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Topic: CDC 6600

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	Control Data Corporation (CDC) 6600
		The CDC 6600 is believed to have been the first computer to be designated as a "supercomputer," offering the fastest clock speed for its day (100 nanoseconds).
		The CDC 6600 had 65,000 60-bit words of memory.
		It was equipped with a large disk storage device and six high-speed drums as storage intermediate in speed and accessibility between the central core storage and magnetic tapes.
	www.cisl.ucar.edu /computers/gallery/cdc/6600.jsp (301 words)

	The CDC 6000 Series Computer
		The CDC 6000 family started with the 6600, at the time of its introduction the fastest computer in the world.
		After the 6600 was introduced, Control Data Corporation introduced the 6400, a slower and cheaper model of the 6600, and that is the machine U. Ammann mentions implementing a Pascal compiler for.
		The 6600 had 60 bit words with 18 bit addresses, for a potential of 256k words (or about 2 megabytes) of memory, but was commonly only shipped with 128k words, while the 6400 was commonly equipped with 64k words.
	www.moorecad.com /standardpascal/cdc6400.html (924 words)

	CDC 7600 Information
		The CDC 7600 was the Seymour Cray-designed successor to the CDC 6600, extending Control Data's dominance of the supercomputer field into the 1970s.
		Although the 7600 shared many features of the 6600, both in hardware as well as instructions and its 60-bit word size, it was not object-code compatible to the CDC 6600.
		The successor CDC 8600 was never completed, and Seymour Cray went on to form his own company, Cray Research.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/CDC_7600 (1024 words)

	HPCwire Article # 61119
		Seymour Cray designed the CDC 6600 to be fast and, in fact, the 6600 had a 100 nanosecond clock cycle, which was blazing fast for 1964, a peak theoretical speed of 10 million instructions per second (MIPS), and a sustained performance of 3 MIPS.
		CDC wanted Seymour Cray to continue to work the issues with the 8600, but he insisted that the project needed to be scrapped and so, in 1972, Seymour Cray left CDC to establish Cray Research, Inc. (CRI).
		Although CDC laid the ground work for large vector pipelines implemented with direct transfer of data from memory to the vector pipeline, Texas Instruments (TI) was first to market with a system with that capability.
	www.hpcwire.com /hpc-bin/artread.pl?direction=Current&articlenumber=61119 (2330 words)

	Museum Waalsdorp: Computer history
		The Control Data 6400 was a less-powerful successor to the famous Control Data 6600, which was introduced in 1964.
		The 6600 is sometimes referred to as the first RISC machine, due to its limited instruction set and generally uncomplicated design.
		Under the covers, the CPU was a traditional unified processor, as opposed to the more sophisticated 6600 with its multiple functional units (see its configurator).
	www.museumwaalsdorp.nl /computer/en/6400hist.html (453 words)

	[No title]
		Density is an all-important goal for a CDC 6600 programmer, because the processor caches the last seven instruction words in an "instruction stack".
		The instruction encoding of the CDC 6600 uses a 6-bit opcode (yielding 64 major opcodes) and three 3-bit register designators known as the "i", "j", and "k" fields.
		On the CDC 6600, however, this is not necessarily an error condition, but is also the means by which the Central Processor (CP) requests service by the operating system code running in the PPs.
	klausler.com /cdc6600.txt (1458 words)

	Sideways Add / Population Count
		It was almost a tradition that one of the first of any new faster CDC machine was delivered to a "good customer" - picked up at the factory by an anonymous truck, and never heard from again.
		We always wondered what such an instruction might be useful for - until one of the first of the 180 series (n'th generation successor to the 6600) was delivered to such a customer, and cries of anguish erupted that this machine didn't have such an instruction.
		This document clearly states that in the CYBER 70 Models 74 and 6600 Computers, the opcode "47" for "population count" was executed by the DIVIDE UNIT.
	cryptome.sabotage.org /sadd.htm (1322 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the early 1970s Cray was working at Control Data on a new machine known as the CDC 8600, the logical successor to his earlier CDC 6600 and CDC 7600 designs.
		Starting a new company HQ only yards from the CDC lab, both in the back yard of land he purchased in Chippewa Falls, WI, he and a group of former CDC employees started looking for ideas.
		This allowed the cycle time to be decreased to 12.5ns (80MHz), not as fast as the 8ns 8600 he had given up on, but fast enough to beat his earlier CDC 7600 and the STAR.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Cray-1 (2709 words)

