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Topic: CDC 7600

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	CDC 7600 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The CDC 7600 was the Seymour Cray-designed successor to the CDC 6600, extending Control Data's dominance of the supercomputer field into the 1970s.
		Although the 7600 shared many features of the 6600, both in hardware as well as instructions and its 60-bit word size, it was not object-code compatible to the CDC 6600.
		Since the system was mechanical and therefore prone to failure, the 7600 was redesigned into a large "C" shape to allow access to the modules on either side of the cooling piping by walking into the inside of the C and opening the cabinet.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/CDC_7600 (1051 words)

	CDC 6600 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The CDC 6600 was a mainframe computer from Control Data Corporation, first manufactured in 1964.
		CDC's first products were based on the machines designed at ERA, which Seymour Cray had been asked to update after moving to CDC.
		The PPs were based on the simple 12-bit CDC 160A, which ran much slower than the CPU, gathering up data and "squirting" it into main memory at high speed via dedicated hardware.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/CDC_6600 (2651 words)

	Control Data Corporation (CDC) 7600
		The CDC 7600 had a small-core memory of 65,536 60-bit words and a a clock speed of 27 nanoseconds.
		The 7600 supported the FORTRAN 70 compiler, and because the operating system had been developed by SCD, users had a uniform software environment on both the 6600 and 7600 (which was difficult because the machines' architectures differed substantially).
		The CDC 7600 was replaced in 1983 by a used CRAY-1A.
	www.cisl.ucar.edu /computers/gallery/cdc/7600.jsp (263 words)

	CDC 8600 - TheBestLinks.com - ASCII, CPU, Cray Research, IBM, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The 8600 was intended to be the successor to their current CDC 7600, then generally considered "the supercomputer" for most tasks at that time.
		The 8600 was the first CDC design to move to ASCII-based processing, and therefore used a 64-bit word instead of the earlier 60-bit system used on the 6600 and 7600.
		When the Cray-1 entered the market in 1976, CDC was pushed from the supercomputer market, and was unable to re-enter the business until the 1980s with their abortive ETA-10.
	www.thebestlinks.com /CDC_8600.html (1072 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Cray-1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		In the early 1970s Cray was working at Control Data on a new machine known as the CDC 8600, the logical successor to his earlier CDC 6600 and CDC 7600 designs.
		Starting a new company HQ only yards from the CDC lab, both in the back yard of land he purchased in Chippewa Falls, WI, he and a group of former CDC employees started looking for ideas.
		This allowed the cycle time to be decreased to 12.5ns (80MHz), not as fast as the 8ns 8600 he had given up on, but fast enough to beat his earlier CDC 7600 and the STAR.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Cray-1 (2636 words)

	CRAY 1-A
		The CDC STAR, the Texas Instruments ASC, and the ILLIAC IV all seemed unsuitable in the NCAR environment.
		In good times, the 7600 hardware or software had failed at least once a day, often four to five or more times, wheras the CRAY would run for several days and most often failed only because of disk problems.
		The CDC 7600 was used as a front end to the CRAY-1A.
	www.cisl.ucar.edu /computers/gallery/cray/cray1.jsp (526 words)

	IBM Rides Again (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		After the long CDC years at BNL, culminating with the retirement of the CDC 7600, we needed another main frame computer, which had to be in the "supercomputer" class.
		The CDC 7600 was a 100% batch machine, which didn't even do its own input/output.
		When the last of our CDC 6600s was retired, S2K was moved to a smaller machine, the CDC 830, but the end of the line was at hand, and it was clear that an alternative had to be found.
	www.ccd.bnl.gov /LINK.bnl/1996/May96/histcom5.html (1182 words)

	1.1 Definition and Historical Perspectives
		By using 10 separate functional units that could operate simultaneously and 32 independent memory banks, the CDC 6600 was able to attain a computation rate of 1 million floating point operations persecond (1 Mflops).
		The CDC 7600, with its pipelined functional units, is considered to be the first vector processor and was capable of executing at 10 Mflops.
		The IBM 360-195 was comparable to the CDC 7600, deriving much of its perfomance from a very fast cache memory.
	www.krellinst.org /AiS/textbook/unit1/compsci1.1.html (901 words)

	Lilith
		But Cray was a brilliant designer, and the CDC 6600 would be the world’s fastest machine for the next five years.
		Seymour Cray designed the CDC 7600 at Control Data to improve upon his earlier CDC 6600.
		The 7600 had pipelined functional units and is considered to be the first vector processor.
	research.microsoft.com /~gbell/CyberWarehouseExhibit/CDC&Cray.htm (420 words)

	3.1.4 Third Generation (1963--1972) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The IBM 360/91, released during the same period, was roughly twice as fast as the CDC 660.
		The IBM 360--195 was comparable to the CDC 7600, deriving much of its performance from a very fast cache memory.
		The Texas Instrument Advanced Scientific Computer (TI--ASC) and the STAR--100 of CDC were pipelined vector processors that demonstrated the viability of that design and set the standards for subsequent vector processors.
	csep1.phy.ornl.gov /CSEP/OV/NODE13A.html (151 words)

