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Topic: CIRUS reactor

	NRX - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The reactor began operation on 22 July 1947 under the National Research Council of Canada, and was taken over by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) shortly before the 1952 accident.
		The NRX reactor incorporated a sealed vertical aluminium cylindrical vessel with a diameter of 8 m and height of 3 m.
		Emerging from a World War II cooperative effort between Britain, the United States, and Canada, NRX was a multipurpose research reactor used to develop new isotopes, test materials and fuels, and produce the beams of neutral particles, called neutrons, that became an indispensable tool in the blossoming field of condensed matter physics.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/NRX (793 words)

	CIRUS reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The reactor is not under IAEA safeguards (which did not exist when the reactor was sold), although Canada stipulated, and the U.S. supply contract for the heavy water explicitly specified, that it only be used for peaceful purposes.
		CIRUS was shutdown in September 1997 for refurbishment and was scheduled to resume operation in 2003.
		During refurbishing, a low temperature vacuum evaporation based desalination unit was also coupled to the reactor to serve as demonstration of using waste heat from a research reactor for sea water desalination.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/CIRUS (301 words)

	CIRUS reactor Information
		CIRUS was supplied by Canada in 1954, but uses heavy water supplied by the U.S. (hence its name).
		The reactor is not under IAEA safeguards (which did not exist when the reactor was sold), although Canada stipulated, and the U.S. supply contract for the heavy water explicitly specified, that it only be used for peaceful purposes.
		CIRUS was shutdown in September 1997 for refurbishment and was scheduled to resume operation in 2003.
	www.bookrags.com /CIRUS_reactor (274 words)

	Nuclear Power Encyclopedia Article @ NaturalResearch.org (Natural Research) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The second reactor for commercial purposes (1956) was Calder Hall in Sellafield, England, a gas-cooled Magnox reactor with an initial capacity of 45 MW (later 196 MW).
		The Shippingport Reactor (Pennsylvania, 1957), a pressurized water reactor, was the first commercial nuclear generator to become operational in the United States.
		The Monju reactor in Japan suffered a sodium leak in 1995 and is approved for restart in 2008.
	www.naturalresearch.org /encyclopedia/Nuclear_power (6723 words)

	CANDU reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The CANDU reactor is a Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor designed in the late 1950s and 1960s by a partnership between Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL) and the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario (now known as Ontario Power Generation), as well as several private industry participants.
		This reactor operated successfully for many years, and may be less expensive, more reliable and even safer than a classic CANDU reactor because the oil circulated at much lower pressures than the steam, and was less corrosive.
		So, it is evident that reactors that can be refueled on-load like the CANDU and the RBMK designs can economically and secretly produce "weapons grade" plutonium from easily obtainable natural uranium, whereas reactors that need to be shut down to be refueled cannot do that in a cost effective way.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/CANDU_reactor (2126 words)

	Canada puts India’s N-reactor under ‘watch’ -DAWN - International; October 30, 2005
		CIRUS stands for Canadian-Indian-US reactor, a research reactor at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Trombay near Mumbai.
		Although CIRUS was supplied by Canada, it uses heavy water supplied by the United States.
		CIRUS can produce 6.6-10.5 kg of plutonium a year (at a capacity factor of 50-80 per cent).
	www.dawn.com /2005/10/30/int4.htm (347 words)

	Smiling Buddha: buddha smiling tattoo, buddha calgary smiling tattoo, buddha calgary smiling
		The 6 kg of Plutonium came from the CIRUS reactor at BARC.
		The CIRUS reactor used to produce the plutonium was a research reactor based on the NRX design and donated by Canada in 1960, with heavy water supplied by the US ("CIRUS" = Canada-India Reactor U.S.).
		The Smiling Buddha test caused a public outcry in Canada, and the Canadian government cut off exchange of nuclear materials and technology with India in the wake of the test.
	wikipedia.openfun.org /wiki/Smiling_Buddha (410 words)

	CIRUS Reactor's Role in a US-India Nuclear
		It is fair to say that were it were not for the CIRUS reactor---and the uncovering of the secret US role in supplying the heavy-water moderator that India used in the reactor to produce the plutonium for its 1974 test---there would not have been a Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act.
		But the reactor was subject to â€śpeaceful uses onlyâ€ť contracts with Canada and the US and thus exposed the ability of a country to blatantly misuse a civilian, Atoms for Peace reactor to produce plutonium for weapons.
		The reactor was â€ścontaminatedâ€ť by the original peaceful use commitments made to Canada and the U.S. Peaceful use is not proportional to the extent of refurbishment or to the percentage of original heavy water remaining in the reactor.
	www.nci.org /06nci/04/CIRUS%20Reactors%20Role%20in%20a%20US-India%20Nuclear.htm (1519 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla.
		CIRUS (Canada India Research U.S.) is a research reactor at the Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC) in Trombay near Mumbai, India.
		CIRUS was shut down in September 1997 for refurbishment and was scheduled to resume operation in 2003.
		The reactor was brought back into operation two years late in 2005.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=CIRUS_reactor (293 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		of a white absorber evaluated at a reference point in a reactor (CIRUS in the present version) and the relative thermal neutron flux levels at all permissible irradiation locations in the reactor are also built in.
		The parameters of interest for a given sample (defined by its chemical formula or mixture specification) and its irradiation specification are evaluated using this built-in data library and the analytical expressions for the parameters derived under certain approximations.
		The code was developed for the evaluation of pile irradiation requests at the CIRUS reactor and has much built-in data specifically for that reactor.
	www-rsicc.ornl.gov /codes/ccc/ccc5/ccc-521.html (367 words)

