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Topic: CCP Politburo

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	Huang Ju - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He is ranked 6th out of 9 in the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China.
		In 1987, Huang became one of the chosen candidates for the Mayor of Shanghai, and therefore a CCP Central Committee member, but he was embarrassed by the low number of votes supporting his candidacy, followed by Zhu Rongji's installment as Mayor of Shanghai.
		He is the leader that received the least votes in favour, with over 300 against in his confirmation for the CCP Politburo.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Huang_Ju (628 words)

	History Channel Search Results
		On his return to China, he joined the alliance between the Kuomintang (KMT, or Nationalist party) and the CCP that was led by Sun Yat-sen, and he soon became director of the political department of the Whampoa Military Academy, then headed by Chiang Kai-shek.
		After the break between the Kuomintang and the Communists in 1927, he was elected to the CCP’s ruling Politburo.
		During the rest of the Sino-Japanese War, Zhou served in Chongqing as chief CCP representative with the KMT government, and after the defeat of Japan, he represented the CCP in the futile negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek, which were mediated by the U.S. general George C. Marshall.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..zh005700.a (471 words)

	National Congress of the Communist Party of China - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		CCP "Chairman" Mao Zedong is named undisputed leader of CCP; Mao's "thought" enshrined in CCP Party Constitution for first time.
		Significance: 1st Congress in 11 years; Mao's "Thought" is taken out of CCP Party Constitution; Party technocrats Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping assume even higher profiles.
		Significance: Hu Jintao elected General Secretary; "Third Generation" of CCP Leadership assumes control of PRC; Jiang Zemin packs the CCP Politburo Standing Committee with supporters, holds on to CCP CMC Chair; Jiang's "Three Represents" theory enshrined in CCP Constitution
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China (729 words)

	Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2001: China, 3/4/2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		On July 1, in a move criticized by hard-line Communists, CCP Secretary General Jiang Zemin indicated that the Chinese Communist Party should be open to individuals, including entrepreneurs, regardless of their wealth.
		The RAB and the CCP's United Front Work Department (UFWD), both of which are staffed by officials who are rarely, if ever, religious adherents, provide policy "guidance and supervision" over implementation of government regulations on religious activity, including the role of foreigners in religious activity.
		Religious figures, who are not members of the CCP, are included in national and local government organizations, usually to represent their constituency on cultural and educational matters.
	hongkong.usconsulate.gov /uscn/hr/2002/030401.htm (20847 words)

	C-SPAN: Report on Chinese Espionage
		Involvement by the entire Politburo in specific decisions normally occurs when there are major policy shifts, crises need to be addressed, or formal legitimization of a particular policy is necessary.
		In addition to the CCP Politburos control of the PRC government and military, there are hundreds of similar connections between lower-level Communist Party officials and the State, military, and commercial bureaucracies in the PRC.
		Jiang is also the first Communist Party Secretary to enforce CCP control over the military completely by appointing no military officers to the powerful CCP Politburo Standing Committee, although two officers remain on the Politburo.
	www.christusrex.org /www2/china/acquisition/acqpage1.html (1623 words)

	Chinalink - About China
		The highest position in the CCP is the General Secretary.
		The CCP has four main decision- making bodies: the National People' Congress, the Central Committee of the CCP, the Politburo, and the Secretariat.
		The politburo meanwhile establishes longer-term guidelines for the CCP.
	www.chinalink.com.au /abtchina6.html (458 words)

	Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
		The day-to-day work of the CCP is carried out by the Secretariat and its various departments--all placed under the direction of the Political Bureau and its Standing Committee.
		The CCP's Central Military Commission is also elected by the Central Committee and exercises authority over the military through the General Political Department of the People's Liberation Army (PLA).
		The CCP is variously estimated to have between 40 million and 60 million members (about 4-5 percent of the national population).
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/china/ccp.htm (3293 words)

