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Topic: C3 pathway plant

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	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although phenotypic analysis of the symptoms of infected plants clearly demonstrates a disturbance of the phytohormonal balance and an activation of the cell cycle, the actual mechanism of symptom development and the targets of the bacterial signals are unknown.
		Plants with enhanced extracellular phosphatase activity also had access to a pool of soil P that was less isotopically exchangeable.
		In plants, each of these two enzymes is encoded by two or more genes, and the enzymes have been reported to be located in the chloroplasts or in the mitochondria.
	www.nal.usda.gov /plant/Soybean/enzymes.txt (12042 words)

	Photosynthesis II
		In the chloroplast, CO -Fixation Reactions occur in the stroma of the chloroplast and require the ATP and NADPH generated by the light reactions occurring at the thylakoids.
		The central metabolic pathway for CO -fixation is called the "Calvin Cycle" or "C3-Pathway".
		The first reaction of this pathway is mediated by the enzyme PEP carboxylase which adds a CO molecule to the three-carbon molecule, phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP).
	www.life.uiuc.edu /plantbio/100/Syllabus/photosyn2.html (671 words)

	C3 carbon fixation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		C3 carbon fixation is a metabolic pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
		Plants that survive solely on C3 fixation (C3 plants) tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, carbon dioxide concentrations are around 200 ppm or higher, and ground water is plentiful.
		C3 plants must be in areas with high concentrations of carbon dioxide because RuBisCO often incorporates an oxygen molecule into the RuBP, instead of a carbon dioxide molecule.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/C3_plants (275 words)

	Alternative pathway (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Six proteins, C3, B, D, H, I, and P, by themselves perform the functions of initiation, recognition, and amplification of the pathway, which results in the formation of the activator-bound C3/C5 convertase (30).
		Thus, modified C3 has temporarily a greater chance to form the fluid-phase C3 convertase than to become enzymatically degraded by H and I. The function of the initial C3 convertase is to produce metastable C3b and to deposit C3b on the surface of surrounding particles.
		Both the classical and the alternative complement pathways eventuate in the cleavage and activation of the C5 complement component, this process leads to the assembly of the membrane attack complex.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /MBChB/Merralls/Alternative.html (1401 words)

	Ecology \| Guided Independent Learning \| Environment \| Ecology Online \| EcologyOnline.net \| Robberecht \| Ecology courses ...
		Describe the pathway of a water molecule from the soil through a plant and to the atmosphere.
		In regard to plant response to cold stress, contrast plant mechanisms of avoidance, tolerance, and resistance.
		In regard to plant response to heat stress, contrast plant mechanisms of avoidance, tolerance, and resistance.
	www.cnr.uidaho.edu /plantecophysiology/final2005.htm (2358 words)

	NPWRC :: Plant Community Patterns on Sandhills Prairie
		Little bluestem, lead plant, and cool-season grasses, such as Junegrass, Wilcox panicum [Dicanthelium wilcoxianum (Vasey) Freckmann], and needlegrasses, had negative coefficients related to the second variate and were associated with the quadrant in which over 88% of the transects on north-facing slopes were concentrated (Figs.
		pathway, lower transpiration rates, and deeper root systems of warm-season grasses, e.g., prairie sandreed and sand bluestem, and forbs, e.g., western ragweed, would appear to make them better adapted than cool-season species to conditions on south-facing slopes.
		pathway of cool-season species, e.g., needlegrasses and Junegrass, is advantageous in environments of lower light intensities, lower temperatures, and high water availability (Doliner and Jolliffe 1979).
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/plants/plantcom/resdis.htm (2289 words)

	Plant of the Week 01/17/2005: Viviparous Spikerush (Eleocharis vivipara) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The viviparous spikerush (Eleocharis vivipara Link) is found in and around marshes and swamps of the southern U.S. This small fine member of the Cyperaceae or sedge family is a cousin to the huge tule (Scirpus californicus, Plant of the Week, November 29, 2004).
		Although the plants do not outwardly appear very different, they are dimorphic—one form terrestrial and another aquatic.
		plants are water-spenders and usually limited to temperate zones, as annuals during cool seasons in tropical areas, or as aquatics.
	www.killerplants.com /plant-of-the-week/20050117.asp (439 words)

