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Topic: CMEA cipher

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block cipher

substitution cipher

stream cipher

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Transposition cipher

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Playfair cipher

polyalphabetic cipher

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	Encryption
		Ciphers, on the other hand, work at a lower level: the level of individual letters, small groups of letters, or, in modern schemes, individual bits.
		Historical pen and paper ciphers used in the past are sometimes known as classical ciphers.
		Symmetric key ciphers can be distinguished into two types, depending on whether they work on blocks of symbols of fixed size (block ciphers), or on a continuous stream of symbols (stream ciphers).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/e/en/encryption.html (0 words)

	Block cipher information - Search.com
		In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation.
		Block ciphers can be contrasted with stream ciphers; a stream cipher operates on individual digits one at a time, and the transformation varies during the encryption.
		The distinction between the two types is not always clear-cut: a block cipher, when used in certain modes of operation, acts effectively as a stream cipher.
	webshots.search.com /reference/Block_cipher (0 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Cryptanalysis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In academia, new designs are regularly presented, and are also frequently broken: the 1984 block cipher Madryga was found to be susceptible to ciphertext-only attacks in 1998; FEAL-4, proposed as a replacement for the DES standard encryption algorithm, was demolished by a spate of attacks from the academic community, many of which are entirely practical.
		In industry, too, ciphers are not free from flaws: for example, the A5/1, A5/2 and CMEA algorithms, used in mobile phone technology, can all be broken in hours, minutes or even in real-time using widely-available computing equipment.
		Such ciphers invariably rely on "hard" mathematical problems as the basis of their security, so an obvious point of attack is to develop methods for solving the problem.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Cryptanalysis (6750 words)

	Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		In cryptography, the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA) is a block cipher which was used for securing mobile phones in the United States.
		CMEA is one of four cryptographic primitives specified in a Telecommuncations Industry Association (TIA) standard, and is designed to encrypt the control channel, rather than the voice data.
		Some accusations were made that the NSA had pressured the original designers into crippling CMEA, but the NSA has denied any role in the design or selection of the algorithm.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/CMEA_(cipher) (188 words)

	Mod n cryptanalysis - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, mod n cryptanalysis is an attack applicable to block and stream ciphers.
		The method was first suggested in 1999 by John Kelsey, Bruce Schneier and David Wagner and applied to RC5P (a variant of RC5) and M6 (a family of block ciphers used in the FireWire standard).
		It was observed that for the operations in the cipher (rotation and addition, both on 32-bit words) were somewhat biased over congruence classes mod 3.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Mod_n_cryptanalysis (268 words)

	Cryptographic Algorithms: Block and Stream Ciphers, Hash Algorithms. Kremlin Encrypt Security Software: Encrypt and ...
		CMEA is the encryption algorithm developed by the Telecommunications Industry Association to encrypt digital cellular phone data.
		CMEA is used to encrypt the control channel of cellular phones.
		It is distinct from CMEA, which is a block cipher used to encrypt the cellular data control channel.
	kremlinencrypt.com /algorithms.htm (0 words)

	Cryptanalysis of the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm
		CMEA (Control Message Encryption Algorithm), a simple block cipher, is used to encrypt the control channel [Ree91].
		CMEA is weak against chosen-plaintext attacks: one can recover all of the T-box entries with about 338 chosen texts (on average) and very little work.
		Therefore, 3-byte blocks are a good indicator of the strength of CMEA as used in phone systems; by giving a known-plaintext attack on CMEA with 3-byte blocks, we show that the control channel is not protected adequately in nearly all of the North American digital cellular phone systems.
	www.cs.berkeley.edu /~daw/papers/cmea-crypto97-www/paper10.html (4189 words)

	DEAL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, DEAL (Data Encryption Algorithm with Larger blocks) is a block cipher derived from the Data Encryption Standard (DES).
		The design was proposed in a report by Lars Knudsen in 1998, and was submitted to the AES contest by Richard Outerbridge (who notes that Knudsen had presented the design at the SAC conference in 1997).
		For key sizes of 128 and 192 bits, the cipher uses 6 rounds, increasing to 8 for the 256-bits size.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/d/de/deal_1.html (164 words)

	RC2
		The development of RC2 was sponsored by Lotus, who were seeking a custom cipher that, after evaluation by the NSA, could be exported as part of their Lotus Notes software.
		After further negotiations, the cipher was approved for export in 1989.
		RC2 is a 64-bit block cipher with a variable size key.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/r/rc/rc2.html (310 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Normally a block cipher applies a fixed sequence of primitive mathematical or logical operators (such as additions, XORs, etc) on the plaintext and secret key in order to produce the ciphertext.
		This sequence of primitive operations is known to the attacker (unless the cipher itself is secret, which is impossible in the context of an encryption standard meant to be used internationally).
		When other ciphers use the secret key only as data (which are combined with the plaintext to produce the ciphertext) FROG uses the key both as data and as instructions on how to combine these data.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=FROG (691 words)