	Mister Transistors Old Computer Stuff (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		One of the first computers that I programmed was the CDC 7600 at the CERN laboratory in Geneva.
		This machine was considered a supercomputer and had two front-ends, a CDC 6400 and a CDC 6600.
		That is why the CDC machines had a limited amount of fast and expensive SCM, but a much larger amount of the slower and cheaper LCM.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/Andrew_Wylie/coremem.htm (504 words)

	Visible Storage
		Seymour Cray built this prototype to demonstrate the viability of logic and packaging concepts that were then used in the CDC 160 and 1604 computers.
		The CDC 160A was often used for dedicated production control applications such as operating typesetting machines and mechanical lathes.
		The CDC 7600 was the follow on to the 6600, designed by Seymour Cray.
	www.computerhistory.org /VirtualVisibleStorage/artifact_main.php?tax_id=03.04.01.00 (728 words)

	The Franklin Institute Certficates of Merit - Seymour Cray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The first computer recognized as a true scientific tool used for early modeling of physical phenomena was the CDC 6600 computer system for which he was principal designer.
		It is believed that the CDC 6600, which was marketed in 1964, is the first computer to which the term "supercomputer" was applied.
		In 1972, when CDC decided not to market a successor to the CDC 7600, he left to form his own company, Cray Research Inc.
	sln.fi.edu /tfi/exhibits/cray.html (791 words)

	C:\BELLBOOK\P001-100\HTMFILES\CSP0703.HTM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The CDC 7600 system is an upward-compatible member of the CDC 6000 series.
		Although the main Pc in the 7600 is compatible with the main Pc of the 6600, instructions have been added for controlling the I/O section and for communicating between Large Core Memories (LCM) and Small Core Memory (SCM).
		The 7600 interrupt may be a reaction to the lack of intercommunication in the 6600.
	research.microsoft.com /users/gbell/Computer_Structures_Principles_and_Examples/csp0703.htm (337 words)

	Wikinfo \| Seymour Cray
		By 1960 he had completed the design of the CDC 1604, a low cost computer that had impressive performance for its price range.
		Even as the 1604 was starting to ship in 1960, he had already moved on to designing its "replacement", the CDC 6600.
		Ignoring the ideas of the CDC 8600 as too complex he went for a uniprocessor design - the Cray-1 (1976), the first was sold within a month to a lab in Los Alamos for $8.8 million.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Seymour_Cray (653 words)

	Notable Hackers...Encryptoo.com
		During this period Cray had become increasingly annoyed at what he saw as corporate interference from CDC management, and decided that in order to continue development he would have to move from St. Paul and get away as far as possible.
		Although the 6600 and 7600 had been huge successes in the end, both projects had almost bankrupted the company while they were being designed.
		In a reversal of CDC's operations, R&D and manufacturing were based in Chippewa Falls while the business headquarters were in Minneapolis.
	www.encryptoo.com /nothack.html (1078 words)

	CDC Cyber 810 Hardware (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		In Cyber 170 mode, the machines were almost 100% compatible with the CDC 6000 series and its successors.
		CDC claimed that if you bought enough disk space from them to fill the address space of the machine, they'd throw in a top-of-the-line 180/990.
		CDC confused matters by including some old iron in the supposedly new Cyber 180 series.
	www.msu.edu /~mrr/mycomp/810hard.htm (555 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		[38] CDC produces the CDC 7600 pipelined supercomputer as a follow-on to the CDC 6600.
		CDC cancels the 8600 project, a follow-on to the 7600.
		Much of the work was done in 1971-2 while Lamport was at Compass Inc. [62] CDC delivers the STAR-100, the first commercial pipelined vector supercomputer, to the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
	www.csci.csusb.edu /egomez/ref/Parallel.txt (8496 words)

	rchrd@Sun
		By '68, CDC had given up on its futuristic SIPROS operating system and was forced to adopt the system developed by the engineers in Chippewa Falls (Wisconsin) under Seymour Cray.
		In March of 1971, I and a small team of programmers and computer operators went to Chippewa Falls to run acceptance tests on the CDC 7600 that was installed at LBL later in the year.
		The 7600 was a big improvement on the 6600, running 4 times faster at 27.5 nanoseconds, and featured multiple pipelined functional units, which meant that you didn't have to wait for one multipy to end before you started another.
	blogs.sun.com /roller/page/rchrd?entry=welcome_to_berkeley_40_years (906 words)

	[No title]
		The key to this realization was that the large core memory of the 7600, half a million 60-bit words, or roughly 4 MB, fetched data in units of 8 words, whether the program used all 8 words or not.
		However, this performance boost, roughly a factor of 10 from the CDC 7600 to the Cray-1, came at the cost of a restrictive programming model in which large numbers of identical operations had to be performed in sequence.
		The CDC Star-100 was the result of a direct commission by a DoE supercomputer center, but the SGI Challenge Array was born without a single purchase order.
	www.lcse.umn.edu /projects/37/suprcmpg.996-5-28-99.doc (8354 words)

	iqexpand.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		Supercomputers introduced in the 1960s, designed primarily by Seymour Cray at Control Data Corporation (CDC), led the market into the 1970s until Cray left to form his own company, Cray Research.
		CDC's early machines were simply very fast single processors, some ten times the speed of the fastest machines offered by other companies.
		In the 1970s most supercomputers were dedicated to running a vector processor, and many of the newer players developed their own such processors at lower price points to enter the market.
	supercomputer.iqexpand.com (1989 words)

