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Topic: C4 plants

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	Grasses - Differentiate warm-season from cool-season grasses. - National Forage and Grasslands Curriculum
		plants both utilize photosynthesis, which is a chemical process in which light energy from the sun is captured and mixed with water and carbon dioxide to make sugars which are used as food for chemical energy.
		plants are called temperate or cool season plants and reduce (fix) CO directly by the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in the chloroplast.
		plants are often called tropical or warm season plants and reduce carbon dioxide captured during photosynthesis to useable components by first converting carbon dioxide to oxaloacetate, a 4-carbon acid.
	forages.oregonstate.edu /nfgc/topics.cfm?ID=90 (760 words)

	Plant Transport Lecture
		The bulk flow of water to the top of a plant is driven by solar energy since evaporation from leaves is responsible for transpiration pull.
		A CAM plant is adapted to the hot dry conditions prevalent in desert climes.
		These plants have a unique strategy in which their stomata remain closed most of the day when water loss is highest, but can maintain a healthy rate of photosynthesis even though CO is not supplied by gas exchange through these pores.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/plant_transport.html (2016 words)

	c3_c4_plants
		Almost all plant life on Earth can be broken into two categories based on the way they assimilate carbon dioxide into their systems.
		C4 plants include such crop plants as sugar cane and corn.
		It turns out that the important difference between C3 and C4 species for rising CO levels is that C3 species continue to increase photosynthesis with rising CO, while C4 species do not.
	www.serc.si.edu /labs/co2/c3_c4_plants.jsp (212 words)

	Botany online: Photosynthesis - C3, C4 and CAM. Regulation of The Activity
		The Australian plant physiologist M. and his English colleague C. SLACK confirmed this result and identified the compound as oxaloacetate (OAA).
		plants but here are carbon dioxide fixation and its assimilation not separated spatially but in time.
		plants comes in useful under high light intensities, is the degree of the CAM influence in CAM plants regulated mainly by temperature, atmospheric humidity and salinity.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e24/24b.htm (1272 words)

	Rising Carbon Dioxide is Great for Plants
		C4 plants also experience a boost in photosynthetic efficiency in response to higher carbon dioxide levels, but because there is little photo-respiration in C4 plants, the improvement is smaller than in C3 plants.
		Since corn and other C4 plants are frequently grown under drought conditions of high temperatures and limited soil moisture, this superior efficiency in water use may improve yields when rainfall is even lower than normal.
		Plant responses to a higher carbon dioxide concentration do appear to be limited by deficiencies in nitrogen and other mineral nutrients.
	www.purgit.com /co2ok.html (3536 words)

	C4 vs. C3 (a little botany) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		C4 metabolism, coupled with Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, allows growth in deserts, on mountains, tundra, etc. The poor C3 plants must necessarily capture and subsequently incorportate their CO2 while the sun shines, so they open their pores to get the CO2 during the day; the heat and wind dries them out and they die.
		Those clever C4 plants, however, open their pores at NIGHT and capture the CO2 when the air is cooler, so they won't dry out.
		C4 metabolism is a more expensive [energy-consuming] physiological process than the C3 metabolism, but it allows the C4 plant to capture more CO2 overall than C3 plants.
	www.ibiblio.org /london/agriculture/general/1/msg00039.html (343 words)

	DID DINOSAURS EAT C4 PLANTS DURING THE CRETACEOUS? CARBON ISOTOPE EVIDENCE AND POSSIBLE ECOLOGIC SETTINGS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The oldest fossil evidence for C4 plants is from the middle Miocene, and the global expansion of C4 grasslands common at the present time did not occur until later in the Miocene.
		Leading theories of C4 evolution hold that the C4 pathway is a favorable adaptation to lowering atmospheric CO2 levels, more open/light habitats, and increasing aridity that occurred during the late Cenozoic.
		C4 photosynthetic pathways are polyphyletic traits that may have evolved independently many times in the past.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2004AM/finalprogram/abstract_75102.htm (459 words)

	C4 Plants: coping with oxygen.
		This may come as a suprise to some, but plants using the typical Calvin cycle method have difficulty fixing carbon dioxide at high temperatures such as might typically be found in the tropics.
		Plants that use the normal Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide are called C-3 plants, C-3 after the three carbon molecule PGA in the Calvin cycle.
		In C-4 plants carbon dioxide is actively pumped into the mesophyll cells and fixed to a three carbon compound.
	staff.jccc.net /pdecell/photosyn/c4.html (313 words)

	CAM2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Plants generally compensate for this by keeping their stomates open during the day (Ricklefs, 1993).
		In these plants, CO2 is sequestered into the bundle sheath cells where a new molecule, PEP carboxylase, resides and has a high affinity for CO2.
		To recap, CAM plants are C4 plants that keep their stomates open at night and closed during the hottest periods of the day.
	www.earlham.edu /~biol/desert/CAM2.htm (466 words)

