzantine culture.
	www.bartleby.com /65/by/ByzantinEmp.html

	Behind the Name: Roman and Byzantine Emperors
		Augustus was the first Roman Emperor, emerging from the civil wars that followed the death of his adoptive father Julius Caesar in 44 BC to become the ruler of a realm that stretched from Spain to Syria, Northern Africa to France.
		The Byzantine Empire, as the Eastern Roman Empire was known, was one of the important cultural centers of the Middle Ages.
		The language spoken was Greek and most of the names of the emperors were Greek, or else Greek forms of Christian biblical names, and the title Basileus (meaning "king" in Greek) was used for the emperor.
	wwwame.behindthename.com /namesakes/lists/roman.php

	ACM Presents DOUG SMITH: Lettered Byzantine Bronzes"
		Roman Emperors of the East who ruled before the fall of the West are Roman or Byzantine depending on just how one chooses to force the categories.
		Byzantine bronzes can be considered a bit crude and ugly but they are plentiful, low priced and well deserving of study by collectors.
		On this year 2 follis we see the Emperor (left) and his wife Leontia (right).
	www.ancientcoinmarket.com /ds/byz

	List of Byzantine Emperors Information - TextSheet.com
		Note: It is difficult to determine when exactly the Roman Empire ends and the Byzantine Empire begins; the Roman Empire was actually split into eastern and western halves for administrative purposes by Diocletian in 284.
		Of course, the Byzantines themselves continued to think of their empire as Roman for over a millennium.
		Others date the beginning of the Empire even as late as Heraclius (who made Greek the official language), and numismatists note the monetary reforms of Anastasius I in 498, which used the Greek numbering system.
	www.medbuster.com /encyclopedia/l/li/list_of_byzantine_emperors.html

	Byzantine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		List of Byzantine emperors, of the late Roman Empire, called Byzantine.
		A citizen of the Byzantine Empire, or a native Greek during the middle ages.
		This is a disambiguation page, a list of pages that otherwise might share the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantine

	Byzantium
		The emperor was concerned that icons played too prominent a role in Byzantine life and that their common use as godparents, witnesses at weddings, and objects of adoration violated the Old Testament prohibition of the worship of graven images.
		The Byzantine Empire made great contributions to civilization: Greek language and learning were preserved for posterity; the Roman imperial system was continued and Roman law codified; the Greek Orthodox church converted some Slavic peoples and fostered the development of a splendid new art dedicated to the glorification of the Christian religion.
		The emperor Theophilus (829-842), for example, was a student of Muslim art and culture, and Constantinople's painting, architecture, and universities benefited from the vigor of Islamic culture.
	www.yasou.org /byzantium/byz.htm

	Rome and Romania, Roman Emperors, Byzantine Emperors, etc.
		Also noteworthy as a benchmark for the beginning of Byzantine history in the time of the Leonines is the apparent disappearance of the traditional Roman tria nomina, the three names of praenômen, nômen, and cognômen, which have been given with previous Emperors.
		Emperors are commonly known by particular parts of their names, or by nicknames, e.g.
		Decius and Herennius were killed in battle by the Goths in 251 -- the only Roman Emperors to die in battle (against external enemies) besides Julian (against the Persians, 363), Valens (against the Goths again, 378), Nicephorus I (against the Bulgars, 811), and Constantine XI (with the fall of Constantinople to the Turks, 1453).
	www.friesian.com /romania.htm

	Byzantium!!!
		One of the great difference between Byzantine and Latinos was that Byzantine considered the emperor as the representative of God in the Earth, and the church was represented by the patriarch; the Latinos, however, considered the Pope as the representative of God and the governors were submitted to the church purpose.
		At the same time the power of the Byzantine church grew up the emperors were loosing theirs, and in 1453 the tradition of the Empire, its ideas and their culture maintained alive until today due to the orthodox church.
		For that reason the History of Byzantium refers to the competition between Byzantine emperors and the Pope in Rome, until the definitive rupture in 1054.
	www.imperiobizantino.com /byzantium.htm

