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Topic: CD4

	CD4 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein expressed on the surface of T helper cells, regulatory T cells, and dendritic cells.
		CD4 is also a primary receptor used by HIV-1 to gain entry into host T cells.
		The HIV-1 virus attaches to CD4 with a particular protein in its viral envelope known as gp120.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/CD4 (355 words)

	CD4 (T-CELL) TESTS
		CD4 cells are a type of lymphocyte (white blood cell).
		CD4 cell tests are normally reported as the number of cells in a cubic millimeter of blood, or mm3.
		CD4 counts are used together with the viral load to estimate how long someone will stay healthy.
	www.aids.org /factSheets/124-T-Cell-Tests.html (798 words)

	CD4 Count: The Test
		The CD4 count tells your doctor how strong your immune system is, how far HIV disease has advanced (the stage of the disease), and helps predict the risk of complications and debilitating infections.
		The CD4 count is used in combination with the viral load test, which measures the level of HIV in the blood, to determine the staging and outlook of the disease.
		A CD4 count and a viral load test are ordered when a person is first diagnosed with HIV as part of a baseline measurement.
	www.labtestsonline.org /understanding/analytes/cd4/test.html (555 words)

	HIV & AIDS - Low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts: A variety of causes and their implications to a multifactorial model of AIDS
		Low CD4+ T lymphocyte counts (CD4 counts) are associated with a variety of conditions, including many viral infections, bacterial infections, parasitic infections, sepsis, tuberculosis, coccidioidomycosis, burns, trauma, intravenous injections of foreign proteins, malnutrition, over-exercising, pregnancy, coricosteroid use, normal daily variation, psychological stress, and social isolation.
		Low CD4 T-cell counts are considered to be a marker of the progression of HIV infection and AIDS, and have been called the "hallmark" of HIV infection (Balter 1997).
		Because the tests used to measure CD4 counts were only developed the year before, in 1978, it is very likely that the assumption that HIV was causing the death of CD4 cells was made prematurely, before any clinicians or researchers had enough experience or knowledge about CD4 counts to make accurate decisions about their significance.
	www.virusmyth.net /aids/data/milowcd4.htm (18189 words)

	Aidsmap \| CD4 cell count
		CD4 T-cells are a type of lymphocyte that co-ordinate the immune system's response to certain micro-organisms such as viruses.
		The test measures the number of CD4 T-cells circulating in the blood, which is approximately only 2% of their total number in the body.
		Both the CD4 percentage and the CD4:CD8 ratio are also affected by changes in the number of CD8 cells, which tends to rise through the course of HIV infection.
	www.aidsmap.com /en/docs/83E1467F-61F9-445A-B851-F5B06B094295.asp (1068 words)

	CD4+ Count
		A CD4+ count is a blood test to determine how well the immune system is working in people who have been diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
		CD4+ cell counts in people who are not infected with HIV usually range from 600 to 1,200 cells per microliter (µL).
		Antiretroviral treatment for HIV may be offered when the CD4+ count is between 200 and 350 cells/µL. A CD4+ cell count of fewer than 200 cells/µL indicates acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and a high risk for opportunistic infections.
	www.webmd.com /hw/hiv_aids/tu6407.asp (1000 words)

	CD4 Cell Tests - The Body
		CD4 cell tests are normally reported as the number of cells in a cubic millimeter of blood, or mm
		Because the CD4 cell counts are so variable, some health care providers prefer to look at the CD4 cell percentages.
		CD4 counts are also used to indicate when to start certain types of drug therapy:
	www.thebody.com /nmai/tcell.html (957 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		CD4+ T-lymphocytes (helper/inducer T-cells) are a critical regulatory cell of the human immune system.
		Several lines of evidence indicate that HIV uses the CD4 cell surface protein as its primary receptor on helper-inducer T-lymphocytes (Maddon et al., 1986).
		CD4 is expressed on monocytic cells, colonic cells, dendritic cells, and glial cells of the brain which can also serve as targets of HIV (Cheng-Mayer et al., 1987; Dewhurst et al., 1987).
	www.som.tulane.edu /ferminlab/HIVImages/HIVtext.html (779 words)

	Abstract No. 331: Viral Fitness in Patients with Discordant CD4 and Plasma HIV RNA following Protease Inhibitor Failure ...
		The authors begin with the observation that discordant evolution of CD4 counts and plasma viral RNA is observed in patients following protease inhibitor therapy.
		Patients with high CD4 counts displaying a virologic failure with antiviral therapy including at least one PI were followed over a mean period of 20 months.
		The authors hypothesize that, unlike in discordant cells, dual failure patients carry a defect in the replenishment rate of their CD4 cells, which is unresponsive to loss of viral fitness, thus invoking a multifactorial cause for this observation.
	www.thebody.com /confs/retro99/331.html (1291 words)

	Synthetic peptides representing discontinuous CD4 binding epitopes of HIV-1 gp120 that induce T cell apoptosis and ...
		Synthetic peptides representing discontinuous CD4 binding epitopes of HIV-1 gp120 that induce T cell apoptosis and block cell death induced by gp120 -- Howie et al.
		Synthetic peptides representing discontinuous CD4 binding epitopes of HIV-1 gp120 that induce T cell apoptosis and block cell death induced by gp120
		Reed, J., and Kinzel, V. (1991) A conformational switch is associated with receptor affinity in peptides derived from the CD4 binding domain of gp120 from HIV 1.
	www.fasebj.org /cgi/content/full/12/11/991 (4290 words)