	Plant Physiology
		Carbon dioxide is limiting to plants that photorespire - for evidence see: (a) plot of carbon dioxide fixation vs. carbon dioxide concentration for maize and red clover (photorespires); and (b) plot of carbon dioxide uptake vs. fluence for tobacco and maize at ambient oxygen at varying carbon dioxide levels.
		In C4 plants, the Calvin cycle activity occurs primarily in the bundle sheath cells, whereas PSII activity occurs in the mesophyll cells.
		Plants that exhibit this type of photosynthesis are characteristic of hot, tropical environments that have a high light fluence.
	employees.csbsju.edu /ssaupe/biol327/Lecture/photosyn-carbon.htm (1788 words)

	Climatic implications of d13C and d18O ratios from C3 and C4 plants growing in a tropical montane habitat in southern ...
		The plant isotope-climate correlations thus established can be used for reconstructing the past temperature and rainfall conditions of the tropics from the isotopic ratios of peat deposits, derived from a mixture of C3 and C4 plants in the region.
		O values in plant cellulose of both C3 and C4 photosynthetic types were high (mean of 29·2‰) during the pre-monsoon growth period compared to other periods viz., mean of 25·2‰ for the summer monsoon and 24·6‰ for the winter monsoon.
		C values from these plants (and hence peat as it is a mixture of C3 and C4 plants growing in that region) to reconstruct past rainfall variations, although the range of variation may be too small for it to be of practical use.
	www.ias.ac.in /jbiosci/december1999/article14.htm (4173 words)

	Exam 1 Questions
		In a diagram of a turf plant, identify the: auricle, ligule, blade, leaf sheath, collar.
		C4 plants thrive in ____________________ latitudes, whereas C3 plants thrive in latitudes which are _________________.
		C4 plant, ________ season grasses, use RUBI and _____ to photosynthesize, while _______ plants, cool season grasses, use only ____________, an enzyme that helps _______________ go.
	plantsciences.montana.edu /horticulture/PS233/exam1.htm (1695 words)

	Grass Types - Cool-season or Warm-season Grasses - Grass Growth and Regrowth for Improved Management
		plants have an optimum temperature range of 65-75 degrees F. Growth begins when the soil temperature is 40-45 degrees F. plants become less efficient as the temperature increases, but they provide a higher percentage of crude protein than C
		plants are more efficient at gathering carbon dioxide and utilizing nitrogen from the atmosphere and recycled N in the soil.
		plants contain a lot of non-protein nitrogen (NPN), very labile (changeable) in form, which pass into the gut or is absorbed directly into the portal vein leading to the liver and not incorporated into microbial proteins by rumen microflora.
	forages.oregonstate.edu /projects/regrowth/main.cfm?PageID=33 (1600 words)

	Types of Photosynthesis
		Plants control when stomata are open or closed and the width of the opening (formed by two guard cells that expand and contract to open and close the space between them).
		plants under high light intensity and high temperatures because the CO is delivered directly to RUBISCO, not allowing it to grab oxygen and undergo photorespiration.
		But CAM-idling does allow the plant to survive dry spells, and it allows the plant to recover very quickly when water is available again (unlike plants that drop their leaves and twigs and go dormant during dry spells)
	wc.pima.edu /~bfiero/tucsonecology/plants/plants_photosynthesis.htm (742 words)

	Metabolically Modified Rice Exhibits Superior Photosynthesis and and Yield
		At first thought, one may argue that rice plants thus engineered may not be very efficient in concentrating CO2 in the leaf, as Rubisco is located in the chloroplasts of the inner bundle sheath cells in C4 leaves.
		However, in nature, a primitive aquatic plant, Hydrilla verticillata, is known to be able to use a simplified version of the C4 pathway (without Kranz leaf anatomy) to concentrate CO2 and eliminate the wasteful photorespiration process(1).
		These results were totally unexpected since only one of the maize C4 pathway enzymes is being elevated in the transgenic rice plants and one would not expect this would be sufficient to concentrate CO2 as in a typical C4 plant.
	www.biotech-info.net /metabolically.html (1167 words)

	C4 carbon fixation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In maize and sugarcane, the enzyme is NADP-malic enzyme, in millet, it is NAD-malic enzyme, and in Panicum maximum it is PEP carboxykinase.
		The C4 plants possess a characteristic leaf anatomy.
		It occurs in the mesophyll of the leaf, specifically in the mesophyll cells and the bundle-sheath cells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/C4_carbon_fixation (515 words)

	Steve's place - Photorespiration
		Yes: we can grow plants in 4% oxygen (just enough for dark respiration) instead of 21%, but this is not used commercially, because the cost of the atmosphere greatly exceeds the value of the extra yield (and someone, somewhere would inevitably end up suffocating in a greenhouse).
		C4 plants concentrate CO biochemically in a variety of ways, so Rubisco is exposed to a very high CO ratio, which inhibits photorespiration.
		C4 acids are translocated into the bundle-sheath, through plasmodesmata, where they are decarboxylated to give CO, and this CO enters the Calvin cycle as normal.
	www.steve.gb.com /science/photorespiration.html (2687 words)