	Articles - Nuclear power (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The use of nuclear power is controversial because of the problem of storing radioactive waste for indefinite periods, the potential for possibly severe radioactive contamination by accident or sabotage, and the possibility that its use in some countries could lead to the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
		A number of other designs for nuclear power generation, the Generation IV reactors, are the subject of active research and may be used for practical power generation in the future.
		Opponents argue that a major disadvantage of the use of nuclear reactors is the threat of a nuclear accident or terrorist attack and the possible resulting exposure to radiation.
	www.centralairconditioners.net /articles/Nuclear_power (7718 words)

	ArmsControlWonk: Safeguarding Breeder Reactors
		In fast breeder reactors and advanced thermal reactors, there exist difficult-to-access areas where direct verification of the inventory of fuel in the reactor core is impossible.
		Reactor design (PHWR, FBR, etc.) doesn’t change the fact that a growing amount of Pu-239 will accept a neutron to produce Pu-240 instead of fissioning the logner the fuel is irradiated in the reactor.
		And regarding CIRUS reactor (supplied by canada under atoms for peace) we cannot put it under safegurads simple because its in BARC complex (it was never used for weapons production as suspected), at the most we can shut down the reactor and scrape it.
	www.armscontrolwonk.com /955/safeguarding-breeder-reactors (3892 words)

	ArmsControlWonk: CIRUS
		Despite that pledge, some the CIRUS reactor was India’s main facility producing plutonium for its nuclear weapons program until the 1980s until the larger Dhruva reactor became operational (on the left).
		Sandy Spector estimated that 1/4 to 1/3 of India’s military plutonium stockpile was produced in the CIRUS reactor—although such stockpile estimates are tricky.
		If the CIRUS reactor is treated as a military reactor that is India thumbing its nose at Canada and at the international community, taking what was previously—what was given as a peaceful reactor and then telling the world no, it’s military, and there’s simply no justification for that.
	www.armscontrolwonk.com /907/cirus (2276 words)

	The Telegraph - Calcutta : Nation
		According to some reports, one of India’s commitments under the Indo-US nuclear deal would be to decommission Cirus, which was built with Canadian help in the 1950s, began operations in July 1960 and was refurbished for a fresh lease of life in 2004.
		But it is widely believed that plutonium from Cirus was used in India’s “peaceful nuclear explosion” of 1974, prompting Canada to cut off nuclear cooperation with India.
		the performance of the reactor began to decline and there were frequent outages and temporary shutdowns.
	www.telegraphindia.com /1060307/asp/nation/story_5935097.asp (433 words)

	Stopping the Indian Bomb
		Heavy-water losses from a reactor such as CIRUS amount to about 0.3 percent per year, 11 which would add up to a 1-tonne loss out of a 19-tonne inventory over 23 years of operation.
		If CIRUS is used to make plutonium cores for the Breeder, and those cores are used to breed plutonium for a weapon, then CIRUS will in fact have been "used" for a military purpose.
		Because CIRUS plutonium is not being inspected, however, there is no way to tell the difference between it and Madras or Dhruva plutonium, which, according to India, is unrestricted.
	www.wisconsinproject.org /pubs/articles/1987/stoppingindianbomb.htm (8153 words)

	US aims to set aside India reactor controversy - Boston.com
		Rather than spend time on Cirus, "the administration believes the most productive approach is to focus on India's new commitments under (the July 18, 2005) joint statement," he told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
		The United States is affected because it supplied Cirus with "heavy water," which is used to moderate nuclear fission.
		Asked about Cirus by Sen. Richard Lugar, the committee chairman, Joseph said India also had its own heavy water and heavy water from an unnamed third country in the reactor.
	www.boston.com /news/nation/washington/articles/2006/01/18/us_aims_to_set_aside_india_reactor_controversy (688 words)

	Global Fallout Hits India
		Significantly, the reactor was a type that used so-called heavy water (enriched iii the hydrogen isotope deuteriuni) rather than ordinary (or "light") water to lessen the energy of neutrons in the reactor's core.
		Using the (Cirus reactor and the Trombay facility, Indian scientists and engineers accumulated enough plutonium to build an atomic bomb, which was detonated in 1974.
		This past April, however, Pakistan said it had commissioned a new reactor at Khushab in the province of Puniab that is not subject to safeguards.
	www.dhushara.com /book/explod/ind/ind.htm (2446 words)

