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Topic: CCD arrays

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	Charge-coupled device - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		CCDs are used in digital photography and astronomy (particularly in photometry, optical and UV spectroscopy and high speed techniques such as lucky imaging).
		CCDs are typically sensitive to infrared light, which allows infrared photography, night-vision devices, and zero lux (or near zero lux) video-recording/photography.
		CCD cameras used in astrophotography often require very sturdy mounts mount to cope with vibrations and breezes, along with the tremendous weight that most imaging platforms inherently cause.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Charge-coupled_device (861 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Because the CCD detector is smaller than the phosphorescent screen, the image from the screen must be condensed to allow the entire image recorded by the detector.
		A BEF is an array of multiple prisms on a transparent substrate, the prisms being disposed in an adjacent manner.
		array comprising imaging elements corresponding to the lens systems disposed in the circular lens insertion apertures, and thereby generates electric signals consistent with the visible lights condensed by each lens system and produces a composite image on the basis thereof.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/77654.011018&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (5123 words)

	High precision computing with charge domain devices and a pseudo-spectral method therefor - Patent 5491650
		In addition, such arrays are employed in a pseudo-spectral method of the invention, in which partial differential equations are solved by expressing each derivative analytically as matrices, and the state function is updated at each computation cycle by multiplying it by the matrices.
		The neural architecture consists of two synaptic arrays corresponding to the two differential terms of the soliton equation and an adder connected to the output thereof and to the output of the detector array to drive the soliton equation.
		Such arrays are employed in a pseudo-spectral method of the invention, in which partial differential equations are solved by expressing each derivative analytically as matrices, and the state function is updated at each computation cycle by multiplying it by the matrices.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5491650.html (7580 words)

	Setup of spectrometers, CCD array, CMOS detector, Photo diode array, InGaAs spectrometer Line Arrays for Miniaturized ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The three outputs are controllable, this can be used with a precise mechanical positioning of the array in 3 directions (parallel and perpendicular to the pixel line as well as the angle between spectrum and pixel line) for a precise adjustment.
		A rule of thumb is that a good linearity is achieved with photodiode and CCD arrays modulated between 0 and approximately 75 % of the saturation charge (exposure).
		The saturation exposure is given in the array data sheets, [mlx× s] and [nJ/cm2] are used as units, depending if it is seen from a photometric or a radiometric point of view.
	www.getspec.com /sentronic/Sentronic.NSF/id/General_Setup_Differences_Array_EN.html (2534 words)

	Analog Devices: Analog Dialogue: Selecting an Analog Front End for Imaging Applications
		CCD arrays provide optical fl pixels at the beginning of each line to allow the automatic fl-level correction loop to determine the correction needed on a line by line basis.
		CCD arrays typically output data in a serial fashion from a single channel.
		In a linear CCD array or CIS module, three linear arrays are used to create color images; one line is used for each color (R, G, or B).
	www.analog.com /library/analogDialogue/archives/34-06/imaging (3231 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Digital Imaging in Optical Microscopy - Concepts in Digital Imaging - Microlens ...
		Microlens arrays (also referred to as microlenticular arrays or lenslet arrays) are used to increase the optical fill factor in CCDs, such as interline-transfer devices, that suffer from reduced aperture due to metal shielding.
		The lenslets are either grown in parallel arrays during the CCD fabrication process or manufactured out of a material such as quartz and placed on the array surface during packaging.
		Microlens arrays are fabricated using reflow techniques on resist layers to achieve numerical apertures ranging from 0.15 to 0.4 with short focal lengths and corresponding lens diameters of 20 to 800 microns.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/digitalimaging/concepts/microlensarray.html (711 words)

	Types of solid state imagers tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		CCDs consist of thousands or even millions of cells (the largest CCD manufactured contains 9000 x 7000 elements – roughly 63 million imaging elements), each of which is light-sensitive and capable of producing varying amounts of charge in response to the amount of light they receive.
		The difference between a CCD and the other technologies is that the charge from the CCD must be transferred down the parallel column and across the horizontal serial shift register to the amplifier before it can be read out of the array.
		One of the critical parameters of the frame transfer CCD is the speed at which the charge can be transferred from the active region (where the charge is integrated) to the storage region.
	www.pvinc.com /tutorial/tutorial-types.htm (2018 words)

