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Topic: C3 plants

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C3 carbon fixation

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	C3 carbon fixation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		C3 carbon fixation is a metabolic pathway for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
		Plants that survive solely on C3 fixation (C3 plants) tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, carbon dioxide concentrations are around 200 ppm or higher, and ground water is plentiful.
		C3 plants must be in areas with high concentrations of carbon dioxide because RuBisCO often incorporates an oxygen molecule into the RuBP, instead of a carbon dioxide molecule.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/C3_carbon_fixation (288 words)

	Grasses - Differentiate warm-season from cool-season grasses. - National Forage and Grasslands Curriculum
		plants both utilize photosynthesis, which is a chemical process in which light energy from the sun is captured and mixed with water and carbon dioxide to make sugars which are used as food for chemical energy.
		plants are often called tropical or warm season plants and reduce carbon dioxide captured during photosynthesis to useable components by first converting carbon dioxide to oxaloacetate, a 4-carbon acid.
		plants, but the protein may be more efficiently used by animals since a portion of the protein may bypass degradation in the rumen where microbes would utilize some of the protein.
	forages.oregonstate.edu /nfgc/topics.cfm?ID=90 (760 words)

	c3_c4_plants
		Almost all plant life on Earth can be broken into two categories based on the way they assimilate carbon dioxide into their systems.
		C3 plants include more than 95 percent of the plant species on earth.
		It turns out that the important difference between C3 and C4 species for rising CO levels is that C3 species continue to increase photosynthesis with rising CO, while C4 species do not.
	www.serc.si.edu /labs/co2/c3_c4_plants.jsp (212 words)

	Rising Carbon Dioxide is Great for Plants
		In the presence of chlorophyll, plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates that, directly or indirectly, supply almost all animal and human needs for food; oxygen and some water are released as by-products of this process.
		C4 plants also experience a boost in photosynthetic efficiency in response to higher carbon dioxide levels, but because there is little photo-respiration in C4 plants, the improvement is smaller than in C3 plants.
		Plant responses to a higher carbon dioxide concentration do appear to be limited by deficiencies in nitrogen and other mineral nutrients.
	www.purgit.com /co2ok.html (3536 words)

	A Comparison of RuBisCo Protein Expression in Bundle-Sheath Cells of CAM & C3 Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Although all plants engage in photosynthesis to synthesize energy and "food" molecules such as glucose, plants of different environments have evolved unique adaptations to their environments.
		All of the carbon fixation occurs in the mesophyll cells of C3 plants, whereas in CAM plants photosynthesis and carbon fixation are physically separated.
		A study was conducted at the University of Newcastle's Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science concerning the Rubisco activity of CAM plants.
	csmres.jmu.edu /biology/Bio480/Fall05/Tuesday5/intro.htm (845 words)

	Botany online: Photosynthesis - C3, C4 and CAM. Regulation of The Activity
		The Australian plant physiologist M. and his English colleague C. SLACK confirmed this result and identified the compound as oxaloacetate (OAA).
		plants but here are carbon dioxide fixation and its assimilation not separated spatially but in time.
		plants comes in useful under high light intensities, is the degree of the CAM influence in CAM plants regulated mainly by temperature, atmospheric humidity and salinity.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e24/24b.htm (1272 words)

	Desert Plants
		To overcome this, some halophytes (plants that can grow in saline soils) maintain high levels of organic solutes, such as proline, sorbitol, and sucrose, in their cytoplasm; however, this lowers their photosynthetic efficiency, because these organic compounds are derived from the product of photosynthesis.
		The often low density of plants of the same species in deserts reduces the likelihood that wind-blown pollen would reach the flower of another individual of the same species, so bees, beetles, butterflies, moths, hummingbirds, and bats are among the animal pollinators in southwestern deserts.
		Seed dormancy seems to be particularly beneficial to plants that germinate during the brief, unpredictable conditions in desert ecosystems.
	www.fhsu.edu /biology/Eberle/DesertSW/DesertPlants.htm (1693 words)

	Climatic implications of d13C and d18O ratios from C3 and C4 plants growing in a tropical montane habitat in southern ...
		The plant isotope-climate correlations thus established can be used for reconstructing the past temperature and rainfall conditions of the tropics from the isotopic ratios of peat deposits, derived from a mixture of C3 and C4 plants in the region.
		O values in plant cellulose of both C3 and C4 photosynthetic types were high (mean of 29·2‰) during the pre-monsoon growth period compared to other periods viz., mean of 25·2‰ for the summer monsoon and 24·6‰ for the winter monsoon.
		C values from these plants (and hence peat as it is a mixture of C3 and C4 plants growing in that region) to reconstruct past rainfall variations, although the range of variation may be too small for it to be of practical use.
	www.ias.ac.in /jbiosci/december1999/article14.htm (4173 words)

	Artemis Project: Carbon Dioxide's Role in Plant Growth
		With respect to CO utilization, plants are divided into two types: C3 plants and C4 plants.
		C3 plants, on the other hand, benefit greatly from increases in CO because less of the inefficient O
		Plants in a high CO environment increase their plant mass by 20 to 25%.
	www.asi.org /adb/04/03/05/co2-plant-growth.html (510 words)