	Control Data Corporation, CDC-6600 & 7600
		James T. Humberd was a CDC 6600 salesman, and used these slides to present the system.
		The CDC 6600 consisted of a large central processor, surrounded by 10 peripheral and control processors that were assigned the tasks of operating the devices connected to the input/output channels, and transferring data to and from the central processor.
		In fact, the transistor specifications of 3-ns and high reliability were arrived at by the CDC computer designers based on the required speed and reliability to complete a numerical solution of a scientific problem without interruption from a computer hardware failure [69].
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/vs-cdc-6600.html (2422 words)

	Control Data Corporation Summary
		CDC was one of the eight major computer companies through most of the 1960s; along with CDC these were IBM, Burroughs, NCR, General Electric, Honeywell, RCA, and UNIVAC.
		In 1964 this was released as the CDC 6600, outperforming everything on the market by roughly ten times.
		CDC decided to fight back, but Norris agreed with Cray in thinking that the company had become too ossified to be able to quickly design anything competitive.
	www.bookrags.com /Control_Data_Corporation (4126 words)

	22C:122/55:132, Homework 8 Solved, Spring 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In contrast, at the start of each clock cycle, each functional unit on the CDC 6600 may be idle or busy, and some instructions can be handled by any of a number of functional units.
		The CDC 6600, on the other hand, would automatically delay an operation until the necessary results were avaliable, and the scoreboard was the tool used to do this.
		The CDC 6600 only has one functional unit for memory access, so all attempts to load and store are serialized in the order that the load and store instructions are issued.
	www.cs.uiowa.edu /~jones/arch/spring01/hw/08sol.html (372 words)

	Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present (V 13.4.0)
		The first major system to follow this idea was the CDC 6600, but the idea was also explored in the IBM 801 project.
		Only one instruction could be issued per cycle, but multiple independent functional units (eight in the CDC 6600) meant instruction execution in different units could overlap (a scoreboard register prevented instructions from issuing to a unit if the operands weren't available).
		Like the CDC 6600, memory access was limited to load/store operations (which were delayed, locking the register until complete, so most execution could continue).
	www.cpushack.net /CPU/cpuAppendA.html (3295 words)

	rchrd@Sun
		The 7600 was a big improvement on the 6600, running 4 times faster at 27.5 nanoseconds, and featured multiple pipelined functional units, which meant that you didn't have to wait for one multipy to end before you started another.
		CDC engineers were running an operating system called COS (Chippewa OS, because the 6600 was designed and built at Seymour Cray's own lab in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin.) COS was intended just as a test system for site engineers.
		They had recently installed a 6600 at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab computer center, also run by the AEC (eventually the Dept. of Energy), and I was in communication with their systems programmers discussing bugs and fixes.
	blogs.sun.com /rchrd/category/History (7348 words)

	The field of supercomputing turns 40 \| Geek.com
		Although the term “supercomputer”; is somewhat nebulous, historians of computing generally agree that the CDC 6600 was the first machine to merit the title of “supercomputer”;.
		The 6600 was conceived by legendary supercomputer designer Seymour Cray, who would go on to design the Cray 1 supercomputer in the 1970s and Cray 2 supercomputer in the 1980s.
		The CDC was the first computer to use functional parallelism, employing 10 separate functional units that operated simultaneously, and was one of the first machines to employ refrigerant circulation tubes.
	www.geek.com /the-field-of-supercomputing-turns-40 (368 words)

	3.4 Third Generation (1963-1972)
		In 1964, Seymour Cray developed the CDC 6600, which was the first architecture to use functional parallelism.
		By using 10 separate functional units that could operate simultaneously and 32 independent memory banks, the CDC 6600 was able to attain a computation rate of 1 million floating point operations per second (1 Mflops).
		The CDC 7600, with its pipelined functional units, is considered to be the first vector processor and was capable of executing at 10 Mflops.
	www.phy.ornl.gov /csep/ov/node12.html (431 words)

	Notable Hackers...Encryptoo.com
		Even as the 1604 was starting to ship in 1960, he had already moved on to designing its "replacement", the CDC 6600.
		Although in terms of hardware the 6600 was not on the leading edge, Cray invested considerable effort into the design of the processor.
		Although the 6600 and 7600 had been huge successes in the end, both projects had almost bankrupted the company while they were being designed.
	www.encryptoo.com /nothack.html (1078 words)

	Cray-Cyber - Control Data Corporation
		1962 CDC 3000 family, not done by Seymour Cray (who is working on the 6600 together with Thornton and a design crew totaling 34, at Chippewa Falls).
		CDC 7600 first shipment, 4-5 times the speed of the 6600, largely compatible.
		The Cyber 960-31 operated by cray-cyber.org is of about 1/2 the performance of this machine, and software compatible to the 6600.
	www.cray-cyber.org /memory/cdc.php (283 words)