	Partial Reconstitution of the CD4+-T-Cell Compartment in CD4 Gene Knockout Mice Restores Responses to Tuberculosis DNA ...
		inguinal lymph nodes of naïve mice, and CD4
		Presence of anti-Ag85-specific antibodies in the sera of CD4
		CD4+ T cells contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the absence of CD8+ T cells in mice vaccinated with DNA encoding Ag85A.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/74/5/2751 (4311 words)

	Cd4 News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		News about Cd4 continually updated from thousands of sources around the net.
		After HIV binds to the CD4 protein on T-cells, the virus must then latch onto another receptor on the cell's surface - " either CCR5 or...
		CD4 Cell Percentage Predicts Disease Progression in HIV Patients...
	www.topix.net /who/cd4 (245 words)

	CD4 (T-cell) Tests \| The New Mexico AIDS InfoNet
		Don't check your CD4 cells until a couple of weeks after you recover from an infection or get a vaccination.
		Because the CD4 counts are so variable, some health care providers prefer to look at the CD4 percentages.
		Also, some health care providers use the CD4% going below 15% as a sign to start aggressive ART, even if the CD4 count is high.
	www.aidsinfonet.org /articles.php?articleID=124 (908 words)

	Partec Flow Cytometry - HIV/AIDS Patient Monitoring by CD4 Cell Counting
		While ARV treatment significantly dropped in price, monitoring by absolute CD4+ T-cell counting evolved to be the limiting factor in the development of strategies in the international fight against HIV/AIDS.
		Considering Flow Cytometry as "gold standard" in CD4 counting, this leads to the conclusion that only by employing new FCM concepts, the situation of AIDS patients might be changed.
		The result is a cost reduction by a factor 20 to EUR 1.75 per CD4 count analysis and EUR 2.50 for a CD4% determination.
	www.partec-cytomics.com /applications/cd4cd8.html (636 words)

	T helper cell - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, there are sub-groups of suppressor T cells, natural killer T cells, and cytotoxic T cells that are known to express CD4 (although cytotoxic examples have been observed in extremely low numbers in specific disease states, they are usually considered non-existent).
		T cells have TcRs with an affinity for Class II MHC, and it is believed that CD4 is involved in determining this affinity during maturation in the thymus.
		T cells results in the virus being produced for a longer period (the infected CD4+ T cells are not killed as quickly), increasing the proliferation of the virus, and accelerating the development of the disease.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Helper_T_cell (3569 words)

	PROW: CD4
		Sattentau QJ,Weiss RA The CD4 antigen: physiological ligand and HIV receptor.
		Moir S,Perreault J,Poulin L Postbinding events mediated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are sensitive to modifications in the D4-transmembrane linker region of CD4.
		Sakihama T,Smolyar A,Reinherz EL Oligomerization of CD4 is required for stable binding to class II major histocompatibility complex proteins but not for interaction with human immunodeficiency virus gp120.
	mpr.nci.nih.gov /prow/guide/1246540099_g.htm (507 words)

	Peripheral Blood CD4 + T-Lymphocyte Counts During Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Patients Without ...
		CD4 + counts were performed for all 22 patients with PCP (Table 2)
		CD4 + counts for (top right, B) persons at low or undefined risk for PCP: persons receiving corticosteroids for > 1-month duration (n = 20), and patients receiving corticosteroids in combination with another immunosuppressive agent (n = 13).
		Harmsen, A, Stankiewicz, M (1990) Requirement for CD4+ cells in resistance to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mice.
	www.chestjournal.org /cgi/content/full/118/3/712 (4616 words)

	GeneCard for CD4
		Browse Antibodies Central at Invitrogen for antibodies and assays
		Antibodies from Abcam (CD4, CD4 + CD8), each with their Abpromise
		CD4 for binary patterns associated with selected probe-sets
	www.genecards.org /cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CD4 (630 words)

	Medical Consideration CD4 MONITORING
		Three measurements of CD4 cells (also called T-cells) have clinical implications in the management of HIV-infected patients: absolute CD4 count, CD4 percent (the percent of T-lymphocytes with the CD4 surface receptor), and the CD4 (T-helper) : CD8 (T-suppressor) ratio.
		Since CD4 counts tend to fall gradually, a marked inconsistency in levels and results from previous testing should prompt the clinician to repeat the test(s) before changing the way the patient is managed.
		Anti-PCP prophylaxis is recommended when the patient's CD4 count reaches 200/mm3, DMAC prophylaxis when the count is at or below 50/mm3, and toxoplasmosis prophylaxis when CD4 count is 100/mm3 or less in patients whose toxoplasmosis IgG is positive.
	www.hivdent.org /medmid/midass007.htm (535 words)

	Anti-human CD4 antibodies from RDI Divison of Fitzgerald Industries Intl
		All products are for in vitro research use only-not for use in or on humans or animals-not for use in diagnostics.
		SPECIFICITY: 60Kd MW lymphocyte surface antigen identified by monoclonal antibodies belonging to the CD4 cluster and present on 54% of peripheral blood T lymphocytes, 50% of thymocytes and some malignant cells of T cell origin.
		The CD4 positive T lymphocyte subpopulation has been characterised functionally as comprising helper cells active in amplification of immune responses.
	www.researchd.com /rdicdabs/cd4.htm (847 words)

	CD4+CD25+ T Cells Regulate Airway Eosinophilic Inflammation by Modulating the Th2 Cell Phenotype -- Jaffar et al. 172 ...
		autoimmune syndrome as a consequence of a deficiency in CD4
		1A), whereas in BALB/c mice 10–15% of CD4
		Lung CD25 CD4 regulatory T cells suppress type 2 immune responses but not bronchial hyperreactivity.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/172/6/3842 (4885 words)

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