	SPIE Bookstore
		CCDs have matured to the point where they are widely affordable and have spawned an explosion of applications.
		Arrays and cameras may be specified by radiometric or photometric units (Chapter 2).
		CCD array operation is described in Chapter 3 and array specifications (performance parameters) are described in Chapter 4.
	bookstore.spie.org /index.cfm?fuseaction=DetailVolume&volume=PM57 (1645 words)

	Results
		The CCD is a solid-state detector composed of an array of X-ray or light sensitive pixels on a pure silicon chip.
		Area arrays are used for intraoral radiography, while linear arrays are used in extraoral imaging.
		Area arrays are available in sizes comparable to size 0, size 1, and size 2 film, but the sensors are rigid and thicker than radiographic film and have a smaller sensitive area for image capture.
	www.thejcdp.com /issue012/williamson/04williamson.htm (431 words)

	SDSU Generation 2 User's Manual
		The operation of CCD and infrared arrays are so similar that the controller electronics will be described for both cases interchangeably except where differences arise, and the generic term 'array' will refer to both CCD and infrared array imaging detectors.
		The CCD is placed in a socket that is attached to a glass epoxy support structure that attaches to a clamp ring on the inside of the dewar wall, allowing focal distance, tilt and rotation adjustments with the aid of an alignment jig.
		This is useful in mosaic applications where several detector arrays have the same geometry and the timing needs to be done strictly in parallel for all the arrays in the mosaic.There is no limit for the number of clock drivers with the same board address.
	mintaka.sdsu.edu /ccdlab/intro2.html (7213 words)

	Welcome to Digital Photo Studio (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The CCD was born for the wrong reasons actually.
		CCD arrays of 500-by-500 pixels had been produced, achieving noise levels of 10 electrons rms (root mean square).
		Super CCD with two million sensors is about 1.6 times as large as the area offered in the conventional CCD with the same number of sensors.
	www.ohiou.edu /~unirel/taeil/digital/history_ccd.html (601 words)

	CCD Fab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		CCD FAB is a company that provides a prototyping service for small volume CCD users.
		While CCD technology continues to mature from the basic structures developed in 1970 to the wide variety of sophisticated cell designs and readout structures of today - there is still a need for custom design and fabrication for specialized CCD arrays.
		CCD FAB is a new company that is being created to address the needs of the small volume CCD user.
	www.ccdfab.com (140 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Exposure control can be on the CCD and asynchronous mode frame capture can occur within 10 microseconds down to a few nano seconds, allowing for their use as real-time cameras.
		In this manner, CCD arrays 130a and 130b can be rigidly affixed and do not change position with respect to each other.
		The camera as claimed in claim 1, wherein said plurality of lens assemblies, said plurality of fiber optic bundles and said plurality of detector arrays are arranged to have a maximum composite field-of-view of at least approximately ISO degrees.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/45390.010621&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (6335 words)

	The Photometric Camera and the CCDs
		The CCDs are individually cemented to the ball element of an invar-36 ball-and-socket mount whose center of curvature is at the surface of the chip (Figures 4.3, 4.5, and 4.7).
		The optical benches, one per CCD column, are mounted to the quartz corrector by a kinematic mount which consists of a quartz column bonded and screwed to the corrector, and a set of four ball-and-double-rod pads.
		When the the rest of the array is in focus, the center of the focus chip is also, but the ends are, respectively, 300 microns inside and outside of focus; this defocus, which results in image degradation from defocus comparable to the expected 1 arcsecond seeing, is optimal from a focus-determination signal-to-noise point of view.
	www.astro.princeton.edu /PBOOK/camera/camera.htm (9815 words)