	Coins of the Byzantine Empire
		The Istanbul Archaeological Museum holds one of the great collections of Byzantine artifacts, all uncovered during excavations and construction projects in the city and its environs.
		It is a period of longevity almost unrivalled in history; and yet, until recently it is a period written off by historians as merely the extended decline and fall of the Roman Empire.
		The legendary wealth of Constantinople, with its sublime craftsmanship and awesome golden mosaics, (the "Sages standing in God's Holy fire," of Yeats' much quoted poem,) was coupled with a spirituality that dictated penance and abstinence even for a soldier who had killed in battle.
	www.wegm.com /coins/byindex.htm

	Irene (empress) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Seized by his attendants on the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus, the emperor was carried back to the palace at Constantinople; and there, by the orders of his mother, his eyes were stabbed out.
		Nevertheless, Irene is said to have endeavoured to negotiate a marriage between herself and Charlemagne; but according to Theophanes, who alone mentions it, the scheme was frustrated by Aëtius, one of her favourites.
		A hollow semblance of friendship was maintained between Constantine and Irene, whose title of empress was confirmed in 792; but the rival factions remained, and Irene, by skillful intrigues with the bishops and courtiers, organized a powerful conspiracy on her own behalf.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantine_Emperor_Irene (624 words)

	AllRefer.com - Angelus, Byzantine emperors (Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Angelus, Byzantine emperors, Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine, Biographies
		Angelus[an´julus] Pronunciation Key, family name and dynasty of three Byzantine emperors (1185–1204): see Isaac II; Alexius III; Alexius IV.
		Related Category: Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine, Biographies
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/AngelusByz.html (624 words)

	Why the Byzantine Empire was not a "Greek Empire"?
		The earlier Byzantine Emperors were Romans but in time people of different ethnic backgrounds ruled this multi-ethnic empire.
		In 395 AD when the Roman Empire split into western and eastern (Byzantine), Latin continued to be used as the official language but in time it was replaced by Greek as that language was already widely spoken among the Eastern Mediterranean nations as the main trade language.
		Along with distorting the ethnicity of the ancient Macedonians, the labeling of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire into "Greek" is one of the greatest fabrications of the western and modern Greek writers.
	www.historyofmacedonia.org /RomanMacedonia/ByzantineEmpire.html (624 words)

	Roman and Byzantine Emperors
		Alexius was deposed and a Latin emperor BALDWIN was enthroned by election among the victorious Venetians and Franks.
		However, after much intrigue, Irene deposed her son in 797, and Constantine, blinded on the orders of his mother, was kept in under guard at the palace where "he survived many years, oppressed by the court and forgotten by the world: [and] the Isaurian dynasty was silently extinguished".
		CONSTANTINE IV Troubled by claims to share the throne from his brothers, Heraclius and Tiberius, Constantine finally settled the issue by depriving them "of their titles and noses in the presence of the Catholic bishops who were assembled at Constantinople in the sixth general synod".
	users.tibus.com /decline-and-fall/emperors.htm (624 words)

	Egyptian Mythology and Egyptian Christianity - Christianity Under the Byzantine Emperors
		Egyptian Mythology and Egyptian Christianity - Christianity Under the Byzantine Emperors
		The Emperor sided with the Egyptians, which may be explained by what we have before seen, because Greece and Rome had been used to look up to Egypt as their teacher in religion; and he had lately, on building Constantinople, received from Alexandria fifty copies of Church Lessons, for the use of his new churches.
		The civil wars between rival emperors, the licence of the soldiers, the inroads of the barbarians, and the progress of despotism, had crushed free thought and genius everywhere.
	www.touregypt.net /emac9.htm (624 words)

	Byzantine Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The last Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI Paleologus, was last seen entering deep into the fighting of a over-whelmingly outnumbered civilian army, against the invading Ottomans on the ramparts of Constantinople.
		Emperor Romanus IV is defeated by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Manzikert.
		The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantine_Empire (4348 words)

	Byzantium: The Byzantine Studies Page
		The counterpart to the dismissal of Byzantine culture was its exaltation by 19th-century Romanticism, and by a substrate of Christian, especially Anglican, intellectuals.
		As a result Byzantine culture was subjected to centuries of abuse as a time of barbarism and superstition.
		This period is also significant as the time in which Byzantine culture was spread among the Slavs and other Balkan peoples.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/byzantium (4348 words)