	CNS - Selected Indian Nuclear Facilities
		BARC officials plan to refurbish the aging reactor, modifying it to test a new indigenous design of a 5-10 MWt research reactor.(23) The work is scheduled to begin after repairs on the Cirus reactor are completed.
		To supplement or replace the aging Cirus and Dhruva reactors, BARC officials have announced that they plan to build a new 100MWt research reactor at the Trombay complex.(37) The new reactor would be based on the Dhruva design and is optimistically expected to become operational by 2010.
		Throughout their history, the MAPS-1 and -2 reactors have performed reasonably well by Indian standards, having operated at full capacity 51 and 54 percent of the time, respectively.(210) While this is better than the India-wide average of 49 percent, it is still significantly less than the world average of 70 percent.
	cns.miis.edu /research/india/nuclear.htm (12298 words)

	The Canadian Nuclear FAQ - Section F: Security and Non-Proliferation
		At the heart of this fortress is the reactor itself, and related safety equipment, enclosed within a heavy "containment" structure of concrete and steel, with side walls 3.5 to 6 feet in depth (depending on the design).
		Should the reactor be of CANDU design it is hard to envision fuel melting even if all the primary coolant were removed, due to the large heavy-water moderator that acts as an emergency heat sink (see related FAQ).
		As with all commercial power reactors, these safeguards are based primarily on accountability of the fuel inventory at all stages of its movement (including within the reactor core), utilizing overlapping layers of "containment" (physical barriers) and "surveillance" (monitoring), backed up by periodic inspections.
	www.nuclearfaq.ca /cnf_sectionF.htm (9042 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Canada Urges India to Open up Nuclear Reactor
		Lack of independent access to the Cirus research reactor, located north of Mumbai (formerly Bombay), is one of the issues slowing implementation of a sweeping nuclear cooperation deal that the United States announced with India on July 18.
		The United States is directly affected because it supplied Cirus with "heavy water," which is used in some reactors to moderate nuclear fission.
		Nuclear expert Leonard Spector, who heads Monterey's Washington office, said Cirus is now "embedded in the nuclear weapons program of India." Plutonium produced by Cirus should be sequestered from India's military inventory, he added.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/5-12-19/35990.html (496 words)

	Gulfnews: Print Friendly Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		India has promised to phase out Cirus over the next five years, with scientific advisers Anil Kakodkar, chairman of the Department of Atomic Energy Agency, and former chairman R. Chidambaram satisfied the ageing reactor was of little further use.
		But as it emerges that India will shut down the Cirus reactor in a bid to win Congressional approval and silence the non-proliferation lobby which has used Cirus to question India's commitment to non-proliferation, the opposition as well as one strand of the scientific community are set to make Cirus an issue.
		It was from this 40MW reactor, built in 1954 with Canadian help, which became operational in 1960 with heavy water obtained from the US, that weapons grade plutonium was manufactured and diverted to fuel India's first nuclear tests in 1974.
	archive.gulfnews.com /articles/print_friendly_version.jsp?global_name=/channels/gulfnews_com/articles/06/03/07/10023671.html (568 words)

	New reactor for plutonium at BARC planned
		In addition to the new reactor, BARC is refurbishing two of its ageing war horses - Cirus and the 43-year-old one-mega watt Apsara which is the first nuclear research reactor to be installed in Asia.
		Commissioned in 1960, Cirus started showing signs of ageing with breakdown of equipment since 1991and the reactor was shut down in 1997.
		Sharma said Cirus is likely to be completed in about two years after which the reactor is expected to provide service for another 10-15 years.
	www.expressindia.com /ie/daily/19990428/ige28008.html (462 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: India: Nuclear Facilities
		The reactor was built with Canadian assistance while the United States provided the initial supply of heavy water.
		Despite these restrictions, the CIRUS reactor provided the plutonium for India's 1974 "peaceful nuclear explosions." Canada and the United States subsequently ended all nuclear cooperation with India, including Canadian fuel shipments.
		This material is produced independently for NTI by the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/India/Nuclear/2103_2603.html (322 words)

	The Hindu : National : Nuclear separation plan seeks fine balance
		New Delhi: In finalising a plan for the separation of its civilian and military nuclear programmes, India has produced a road map aimed at reconciling the scientific, financial and military objectives with the transparency the international community is demanding as a condition for the resumption of nuclear commerce.
		In a major concession to the U.S., Canada and France, the plan commits India to shut down the Canadian-supplied 40-MW CIRUS research reactor and shift the French-supplied fuel core of the 1-MW Apsara reactor to a new research facility outside the sensitive BARC complex so that it may be placed under safeguards in 2010.
		Though the separation document does not name the facilities to be kept off the civilian list other than the two fast breeder reactors, it provides the logic why other facilities will remain off-limits to international inspections.
	www.thehindu.com /2006/03/08/stories/2006030820181600.htm (988 words)

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