	Thoughts on Update as a Software Maintenance Tool
		This paper gives an overview of CDC Update that is augmented by a case study of a large system maintained using CDC Update.
		In general CDC Update does not allow conflicts between correction sets; it is possible for two different command lines to insert code at the same line or for two of them to delete the same line.
		CDC Update may be admirable but this does not matter if you are not using a CDC system.
	www.tiac.net /~cri/2001/update81.html (6742 words)

	1.1 Definition and Historical Perspectives
		In 1964, Seymour Cray developed the CDC 6600, which was the first architecture to use functional parallelism.
		By using 10 separate functional units that could operate simultaneously and 32 independent memory banks, the CDC 6600 was able to attain a computation rate of 1 million floating point operations persecond (1 Mflops).
		The CDC 7600, with its pipelined functional units, is considered to be the first vector processor and was capable of executing at 10 Mflops.
	www.krellinst.org /AiS/textbook/unit1/compsci1.1.html (901 words)

	CRAY MUSEUM SELF-GUIDED TOUR
		The 6600 is believed to have been the first computer to be designated as a "supercomputer." It was used for many scientific applications, such as weather forecasting, climate analysis, nuclear analysis, and automobile, aeronautical, and missile design.
		Purdue originally ordered a single 6400, which is a cost-reduced 6600 and lacks the functional units; by delivery time, it had been upgraded to two processors, which accounts for the 6400 on one of the bays.
		The CDC Model 501 line printer, shown here, printed a line at a rate of about 100 lines per minute(?); there was a character wheel for each character position; lines of print often came out wavy because the wheels were difficult to keep in alignment.
	www.mcjones.org /CalTSS/image/cray.html (6357 words)

	The Supercomputer Arrives with the CDC 6600 in 1964
		The Supercomputer Arrives with the CDC 6600 in 1964
		Control Data Corp. introduced the CDC 6600 in 1964 at which time it was three times faster than the IBM Stretch, which had been the speed champ for a couple years.
		The CDC 6600 achieved its speed by using ten peripheral processors pipelining data to a central processor that could process three million instructions per second.
	www.cedmagic.com /history/cdc-6600.html (74 words)

	Tribute to Seymour Cray
		The 6600 was followed by the much faster CDC 7600.
		By 1970, Seymour had been directly responsible for the design and development of the systems that were to shape the high performance computer industry for years to come.
		The last system that Seymour worked on at CDC was the 8600 -- work that demonstrated his clear vision of the challenges facing the high performance industry.
	www.cgl.ucsf.edu /home/tef/cray/tribute.html (1266 words)

	Dr. Dobb's \| Control Data 6600: The Supercomputer Arrives \| August 12, 2000
		The 6600 architecture featured a central scientific processor supported by ten very fast peripheral processors and is considered by many to be the canonical "supercomputer." (See "What is a Supercomputer?").
		The 6600 ushered in a new era of the awe-inspiring number cruncher, one that Cray dominated largely on the strength of his own quiet personality and ability to deliver, for the next 20 years.
		CDC 6600 S/N 1 forms part of the permanent collection of The Computer Museum History Center.
	www.ddj.com /184404102 (1407 words)

	The Tech \| Visit \| The National Medal of Technology \| Laureate Profile for William Norris (Site not responding. Last check: )
		CDC developed the first computer built entirely with transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
		The CDC 1604 shipped in 1960 to the navy and other government and university customers.
		Its successor in 1963, the CDC 6600, was the first "supercomputer," the world’s most powerful computer at the time.
	www.thetech.org /nmot/detail.cfm?ID=86& (179 words)

	tingilinde: computing at bnl
		CDC then offered Extended Core Storage (ECS), a large block of fast access memory, which was an adjunct to main memory except that code could not be executed from it; effectively, it was a fast swapping medium.
		After the long CDC years at BNL, culminating with the retirement of the CDC 7600, we needed another main frame computer, which had to be in the "supercomputer" class.
		When the last of our CDC 6600s was retired, S2K was moved to a smaller machine, the CDC 830, but the end of the line was at hand, and it was clear that an alternative had to be found.
	tingilinde.typepad.com /starstuff/2003/09/computing_at_bn.html (5240 words)

	Obituary - Seymour Cray, Father of supercomputing
		The CDC 6600 consisted of 400 thousand transistors, but by using silicon the system mean free time between failures due to the transistor was over 2000 hours.
		The central premise of the design of the CDC 6600 was functional parallelism.
		By 1972, Cray was having policy conflicts with Thornton and the CDC executives on the direction of CDC business which was reflected in the architecture of the next machine.
	www.hoise.com /primeur/96/pr-96-oct/CL-PR-10-96-3.html (1497 words)

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