	Association for Asia Research- Jiang Zemin's influence
		Among the 16th politburo members, 10 are from the 15th CCP Congress; 8 are politburo members and 2 are the politburo’s supplementary members.
		The 16th CCP Congress opening ceremony and the above individuals’ performance and speeches during the Congress proceedings have verified this, which proves, from a different angle, that Jiang’s influence is not as powerful as speculated by outsiders.
		Finally, I wish to stress that the CCP’s 4th generation headed by Hu Jintao remains a transitional generation, and it is impossible to expect this 4th generation to begin democratic politics in China.
	www.asianresearch.org /articles/1104.html (2632 words)

	gloss220
		The CCP was founded in 1921 and won national power in 1949 after defeating the Guomindang (Guomindang) in a civil war that lasted more than two decades.
		Mao led the CCP to victory against the Guomindang in the Chinese civil war that culminated in the founding of the PRC in October 1949.
		The CCP claims to have liberated Tibet from a cruel feudal system and to have promoted economic development in the area, while Tibetan nationalists accuse China of destroying the indigenous culture and turning Tibet into a dumping ground for its waste products.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~anth220/gloss220.html (6420 words)

	Foreign & Commonwealth Office Country Profiles
		The supreme decision-making body in China is the CCP Politburo and its 9-member Standing Committee, which acts as a kind of 'inner cabinet', and is headed by the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.
		The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was founded in 1921 but broke with the KMT and was forced to flee into the interior in the Long March in 1934/35.
		CCP forces under Mao Zedong routed their KMT opponents and in 1949 Mao announced the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
	www.fco.gov.uk /servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1018965313021 (3047 words)

	China's Future: Implications for US Interests
		The average ages of members of the Standing Committee, Politburo, and Secretariat of the 15th Central Committee (CC) of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1999 are 67, 65, and 65, respectively.
		Specifically as compared to the Politburo membership appointed around Deng Xiaoping at the Twelfth CPC Congress in 1982, the Jiang Politburo, at 63 years old on average, was nearly a decade younger.
		Politburo appointments included nine leaders who were 60 years old or younger at the time of the Congress and who therefore may be counted as an emerging "fourth-generation" leadership.
	www.fas.org /irp/nic/china_future.html (18278 words)

	China's Decision to Enter the Korean War
		On June 30, the CCP Military Committee informed Xiao Jinguang, commander-i n-chief of the CCP navy, that the timing for liberating Taiwan be postponed, and the preparation for encountering the U.S. in Korea took the first priority.
		Su Yu, the CCP general previously responsible for the liberation of Tai wan, was then appointed as the commander of the NDA, which would initially include four infantry armies and three artillery divisions.
		Since the CCP had been viewing postwar world politics in terms of the "two-camp struggle," solidarity and mutual assistance within the socialist camp was essential to both world revolutionary forces and China's survival in the face of a Washington-directed anti-Communist onslaught.
	kimsoft.com /korea/cn-korea.htm (7179 words)

	The People's Liberation Army and China in Transition
		First, there is no imminent CCP leadership crisis on the scale of the Cultural Revolution (causing collapse of the party-state bureaucracy) or the 1989 Tiananmen crisis (causing severe division among the CCP leadership on how to handle student demonstrations, which made it difficult to take preemptive measures).
		But military professionalization may also mean that the PLA is gradually losing skills and interests in party-state politics, to the point it would rather concentrate on the narrower pursuit of functional and technical skills of the military profession than on civilian politics.
		Some reports suggest that the number of PLA members in the CCP Politburo and Central Committee would be substantially increased at the 16th Congress because the PLA leaders demand more seats to have more say on policy.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/2003/pla-china_transition_08_ch04.htm (7024 words)

	Nan Li
		First of all, there is no imminent CCP leadership crisis in the scale of the Cultural Revolution (causing collapse of the Party-state bureaucracy) or the 1989 Tian Anmen Incident (causing severe division among the CCP leadership on how to handle student demonstrations, which made it difficult to take preemptive measures).
		Furthermore, to the extent the upcoming 16th CCP Congress leadership transition takes place not just to the CCP Politburo, but also to the Central Military Commission (CMC), the influence of the PLA leadership in civilian leadership transition may be weakened.
		One commentary, for instance, argues that the theory implies that the CCP should not just be the vanguard of the working class, but also the vanguard of the Chinese citizens and the Chinese Nation.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/china_center/PLA_Conf_Oct01/NLi.htm (7213 words)