	NEA-0661: ASNBILD, Generator of JCL and Data for Program ANISN on CDC Computer
		The cross section file is created by the ANISN job control deck, choosing nuclides by using the COPYBR command, thus avoiding loading the whole of the data library for every run.
		ASNBILD also creates the file JANISN (CDC job control for ANISN) which will contain the relevant COPYBR commands, and nuclides will be automatically chosen ready for the ANISN job.
		Main storage requirement on CDC 7600 is 115,000 octal words (SCM).
	www.nea.fr /abs/html/nea-0661.html (548 words)

	Tribute to Seymour Cray
		The 6600 was followed by the much faster CDC 7600.
		By 1970, Seymour had been directly responsible for the design and development of the systems that were to shape the high performance computer industry for years to come.
		The last system that Seymour worked on at CDC was the 8600 -- work that demonstrated his clear vision of the challenges facing the high performance industry.
	www.cgl.ucsf.edu /home/tef/cray/tribute.html (1266 words)

	tingilinde: computing at bnl
		CDC, however, presented a very different design, the brainchild of Seymour Cray, the computer genius of the '60s.
		We had flirted with CDC prior to this major acquisition, and bought a CDC 924, a pleasant machine, which offered hands-on operation, a nice console, and, its 24-bit word size made it essentially half one of CDC's 3000 series machines.
		CDC then offered Extended Core Storage (ECS), a large block of fast access memory, which was an adjunct to main memory except that code could not be executed from it; effectively, it was a fast swapping medium.
	tingilinde.typepad.com /starstuff/2003/09/computing_at_bn.html (5253 words)

	Control Data Corporation, CDC-6600 & 7600 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		James T. Humberd was a CDC 6600 salesman, and used these slides to present the system.
		The Control Data CDC 6400:"The punchcard period" - a very readable description of the SCOPE operation system, including the available displays on the CRTs.
		The CDC 6600 consisted of a large central processor, surrounded by 10 peripheral and control processors that were assigned the tasks of operating the devices connected to the input/output channels, and transferring data to and from the central processor.
	ed-thelen.org /comp-hist/vs-cdc-6600.html (1996 words)

	Mailgate: comp.sys.super: [l/m 6/5/2002] What IS a super? comp.par/comp.sys.super (1
		Cray himself never used the term, but clearly the CDC 7600 and the CDC 6600 are given definite credit (also Cray designs).
		The 7600 or derivatives were replaced with the CYBER 990, which we shipped to Combustion Engineering in August 1985.
		Still, he took the gamble, and the salaries of CDC employees were cut in half while the 1604 was in progress.
	mailgate.supereva.it /comp/comp.sys.super/msg03226.html (13492 words)

	Supercomputers - Computerworld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		His first design, the CDC 6600, had a pipelined scalar architecture and used the RISC instruction set that his team developed.
		Cray pushed the number-crunching speed available from the pipelined scalar architecture with the CDC 7600 before developing a four-processor architecture with the CDC 8600.
		When Cray left CDC in 1972 to start his own company, Cray Research Inc., in his boyhood hometown of Chippewa Falls, Wis., he abandoned the multiprocessor architecture in favor of vector processing, a split that divides supercomputing camps to this day.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/2005/0,4814,102048,00.html (873 words)

	[No title]
		For a 17 assembly row with five grids on each assembly for 1000 time steps on the CDC 173/176 system, the central processor time was 86 sec while the peripheral processor time was 155 sec.
		This problem used the impact calculational procedure which falls in the middle as far as run time is considered.
		FAMREC is operable on the CDC 7600 computers.
	www-rsicc.ornl.gov /codes/psr/psr1/psr-167.html (692 words)

	Cray-Cyber - Control Data Corporation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		1962 CDC 3000 family, not done by Seymour Cray (who is working on the 6600 together with Thornton and a design crew totaling 34, at Chippewa Falls).
		CDC 7600 first shipment, 4-5 times the speed of the 6600, largely compatible.
		A table of CDC mainframe machines may be found
	www.cray-cyber.org /memory/cdc.php (283 words)

	VCFe 4.0 - Vintage Computer Festival Europe
		The second development in the early history of Supercomputing (after the CDC 6600/7600 scalar Supercomputers) was the advent of Vector Supercomputers, notably the CDC STAR-100 and Cray families.
		A CDC Cyber 960, the last of a successful family of supercomputers which started in 1964 with the CDC 6600.
		It is strongly recommended to visit the CDC and/or Cray-Cyber speech before you participate.
	www.vintage.org /2003/europa/E/Vortraege.html (582 words)

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