	[No title]
		By using a Rockwell International mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) IR array cooled to liquid nitrogen temperature, they found that a much higher portion of the emission is detected, compared to that detected by a CCD.
		Since the IR array has a 0.8 - 2.5 µm spectral response, large fluxes of photons are registered by the detector even with room-temperature samples.
		The MCT array's advantage is detecting weaker emissions difficult and often impossible to image with older, cooled silicon CCD arrays.
	www.reed-electronics.com /SEMICONDUCTOR/index.asp?layout=articlePrint&articleID=CA170128 (687 words)

	Seybold Report on Publishing Systems, Vol 24 No 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Light traveling to the CCD element is adapted geometrically by performing automatic white alignment before the scan, which compensates for the reduction of light caused by the lens.
		With the new CCD array and the improved signal-to-noise ratio, Topaz has a maximum resolvable density of 3.9, and a density range of 3.7.
		Many CCD desktop scanners make claims for high dynamic ranges, but with their cruder optical systems and less sophisticated circuitry in CCD control and noise suppression, it is unlikely that any achieve a range similar to that of the Agfa, Linotype-Hell and Scitex units.
	www.seyboldreports.com /SRPS/free/0ps24/P2403000.HTM (1831 words)

	FAQs
		Larger CCD arrays tend to be more forgiving in "focal length mismatches" than smaller CCD's.
		A large CCD array (such as the SITe TK1024) is 1 inch square and has a diagonal dimension of 1.41”.
		If you could place your eye at the very corner of the CCD and look at the primary mirror, you would see the edge of the T-thread cutting off the edge of the mirror (75% or more of the mirror would remain visible).
	www.fli-cam.com /FLIsupport/faqs.htm (1093 words)

	Auxiliary Products Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Note that the index of the CCD lines starts at 0 so that an index of 50 means that the first line of the DC map stored in the product corresponds actually to the 51th line of the CCD array.
		Note that the index of the CCD lines starts at 0 so that an index of 81 means that the line is actually the 82th line of the CCD array.
		Note that the index of the CCD lines starts at 0 so that an index of 4 means that the line is actually the 5th line of the CCD array.
	envisat.esa.int /dataproducts/gomos/CNTR5-9.htm (3031 words)

	USGS Astrogeology: MER Hardware Image Gallery
		The following images were taken in March 2002, and show the MER camera CCD (Charged Coupled Device) detectors, testing facilities, and flight hardware assembly in progress.
		Individual CCDs that are deemed worthy of further consideration can then be cut or "diced" from this wafer and then tested individually for quality and performance.
		Half of the array (1024 x 1024 pixels) are used to collect the image, and then the data are shifted onto the other half of the array (which has a fl shield over it) to be read out and processed by the electronics.
	astrogeology.usgs.gov /Projects/MER-AthenaMI/hardware_photos.html (409 words)

	TA: Tech Search (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		The CCD chip’s defects are first mapped and measured to ensure none are larger than 50 microns.
		The imaging device is primarily suited for medical diagnostics or laboratory research because it requires the object being imaged to be stationary or to move extremely slowly.
		A scientific grade 1,000 x 1,000 pixel CCD costing about $3,000 could, in the SMD device, be replaced by a $100 to $200 CCD and still provide perfect images.
	www.mdatechnology.net /techsearch.asp?articleid=501 (797 words)

	POTENTIAL OF HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY FOR NATIONAL MAPPING PRODUCTS
		Although linear CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) arrays are used in most one-meter resolution imaging systems and require more complicated photogrammetric models, they will for the first time provide horizontal and vertical positions of measured objects in the ground coordinate system at accuracies of several meters.
		For a system with three linear arrays, there are 36 interior orientation parameters, including eight intra-array parameters for each array and 12 inter-array parameters (two sets of translation and rotation parameters among the three arrays).
		Those of array II are calculated by applying the inter-array parameters (translation and rotation) between array I and array II to the exterior orientation parameters of array I: (X
	shoreline.eng.ohio-state.edu /ron/teaching/787/paper3.htm (4787 words)