	Byzantium: History
		An emperor's portrayal might also link him to the virtuous prototypes of Christ, such as the Hebrew rulers David and Solomon, while in art the emperor's halo and the gold of his background associated him with the sun.
		eremonials, held by both the male court of the emperor and the female court of the empress, sumptuously punctuated all state occasions, including imperial coronations, marriages, births, and birthdays; the promotion of officials; the reception of ambassadors; and the celebration of triumphs.
		The emperors patronized the arts as policy, restoring and rebuilding Constantinople's palaces and churches; some promoted the study and preservation of ancient Greek literature.
	www.metmuseum.org /explore/byzantium/byz_4.html (4348 words)

	Byzantine - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Byzantine
		Byzantine fresco of Cain killing Abel in the basilica of Sant'Angelo in Formia, Italy.
		In Byzantine architecture, the dome supported on pendentives (supportive structures at the intersection of arch and dome) was in widespread use.
		Byzantine fresco of Pilate washing his hands and Christ being helped with the cross by Simon of Cyrene, in the basilica of Sant'Angelo in Formia, Italy.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Byzantine (770 words)

	Empress Irene of Athens
		Irene came to rule the Byzantine Empire at a time when it was deeply divided over the use of icons (sacred paintings or sculptures) in the church.
		When Irene of Athens was crowned sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire in 797, she became the first woman ever to hold the throne of the old Roman Empire.
		After she became regent, she removed iconoclastic generals and other officials in the Byzantine government.
	www.edwardsly.com /irene.htm (767 words)

	Encyclopedia: Byzantine emperor
		Alexius II Comnenus (1167-1183), Byzantine emperor (1180-1183), was the son of emperor Manuel I Comnenus and Maria, daughter of Raymund, prince of Antioch, and was born at Constantinople on September 10, 1167.
		Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus Alexius I (1048–August 15, 1118), Byzantine emperor (1081–1118), was the third son of John Comnenus, the nephew of Isaac I Comnenus (emperor 1057–1059).
		Romanus IV (Diogenes), Byzantine emperor from 1068 to 1071, was a member of a distinguished Cappadocian family, and had risen to distinction in the army, until he was convicted of treason against the sons of Constantine X. While waiting for his execution he was summoned into the presence of the...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Byzantine-emperor (8284 words)

	Emperors
		By defeating Byzantine garrisons in the Nile Valley, Persia marched across the Libyan desert.
		Political Development : Byzantine and Persian Empires attacked by the Arabs spurred on by the new Muslim faith.
		Failure to change the old universal Byzantine Empire into a national state in the Peloponnese.
	www.yasou.org /byzantium/byz3.htm (8284 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR--De Imperatoribus Romanis Roman History Roman Roman Empire Imperator Basileus De Imperatoribus Romanis Encyclopedia Byzantine
		Imperial Index There, the emperors are listed in a chronological table in order of their dates of rule.
		Alphabetical Imperial Index There, the emperors are listed in the alphabetical order of their names, with dates of rule appended.
		The name of each emperor for whom a biographical essay is complete offers a live link to the essay.
	www.roman-emperors.org (8284 words)

	Joey & Toby Tanenbaum Gallery of Byzantine Art - ROM
		"This allows us to present a more comprehensive picture of Byzantine society -- visitors will see everything from the floors the Byzantines walked on, their eating utensils, how the inhabitants adorned themselves, who their emperors were, how their commerce worked, to the imagery they used to decorate their churches."
		The objects on display in The Joey and Toby Tanenbaum Gallery of Byzantine Art are arranged thematically, covering such topics as religion, gold jewelry, aspects of daily life and trade and commerce.
		Strategically positioned between Europe and Asia, Constantinople (now Istanbul), the capital of the Byzantine empire, flourished for over a thousand years from AD 324 to 1453.
	www.rom.on.ca /galleries/byzantine/byzantine.html (8284 words)

	Mr. Dowling's Moor Page
		The Turks had recently become Muslims, and the Byzantine emperor feared they would soon overpower his Christian empire.
		In 1095, Pope Urban II launched the first of many Crusades, or “wars of the cross.” Urban hoped that in addition to expelling the Turks from the Byzantine Empire, he would also be able to reclaim the holy city of Jerusalem from Muslim control.
		Soldiers from western Europe left their homes to free the Byzantine Empire of the “unbelievers.” This was the first time many Europeans left their homes.
	www.mrdowling.com /703-byzantine.html (8284 words)

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