	References - C3 - HORT640 - Metabolic Plant Physiology - Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture - Purdue ...
		Plant J. Agarie S, Kai M, Takatsuji H, Ueno O 1997 Expression of C3 and C4 photosynthetic characteristics in the amphibious plant Eleocharis vivipara: structure and analysis of the expression of isogenes for pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase.
		Plant J. Cornic G, Fresneau C 2002 Photosynthetic carbon reduction and carbon oxidation cycles are the main electron sinks for photosystem II activity during a mild drought.
		Plant J. Touchette BW, Burkholder JM 2000 Overview of the physiological ecology of carbon metabolism in seagrasses.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/referen/C3.htm (12198 words)

	Metabolically Modified Rice Exhibits Superior Photosynthesis and and Yield
		Photosynthetically, these plants are underachievers because, on the one hand, they assimilate atmospheric CO2 into sugars but, on the other hand, part of the potential for sugar production is lost by respiration in daylight, releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, a wasteful process termed photorespiration.
		At first thought, one may argue that rice plants thus engineered may not be very efficient in concentrating CO2 in the leaf, as Rubisco is located in the chloroplasts of the inner bundle sheath cells in C4 leaves.
		However, in nature, a primitive aquatic plant, Hydrilla verticillata, is known to be able to use a simplified version of the C4 pathway (without Kranz leaf anatomy) to concentrate CO2 and eliminate the wasteful photorespiration process(1).
	www.biotech-info.net /metabolically.html (1167 words)

	Types of Photosynthesis
		Plants control when stomata are open or closed and the width of the opening (formed by two guard cells that expand and contract to open and close the space between them).
		plants under high light intensity and high temperatures because the CO is delivered directly to RUBISCO, not allowing it to grab oxygen and undergo photorespiration.
		Better Water Use Efficiency than C3 plants under arid conditions due to opening stomata at night when transpiration rates are lower (no sunlight, lower temperatures, lower wind speeds, etc.).
	wc.pima.edu /~bfiero/tucsonecology/plants/plants_photosynthesis.htm (742 words)

	ODU Biology 108N: C-4 Plants
		plants are characterized by an orderly arrangement of the mesophyll cells around a layer of large bundle-sheath cells, so that together the two form concentric layers around the vascular bundle.
		plants, the chloroplasts of the mesophyll cells have well-developed grana while those of the bundle-sheath cells have either poorly developed grana or none at all.
		plants evolved primarily in the tropics, they are especially well adapted to high light intensities, high temperatures, and dryness.
	www.lions.odu.edu /~knesius/miniunits/epsilon/epsilon14.html (1146 words)

	Carbon-13. C3 and C4 plants.
		The denominations are because in the plants of group C3, the first photosynthesized organic compound has 3 atoms of carbon while in group C4, there are 4.
		It so happens, that with elevated concentrations of CO2, the type C3 plants are favoured with respect to plants of type C4, since the C3 pathway plants require less energy to carry out photosynthesis.
		As a result, it is thought that the reduction of CO2 in the Miocene, caused perhaps by higher weathering linked to the upwelling of the Thibet, could have originated the development of C4 plants, and that the advance of tropical flora, which are typically of type C4, favoured the evolution of mammals.
	homepage.mac.com /uriarte/carbon13.html (1380 words)

	Photosynthesis - Other Approaches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In addition, plants living in arid climates have to close the pores in their leaves when it is particulalry dry, or they will wither.
		Plants living in the abovementioned difficult conditions have discovered a way to make the carbon dioxide concentration very high in the immediate environment of Rubisco, so that the oxygenase reaction does not get a chance to happen.
		This pathway is called the C4 pathway because it involves a 4 carbon intermediate in the outer cells.
	web.mit.edu /esgbio/www/ps/other.html (833 words)

	How are isotopes affected by plant processes? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This process is called photorespiration, and it is undesirable because plants cannot use oxygen for photosynthesis, and actually must release CO to remove oxygen from the pathway.
		plants are restricted to environments and ecosystems where they have some competitive advantage over their neighbors by expending extra energy on an alternative method of photosynthesis.
		Plants vary in their capacity to seal CO inside the bundle sheath without leakage, which can affect discrimination.
	basinisotopes.org /basin/tutorial/physiology.html (1161 words)