	The Chinese Government
		The three branches of the Chinese Government remain subordinate to the CCP and exist primarily to implement party policies.
		China is ruled by a CCP Politburo and an ever-shrinking circle of retired, but still powerful senior leaders.
		While the CCP is the only true political party in the PRC, there are also eight registered small parties controlled by the CCP.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Jta/Ch/ChGOV0.htm (1357 words)

	[No title]
		Accordingly, the CCP Center has always regarded the cardinal importance of the Beijing Municipal Party Committee (Beijing shiwei), which oversees the operation of the Beijing Municipal People's Committee (Beijing shi renmin weiyuan hui)--the two leading political organizations in the capital.
		At the work meeting of the CCP Central Committee in Shanghai in March-April 1959, Mao advocated the "spirit of Hai Rui; that is, his daring style of speaking truth and in criticizing the Ming emperor." Mao suggested that the CCP seek a historian who had done research on Hai Rui.
		In order to regain the "first-line" command of the CCP that had been "lost" to the Liuists who controlled the capital, challenged his personal authority, policy preferences, and revolutionary vision since the late 1950s, Mao decided to use Shanghai as the base to launch his attack on them in the second half of 1965.
	mcel.pacificu.edu /aspac/papers/scholars/yick/yick.htm (7505 words)

	The Jamestown Foundation
		Given that the PLA functions as the CCP’s “private army,” it is not surprising that Beijing has repeatedly used the forces both within China and abroad to maintain its grip on power.
		The CCP’s reliance on the “tools of the dictatorship of the proletariat” to keep itself in power was evident during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.
		Approximately 20% of CCP Central Committee seats are reserved for PLA and PAP officers and the highest ranking general officers of the PLA are assured two slots in the CCP Politburo.
	www.jamestown.org /publications_details.php?volume_id=415&issue_id=3756&article_id=2371160 (1165 words)

	Asia Times Online - News from greater China; Hong Kong and Taiwan
		At the CCP plenum around September 15, the battle may well be decided, and some observers say Jiang already is the winner.
		At a symposium on August 21 to study the theories of the Deng Xiaoping, Li Changchun of the CCP Central Politburo issued a warning against the alleged conspiracy of Westernization and "splittism" by a few hostile Western countries, meanwhile calling for unswerving faith in the communist political ideology.
		The report emphasized that the CCP's absolute command of the troops should be based on the steadfast belief in the "Three Represents", meaning the CCP represents the requirement to develop advanced productive forces, an orientation towards advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/China/FI08Ad02.html (1419 words)

	Key Figures in Cross
		Elected to the CCP Central Committee in 1982, Jiang earned a reputation as a cautious reformer and a strict adherent to the party line.
		In 1987, he was chosen for the CCP Politburo, the party's select inner circle, and achieved the powerful CCP leadership in 1989 following the government's bloody suppression of a massive prodemocracy movement in Tiananmen Square.
		Jiang became the most powerful man in China on Mar 27, 1993 when as CCP secretary general he was elected both president and Central Military Commission chairperson.
	www.gwu.edu /~ylowrey/key_figures_in_cross.htm (742 words)

	phorum - Chinese Culture Forum at Asiawind - Mao and Zhou: Behind the smiles
		Contrary to the official line that they remained close comrades till death, it says Mao developed an intense dislike for Zhou in his later years, and even forbade doctors from treating the latter when he was diagnosed with cancer.
		Mr Gao, a CCP member before he left China in the wake of the Tiananmen government crackdown on June 4, 1989, reportedly spent 10 years researching his controversial biography of Zhou.
		Doctors had submitted a request to the CCP Politburo for Zhou to undergo immediate treatment but Mao allegedly ordered them to 'keep it a secret, do not conduct any more health checks, do not operate, just put him under intensive care and give him better nutrition'.
	www.asiawind.com /forums/read.php?f=2&i=2454&t=2454 (755 words)