	Carbon-13. C3 and C4 plants.
		The denominations are because in the plants of group C3, the first photosynthesized organic compound has 3 atoms of carbon while in group C4, there are 4.
		The remaining 15% of the plants are of type C4.
		As a result, it is thought that the reduction of CO2 in the Miocene, caused perhaps by higher weathering linked to the upwelling of the Thibet, could have originated the development of C4 plants, and that the advance of tropical flora, which are typically of type C4, favoured the evolution of mammals.
	homepage.mac.com /uriarte/carbon13.html (1380 words)

	C4 plants
		In summary, C4 plants continue to grow even when they are water stressed if there is a slight opening in the stomate.
		C4 Photosynthesis is a version of photosynthesis that demands much less water and carbon dioxide than conventional (C3) photosynthesis.
		As a result, C4 plants are common in warm or dry areas, and they are also capable of using elevated carbon dioxide levels (such as those produced by today's industrial society) to increase their growth rates.
	homepage.smc.edu /hodson_kent/Energetics/C4.htm (580 words)

	carboniso
		C4 plants are known only since the Cenozoic and have been common only since the later part of the Miocene (about 11 million years ago).
		It has been speculated that C4 plants evolved as a reaction to decreasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere during the later part of the Miocene.
		Isotopic composition of C3 (a) and C4 (b) plants, as well as the isotopic composition of the enamel of teeth of animals which eat such plants.
	ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu /ees123/carboniso.htm (1469 words)

	Glossary for agroforestry - C
		The glumes, lemmas, paleas and lighter plant tissue fragments released in threshing.
		A plant community that has reached a relatively stable condition in which it is able to reproduce itself indefinitely and under existing conditions.
		In plant nursery work, a mixture of inorganic and organic materials, perhaps with some soil of a particular suitable kind, in which seeds can be readily germinated or seedlings or young plants grown.
	www.bugwood.org /glossary/html/glossary-c.html (4489 words)

	C3 carbon fixation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In C4 plants, carbon dioxide is drawn out of malate and into this reaction rather than directly from the air.
		Plants that survive solely on C3 fixation (C3 plants) tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, carbon dioxide concentrations are around 200 ppm or higher, and ground water is plentiful.
		C4 and CAM plants have adaptations that allow it survive in areas where the plant cannot take in a lot of carbon dioxide.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/C3_carbon_fixation (288 words)

	Re: Why are C3 plants dominant compared to C4 plants?
		C4 plants are mainly tropical and subtropical grasses such as corn, crabgrass and sugarcane.
		C4 plants are more efficient in photosynthesis than C3 plants under hot, dry conditions but not under cool, moist conditions.
		C4 plants do not do very well under very dry conditions, where survival rather than fast growth is important.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/2004-10/1097001006.Bt.r.html (325 words)

	Sediment samples suggest how plants would fare in hotter, drier future
		C4 plants, so designated because of their biochemical pathway of photosynthesis, are generally expected to do well in warmer, drier climates driven by rising levels of carbon dioxide.
		The findings suggest that even C4 plants could face disastrous consequences during long periods of drought, despite the fact that they use water more efficiently than C3 plants, Nelson said.
		The middle Holocene C3 and C4 estimates of the two lakes were based on an analysis of carbon isotopes in charcoal particles produced by fires and well preserved in the stratified layers of sediment.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-01/uoia-sss011304.php (636 words)

	Articles / Impact / Mediated Design - Institute for Creation Research
		plants, the acids are transported to a special region of the leaf called the bundle sheath cells (BSCs) where they are converted into sugar.
		In CAM plants, the acids are generated at night when the temperature is lower and converted to sugars during the day.
		Though some creationists are fond of using allelic variation (two or more variants of a gene), to explain the diversity of baramins, a change in photosynthesis type goes far beyond blue and brown eyes or smooth and wrinkled peas.
	www.icr.org /article/118 (1631 words)

	How do the light response curves of C3 vs C4 plants differ? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Plants capable of C4 photosynthesis carry on a more efficient form of photosynthesis.
		For C4 type plants, 1) the light saturation point is higher and 2) the light compensation point is lower than for C3 plants.
		Both of these characteristics relate to the ability of C4 plants possess to increase the amount of CO available to the Calvin-Benson cycle.
	www.marietta.edu /~spilatrs/biol103/photolab/c3v4expl.html (115 words)

	BCH/PPA 503 \| Lecture Two Web Notes
		plants possess 2 types of photosynthetic cells each with a different type of chloroplast and a unique anatomy ('Kranz' anatomy).
		The main feature of photosynthetic metabolism in CAM plants is assimilation of CO into oxaloacetic acid at night by PEPC that is then reduced to malic acid by malate dehydrogenase, which is stored in vacuoles.
		During the day the malate is released from the vacuole where it is decarboxylated to provide CO for fixation by the Calvin-Benson cycle behind closed stomata.
	www.uky.edu /~dhild/biochem/3/lect.html (479 words)

	photosynthesis
		All life depends directly or indirectly on the sun's energy, and only plants are capable of capturing and converting this energy into chemical energy in the form of sugar and other organic compounds.
		plants contain two distinct types of photosynthetic cells: a cylinder of bundle-sheath cells surrounding the vein, and mesophyll cells located outside the bundle sheath.
		These plants close their stomata in the day and open them during the night, just the reverse of other plants.
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/conn.river/photosyn.html (1366 words)

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