	CCD Technology: Historic Accomplishments: NASA Space Instrument and Sensing Technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		CCD video cameras are light-weight, require little power (so the batteries are light as well), are inexpensive, and are more sensitive to light than the large, bulky, and power-hungry vacuum tubes previously used for television cameras.
		After this, OSS continued the development of the 800-by-800 arrays that are currently being used by Galileo (1989 launch) and the Hubble Space Telescope (1990 launch).
		Our most recent CCD technology efforts have been focused on understanding radiometric accuracy for very sensitive measurements (such as searching for planets around other stars) and on improving CCD response in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
	ranier.oact.hq.nasa.gov /Sensors_page/DD/HST&GLL_CCD.html (553 words)

	Methods for identification of images acquired with Digital cameras
		The CCD refers to a semiconductor architecture in which the charge is transferred through storage areas.
		Arrays with a large number of defects are less expensive than arrays with a few defects.
		It appeared that the errors in the CCDs were visible and it might be possible to identify the camera.
	www.geradts.com /html/Documents/cameras.htm (3234 words)

	Charge-Coupled Device - Computerworld
		One way to capture a color image is to use three CCD arrays, each covered by a filter (usually produced by painting the CCD's surface with dye) that passes one of the three primary colors - red, green or blue.
		That is, for a CCD element with a red filter, the processor reconstructs its green and blue components by combining and averaging the values from adjacent elements with green or blue filters.
		CCDs require a different manufacturing process from other computer chips (such as CPUs and memory), so specialized CCD fabrication plants are necessary.
	www.computerworld.com /softwaretopics/software/multimedia/story/0,10801,62778,00.html (1461 words)

	Capturing, Modeling, Rendering 3D Structures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		–CCD arrays are typically ¼ or ½ inch in size
		–CCD Cameras have a maximum “frame rate”, usually determined by the hardware and bandwidth
		–1: the single CCD captures RGB simultaneously, reducing the resolution by 1/3 (kinda)
	www.cs.purdue.edu /homes/aliaga/cs590g/lectures/lec-capture-devices_files/slide0022.htm (88 words)

	Glossary of Acronyms
		AXAF CCD Imaging Spectrometer, one of two focal plane instruments aboard AXAF, consisting of two arrays of CCD chips supporting imaging and transmission spectroscopy.
		Backside Illuminated, term applied to a type of CCD chip, in which the normal thick silicon substrate is removed and X-rays illuminate the back of the device.
		Frontside Illuminated, a traditional CCD chip design where the chip is illuminated from the front layer, which requires the X-rays to traverse the electronic gate structures.
	www.astro.psu.edu /xray/docs/cal_report/node263.html (1544 words)

	Zoran Ninkov (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		CID arrays offer considerable promise in many applications due to the focal plane architecture that allows random pixel access and non-destructive readout.
		In addition to improving presently available devices, the development of next generation imaging arrays is also proceeding.
		4) Astronomical Imaging - CCD images of young galactic clusters are obtained at various observatories in order to study the form and variation of the initial mass function in these regions.
	www.cis.rit.edu /people/faculty/ninkov (432 words)

	(WO 01/45390) CAMERA WITH MULTIPLE TAPERED FIBER BUNDLES COUPLED TO MULTIPLE CCD ARRAYS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Each tapered bundle (110) is optically coupled to a lens assembly (115) and the lens assembly (115) together with the individual optical bundles (110) couples optical radiation for imaging on a respective CCD array (130).
		Each tapered bundle (110) consists of a bundle of optical fibers, the cross-section of which narrows to efficiently couple to the CCD array (130).
		In a preferred embodiment, the composite field-of-view is made to be a continuous field-of-view in excess of 180 degrees to provide an aerial reconnaissance and tactical mapping camera that provides real-time digital data.
	wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/45390.010621&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (237 words)

	CCD Arrays, Cameras And Displays; Author: Holst, Gerald C.; Hardback; Book
		CCD Arrays, Cameras And Displays; Author: Holst, Gerald C.; Hardback; Book
		Replacing the term CCD array with solid state array throughout the text reflects a broader scope allowing for greater flexibility in sensor type (such as CCD, CID, and CMOS).
		Prices subject to change to be advised on confirmation of order.
	www.netstoreusa.com /tabooks/081/0819428531.shtml (198 words)

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