	C-SPAN: Report on Chinese Espionage
		The CCP Politburo addresses broad technology matters through the Science and Technology Leading Group.7 This Communist Party group is headed by the Premier and includes the Chairman of the State Science and Technology Commission8 and the Minister of COSTIND.
		The "16-Character Policy" is the CCPs overall direction that underlies the blurring of the lines between State and commercial entities, and military and commercial interests.
		This policy, a reaffirmation and codification of Deng Xiaopings 1978 pronouncement, holds that military development is the object of general economic modernization, and that the CCPs main aim for the civilian economy is to support the building of modern military weapons and to support the aims of the PLA.
	www.christusrex.org /www2/china/acquisition/acqpage2.html (1199 words)

	The Epoch Times \| CCP Central Committee Politburo Identifies "Five Major Hostile Forces"
		This mindset is promoted throughout society, usually includes violence, and has cost the Chinese people dearly—over 60 million Chinese have lost their lives at the hands of the CCP since it took power in 1949).
		Because the CCP has always used violence to resolve problems, it is not hard to see why it would want to attack the Epoch Times facilities and personnel.
		On February 16, the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Central Committee held a lengthy meeting, and circulated a report indicating that the domestic situation is "complex" and that the international situation is "dangerous." During the meeting "five major hostile forces" were identified.
	www.theepochtimes.com /news/6-3-27/39457.html (883 words)

	The New York Review of Books: China's New Rulers: The Path to Power
		The decisions on who would be members of the Standing Committee and the Politburo (and other important assignments, such as positions in the CCP Secretariat) were made jointly by a few top leaders, among them not only Jiang but the second-ranking Party leader Li Peng and Jiang's political tactician Zeng Qinghong.
		The members of the Politburo arrived at a consensus that they would not revert to a less orderly period in CCP politics.
		At a Politburo meeting in autumn 2000, Zhu Rongji announced his view that Wen Jiabao was the most capable official to succeed him.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/15673 (5032 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Zhao Ziyang’s Body Cremated; Government Evaluation Is of Mixed Contributions and Mistakes
		Jia Qinglin, CCP Politburo Standing Committee member and Chairman of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, attended the ceremony.
		Also present at the service in Babaoshan were Politburo member and Minister of Organization Ministry He Guoqiang, Politburo alternate member and CCP Central Office director Wang Gang, and State Council member and State Council General Secretary Hua Jianmin.
		The CCP Central Office, CCP Organization Ministry, State Council General Office, and National Political Consultative Conference Office brought wreaths of flowers for the memorial service.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/5-1-29/26106.html (287 words)

	DOCUMENTS WITHHELD BY THE CLINTON WHITE HOUSE
		A member of the CCP Central Committee since 1982, he was elected to the Politburo in 1987.
		Zhu was elected an alternate member of the Central Committee in 1987 and became secretary of the Shanghai CCP committee in 1989.
		He was called back to Beijing in May 1982 to serve as director of the CCP General Office and in September was appointed to the CCP Central Committee.
	www.softwar.net /white.html (2644 words)

	AsiaMedia :: Hu Juntao's driving influence on Chinese military modernization
		And given that, according to the division of labor within the CCP Politburo Standing Committee, Hu is directly responsible for security, military and foreign affairs, the brainy and energetic leader is taking a more hands-on approach to defense matters than his predecessor, ex-president Jiang Zemin.
		Hu became Head of the CCP Leading Group on Foreign Affairs in early 2003 and has been the driving force behind the aggressive campaign to persuade the European Union to lift its 16-year-old embargo on arms sales to the PRC.
		It is probable that, using Hu-style parlance, the "CCP’s ruling-party status" will crumble if Beijing fails to make a forceful and immediate military response in the event that Taiwan’s President Chen Shui-bian makes a daring dash for independence, say, a few months before the opening of the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
	www.asiamedia.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=27662 (1579 words)

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