	Todd's biblio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		C4 plants are thought to have evolved from C3 plants as recently as 50-60 Mya.
		Carbon fixation in C3 plants is catalyzed by Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase).
		Plants with enriched values are those with metabolic pathways that fix carbon via phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEP) while those that tend to be depleted in 13C use ribulose diphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) This fractionation is only found in the angiosperms, and has led to studies that may allow for climatic and environmental interpretations.
	www.uvm.edu /~pbierman/classes/gradsem/1998/toddm.html (3941 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Fix CO by adding it to phosphoenolpyruvate which is transported from the mesophyll cells to the "bundle sheath" cells where decarboxylation and refixation by respiration occurs.
		An example of this is seen with this legume experiment where plants were placed in two settings: An area with plenty of fertilizer and an area with ground corn cobs in the soil.
		Perennial plants tend to recycle and process N internally and loss therefore leaves heavier N. Since NO must be reduced, there is more fractionation and lighter isotope is preferentially retained.
	www.ims.uaf.edu /isotopes/class/Plants.html (1021 words)

	Stable isotope overview
		Non-nitrogen-fixing plants, which derive all their N from the soil N pool, can thus be expected to be isotopically heavier than nitrogen-fixing plants, which derive some of their N directly from the atmosphere.
		C3 plants convert atmospheric CO2 to a phosphoglycerate compound with three C atoms while C4 plants convert CO2 to dicarboxylic acid, a four-C compound.
		The 13C value is a standard method for distinguishing the C3 and C4 plant groups and is used by plant physiologists to determine drought resistance in C3 plants, as well as to breed for improvement in this increasingly vital characteristic.
	www.uga.edu /~sisbl/stable.html (2022 words)

	Metabolically Modified Rice Exhibits Superior Photosynthesis and and Yield
		Photosynthetically, these plants are underachievers because, on the one hand, they assimilate atmospheric CO2 into sugars but, on the other hand, part of the potential for sugar production is lost by respiration in daylight, releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, a wasteful process termed photorespiration.
		At first thought, one may argue that rice plants thus engineered may not be very efficient in concentrating CO2 in the leaf, as Rubisco is located in the chloroplasts of the inner bundle sheath cells in C4 leaves.
		However, in nature, a primitive aquatic plant, Hydrilla verticillata, is known to be able to use a simplified version of the C4 pathway (without Kranz leaf anatomy) to concentrate CO2 and eliminate the wasteful photorespiration process(1).
	www.biotech-info.net /metabolically.html (1167 words)

	Carbon-13. C3 and C4 plants.
		The denominations are because in the plants of group C3, the first photosynthesized organic compound has 3 atoms of carbon while in group C4, there are 4.
		It so happens, that with elevated concentrations of CO2, the type C3 plants are favoured with respect to plants of type C4, since the C3 pathway plants require less energy to carry out photosynthesis.
		As a result, it is thought that the reduction of CO2 in the Miocene, caused perhaps by higher weathering linked to the upwelling of the Thibet, could have originated the development of C4 plants, and that the advance of tropical flora, which are typically of type C4, favoured the evolution of mammals.
	homepage.mac.com /uriarte/carbon13.html (1380 words)

	Types of Photosynthesis
		Plants control when stomata are open or closed and the width of the opening (formed by two guard cells that expand and contract to open and close the space between them).
		plants under high light intensity and high temperatures because the CO is delivered directly to RUBISCO, not allowing it to grab oxygen and undergo photorespiration.
		Better Water Use Efficiency than C3 plants under arid conditions due to opening stomata at night when transpiration rates are lower (no sunlight, lower temperatures, lower wind speeds, etc.).
	wc.pima.edu /~bfiero/tucsonecology/plants/plants_photosynthesis.htm (742 words)

	The Still Laboratory
		plants are relevant for inversion studies that solve for surface carbon fluxes from atmospheric measurements of
		plants exhibit in response to light, temperature and moisture, this production variability is driven mostly by changes in the production from each plant type.
		plants to the carbon cycle of a tallgrass prairie: An isotopic approach.
	www.geog.ucsb.edu /~cstill/research/c4.html (1977 words)

	carboniso
		C3 plants must keep the openings in their leaves through which they take up CO stomata) wide open during photosynthesis, which means that they lose water through these openings.
		Isotopic composition of C3 (a) and C4 (b) plants, as well as the isotopic composition of the enamel of teeth of animals which eat such plants.
		Collagen in bone in humans is about 6 ‰ heavier than the carbon isotopic value in their food, so eating of C3 plants with an average isotopic value of minus 26 ‰ results in collagen with an average isotopic composition of minus 20‰.
	ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu /ees123/carboniso.htm (1469 words)

	DesertPlants.Info - A site describing the adaptations of desert plants.
		Plant survival depends on water management; that is, the plant must take in as much water as is used/lost.
		Floating hydrophytes are rooted or non-rooted plants that have plant parts that float on top of the water surface.
		Plants may have an aromatic smell for use as a potential chemical defense.
	www.desertplants.info (1247 words)