	Environmental Regulation of C3 and C4 Differentiation in the Amphibious Sedge Eleocharis vivipara -- Ueno 127 (4): 1524 ...
		plants are exposed to air, the culms wither from the rapid drying.
		The ABA-induced culms of the submerged plants exhibit high expression of the genes for PEPC and PPDK.
		photosynthetic characteristics in the amphibious plant Eleocharis vivipara: structure and analysis of the expression of isogenes for pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/127/4/1524 (3735 words)

	C4 carbon fixation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		C4 carbon fixation is one of three methods, along with C3 and CAM photosynthesis, used by land plants to "fix" carbon dioxide (binding the gaseous molecules to dissolved compounds inside the plant) for sugar production through photosynthesis.
		C4 plants have a competitive advantage over plants possessing the more common C3 carbon fixation pathway under conditions of drought, high temperatures and nitrogen or carbon dioxide limitation.
		C4 plants arose during the Cenozoic Era and did not become common until the Miocene Period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/C4_carbon_fixation (438 words)

	Photorespiration Revisited -- Eckardt 17 (8): 2139 -- THE PLANT CELL
		of the pathway is essential for plant growth.
		Phosphoglycolate produced by RuBP oxygenase activity is converted to glycolate by phosphoglycolate phosphatase in the chloroplast.
		Overall, two molecules of phosphoglycolate are converted to one molecule of phosphoglycerate and one molecule of CO Reproduced with permission from Somerville, 2001
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/17/8/2139 (1310 words)

	Herzlich Willkommen bei der Abteilung Biochemie der Pflanze
		The agricultural productivity of crop plants like wheat, barley, potatoes and sugar beet is limited not only by growth conditions but also by the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus.
		This is due to the fact that these crops assimilate CO2 by the C3 pathway of photosynthesis and are subject to photorespiration which leads to a loss of one third of the newly assimilated CO2 through the decarboxylation of glycine.
		For example, in C3/C4 plants the distribution of the key enzyme of photorespiration, glycine decarboxylase within the leaf is changed in such a way that the activity in the mesophyll is much reduced, while the activity in the vascular tissue is increased.
	www.plant-biochem.uni-goettingen.de /heineke_pro_en.html (356 words)

	Photosynthesis and Light Energy
		C3 pathway: Photosynthetic pathway where a 3-C molecule is passed through the Calvin-Benson cycle to produce a 5-C molecule and glucose.
		C4 pathway: Photosynthetic pathway where CO is initially converted to a 4-C molecule (malic or aspartic acid) in the mesophyll cells, then transported to the bundle sheath cells where it is resynthesized to produce glucose using the C3 pathway
		CAM pathway: Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, or a photosynthetic pathway similar to the C4 pathway, only the stomates on the leaves are opened only at night to reduce water loss via transpiration.
	people.uncw.edu /emslies/ecology/terms2.htm (544 words)

	Desert Diary, 12 July 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Carbon dioxide and oxygen are gases that enter and leave the plant through closable pores in the leaves and stems called stomata.
		CAM works by letting carbon dioxide into the plant at night, when water loss is lessened because the temperature is lower and the humidity higher.
		The cacti are one group of plants utilizing the CAM pathway.
	museum.utep.edu /archive/plants/DDcam.htm (275 words)

	Strategies to sustain and enhance Asia-Pacific rice production - R.B. Singh,a T. Woodheadb and M.K. Papademetriouc
		Within-season crop husbandry thus integrates: seed and plant population; crop establishment; land, soil, water, nutrient and pest management (the latter for weeds, insects, diseases, rodents and molluscs); and effective deployment of human and financial resources.
		The incorporation of the C4-photosynthesis pathway into rice (a C3-pathway plant) may be expected not only to raise water-use efficiency but also to provide tolerance to the increase in air temperature experienced worldwide.
		The plant and animal biodiversity of ricelands is greatly determined by human activity.
	www.fao.org /docrep/006/y4751e/y4751e0s.htm (10846 words)