	Untitled Document
		C isotopic signature of ~ -26‰, while plants that utilize the C4 pathway have an isotopic signature of ~ -12‰.
		Studies have used these differences in isotopic signatures to determine the proportion of root-derived respiration of plants of one photosynthetic pathway grown on soil containing organic matter from plants of the other pathway (C4 plants grown on soil containing C3 organic matter or vice-versa).
		Here, C4-derived sucrose is applied to soil containing C3 vegetation and organic matter, and the signatures of respired CO and carbon sources are input into a mixing model to determine heterotrophic and rhizosphere respiration.
	www.biology.duke.edu /bio265/ajm21/isotopes2.html (405 words)

	Photosynthesis - Other Approaches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		In addition, plants living in arid climates have to close the pores in their leaves when it is particulalry dry, or they will wither.
		Plants living in the abovementioned difficult conditions have discovered a way to make the carbon dioxide concentration very high in the immediate environment of Rubisco, so that the oxygenase reaction does not get a chance to happen.
		In this way, the plant ensures that the concentration of carbon dioxide at the site of Rubisco is very high, so that only the carboxylase and not the oxygenase reaction can take place.
	web.mit.edu /esgbio/www/ps/other.html (833 words)

	SCOPE 13 - The Global Carbon Cycle, Chapter 8, The Possible Effects of Increased CO2 on Photosynthesis
		When the plant loses too much water and is threatened by drought, it usually reacts by closing the stomatal openings, so that both water loss and CO assimilation are reduced.
		These plants are able to absorb CO during the night and to fix it to organic acids.
		In a number of plant species, stomatal conductance is regulated in such a way that the CO concentration in the substomatal cavity is approximately constant.
	www.icsu-scope.org /downloadpubs/scope13/chapter08.html (3574 words)

	How Temperature Affects C3 and C4 plants? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Plants close their stomas in high temperatures to prevent loss of water.
		There is a type of plants(CAM plants) that keep their stomas closed through the day, but that is a different story...
		C3 plants lose 600 grams of water for every gram of dry substance they create, c4 plants less than half of that.
	www.biology-online.org /biology-forum/about824.html (677 words)

	C4 plants: Effects of climate and CO2 on evolutionary fitness
		plant evolution are undoubtedly strong, because the photosynthetic mechanism has appeared independently more than 30 times in different plant groups.
		In support of this finding, recent experiments suggest that life history and water balance may be as important as photosynthetic rate in mediating the effects of CO on plant fitness.
		plant evolution is clearly over-simplistic, and an experimental evaluation of C
	www.palaeobiology.org.uk /projects_05.htm (501 words)

	C4 Plants
		They all use a supplementary method of CO uptake which forms a 4-carbon molecule instead of the two 3-carbon molecules of the Calvin cycle.
		plants are well adapted to (and likely to be found in) habitats with
		CAM plants take in CO through their open stomata (they tend to have reduced numbers of them).
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/C/C4plants.html (800 words)

	ScienceDaily: Sediment Samples Suggest How Plants Would Fare In Hotter, Drier Future
		Transgenic plants -- Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically engineered, a breeding approach that uses recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics.They are identified as a class...
		Deciduous -- In botany, deciduous plants, principally trees and shrubs, are those that lose all of their foliage for part of the year.
		Plant cell -- Plant cells are quite different from the cells of the other eukaryotic kingdom's...
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/01/040114075615.htm (1949 words)

	Sediment samples suggest how plants would fare in hotter, drier future
		C4 plants, so designated because of their biochemical pathway of photosynthesis, are generally expected to do well in warmer, drier climates driven by rising levels of carbon dioxide.
		The findings suggest that even C4 plants could face disastrous consequences during long periods of drought, despite the fact that they use water more efficiently than C3 plants, Nelson said.
		The middle Holocene C3 and C4 estimates of the two lakes were based on an analysis of carbon isotopes in charcoal particles produced by fires and well preserved in the stratified layers of sediment.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-01/uoia-sss011304.php (636 words)

	CLIMATE PLAYS BIGGER ROLE THAN CO2 IN MAKE-UP OF PLANT COMMUNITIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Their findings suggest that rising global carbon dioxide levels tied to global warming may not be as crucial in determining the composition of plant communities as other, localized climate shifts, such as droughts or temperature changes.
		Brenner said that if carbon dioxide played the major role in determining plant composition, one would assume that analysis of the sediments would reveal very similar changes in relative abundance of C3 and C4 plants in the two places over the study period.
		In fact, the researchers found that trends in C3 versus C4 plants were quite different at the two locations -- and that the changes were correlated not with carbon dioxide levels, but with shifts in rainfall.
	www.napa.ufl.edu /2001news/co2plants.htm (715 words)

	Re: Why are C3 plants dominant compared to C4 plants?
		C4 plants are mainly tropical and subtropical grasses such as corn, crabgrass and sugarcane.
		C4 plants are more efficient in photosynthesis than C3 plants under hot, dry conditions but not under cool, moist conditions.
		CAM plants and a variety of C3 species are often better adapted for very dry conditions than C4 plants.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/2004-10/1097001006.Bt.r.html (325 words)

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