	Plant Science Bulletin - 1994, Volume 40, Issue 4
		The symposium entitled "l3elowground Competition in Plants," organized by Brenda Casper (Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018) at the 1994 BSA meeting in Knoxville was sponsored by the Ecological Section of BSA and cosponsored by the Ecological Society.
		The symposium entitled "Ecological and Evolutionary Roles of Plant Disease in Managed and Natural Ecosystems," organized by Johanne Brunet (Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331) and Christopher Mundt at the 1994 BSA Meeting in Knoxville was sponsored by the Ecological Section of BSA.
		A small plant is made to appear from an empty box using the magic square, factors inducing the flowering response are illustrated using the spontaneous appearance of a sleeve bouquet.
	www.botany.org /PlantScienceBulletin/psb-1994-40-4.php (16519 words)

	Energization of Plant Cell Membranes by H+-Pumping ATPases: Regulation and Biosynthesis -- Sze et al. 11 (4): 677 -- ...
		Michelet, B., Lukaszewicz, M., Dupriez, V., and Boutry, M. (1994) A plant plasma membrane proton–ATPase gene is regulated by development and environment and shows signs of translational regulation.
		Palmgren, M.G. (1998) Proton gradients and plant growth: Role of the plasma membrane H
		Vitale, A., and Denecke, J. (1999) The endoplasmic reticulum—Gateway of the secretory pathway.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/11/4/677 (6260 words)

	C4 Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		They all use a supplementary method of CO uptake which forms a 4-carbon molecule instead of the two 3-carbon molecules of the Calvin cycle.
		CAM plants take in CO through their open stomata (they tend to have reduced numbers of them).
		pathway probably reflects the frequent low concentrations of CO in ocean waters.
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/C/C4plants.html (800 words)

	Plant Gene Register PGR95-135 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The photosynthetic function of this enzyme in C4 or CAM plant species is very well known, although its role as a metabolic enzyme in C3 plants is not as clearly defined (O'Leary, 1982).
		The amino acid sequence derived from this clone is 964 amino acids in length and shows from 87% to 90% similarity with both photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic forms of this enzyme from monocots and dicots.
		The similarity of Ape1 with nonphotosynthetic forms of PEPCase in C3 plants suggests that the enzyme used in the C4 photosynthetic pathway of amaranth is evolutionarily derived from a metabolic PEPCase.
	www.tarweed.com /pgr/PGR95-135.html (778 words)

	Lecture 08 - More Photosynthesis
		The leaf is the primary photosynthetic organ of the plant
		The photosynthetic pathway we discussed in the previous lecture is known as the C
		Some plants have been observed to fix CO and initially form a 4-Carbon molecule.
	www.uic.edu /classes/bios/bios100/summer2001/lect08.htm (766 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Because they use the C4 pathway at night and the C3 pathway during the day in two different cells c.
		Because they use the C3 pathway at night and the C4 pathway during the day in the same cell d.
		Because they use C4 pathways, but not C3 pathways e.
	www.und.edu /instruct/agerber/EX2practice.html (493 words)

	Compartmentation of photosynthesis in cells and tissues of C4 plants -- Edwards et al. 52 (356): 577 -- Journal of ...
		The biochemistry of plants, a comprehensive treatise, Vol.
		plants: Mechanism and the role of malate and orthophosphate.
		Influence of plant growth at high CO concentrations on leaf content of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and intracellular distribution of soluble carbohydrates in tobacco, snapdragon, and parsley.
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/52/356/577 (6028 words)

	Crassulacean Acid Metabolism. A Plastic Photosynthetic Adaptation to Arid Environments -- Cushman 127 (4): 1439 -- ...
		Gehrig H, Faist K, Kluge M (1998a) Identification of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase isoforms in leaf, stem, and roots of the obligate CAM plant Vanilla planifolia SALIB.
		Griffiths H (1989) Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms and the evolution of CAM in vascular epiphytes.
		Ishimaru K (1999) Transformation of a CAM plant, the facultative halophyte Mesembryanthemum crystallinum by Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/127/4/1439 (5107 words)

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