	Weak key Information
		In cryptography, a weak key is a key which when used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way.
		When the number of weak keys is known to be very small (in comparison to the size of the keyspace), generating a key uniformly at random ensures that the probability of it being weak is a (known) very small number.
		A large number of weak keys is a serious flaw in any cipher design, since there will then be a (perhaps too) large chance that a randomly generated one will be a weak one, compromising the security of messages encrypted under it.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Weak_key (693 words)

	Methods and apparatus for enhanced CMEA including a CMEA iteration preceded and followed by transformations and ...
		Central to the operation of the CMEA is the tbox function, which is a one to one mapping of one octet to another, using a known table and a secret key.
		The tbox function employed by the CMEA algorithm is enhanced through the use of an involutary lookup table.
		CMEA comprises three successive stages, each of which alters the byte string in the data buffer.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6876744.html?highlight=5594797 (5912 words)

	Feistel cipher (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a block cipher with a particular structure, named after IBM cryptographer Horst Feistel; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network.
		Many modern symmetric block ciphers are based on Feistel networks, and the structure and properties of Feistel ciphers have been extensively explored by cryptographers.
		used as the seed, then 3 rounds is sufficient to make the block cipher a pseudorandom permutation, while 4 rounds is sufficient to make it a "strong" pseudorandom permutation (which means that it remains pseduorandom even to an adversary who gets oracle access to its inverse permutation).
	www.tocatch.info /en/Feistel_network.htm (593 words)

	Cryptanalysis (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Kahn goes on to mention increased opportunities for interception, bugging, side channel attacks and quantum cryptographyquantum computers as replacements for the traditional means of cryptanalysis http://www.fas.org/irp/eprint/kahn.html Kahn may have been premature in his cryptanalysis postmortem; weak ciphers are not yet extinct.
		In industry, too, ciphers are not free from flaws: for example, the A5/1, A5/2 and CMEA (cipher)CMEA algorithms, used in mobile phone technology, can all be broken in hours, minutes or even in real-time using widely-available computing equipment.
		In World War II, the cryptanalysis of the German ciphers andmdash; including the Enigma machine and the Lorenz cipher andmdash; has been credited with everything between shortening the end of the European war by a few months to determining the eventual result (see ULTRA).
	www.territoriopc.com /eng/cryptanalysis.php (2491 words)

	Wiley::Applied Cryptanalysis: Breaking Ciphers in the Real World
		Wiley::Applied Cryptanalysis: Breaking Ciphers in the Real World
		Applied Cryptanalysis: Breaking Ciphers in the Real World
		Change location to view local pricing and availability.
	www.wiley.com /WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-047011486X,descCd-tableOfContents.html (130 words)

	Cryptographic Algorithms
		CMEA is the encryption algorithm developed by the Telecommunications Industry Association to encrypt digital cellular phone data.
		CMEA is used to encrypt the control channel of cellular phones.
		The cipher has a variable block and key length, and the authors have demonstrated how to extend the block length and key length by muliples of 32 bits.
	www.baltsoft.com /files/ee/Cryptographic_Algorithms.htm (2820 words)

	Wired News: Digital Cell Phone Crypto Cracked
		When a cellular user dials a number on their keypad (be it a telephone number, a PIN, or a credit-card number), it is encrypted with CMEA in an attempt to protect the privacy of the user.
		CMEA is a symmetric cipher that uses a 64-bit key.
		However, flaws in the CMEA algorithm allow an attacker to predict portions of the key, reducing the effective key length to 24 or 32 bits, significantly shorter than the weak cryptography the US government allows for export.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/0,1282,2676,00.html (799 words)

	MMB - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, MMB (Modular Multiplication-based Block cipher) is a block cipher designed by Joan Daemen as an improved replacement for the IDEA cipher.
		Weaknesses in the key schedule were identified by Eli Biham, and this, together with the fact that the cipher had not been designed to resist linear cryptanalysis, meant that other designs were pursued instead, such as 3-Way.
		J. Daemen, R. Govaerts, and J. Vandewalle, "Block Ciphers Based on Modular Arithmetic, " Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on: State and Progress of Research in Cryptography, Fondazione Ugo Bordoni, 1993, pp.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/MMB (148 words)

	[Cryptanalysis] \| [All the best Cryptanalysis resources at networking.velocityincome.com]
		Cryptanalysis of Stream Ciphers Based on Arrays and Modular Additionby Souradyuti Paul In modern cryptography, stream ciphers are most useful in applications where information needs to be encrypted/decrypted at high speed (eg high resolution streaming video data) or when low footprint (gates/memory)...
		Cryptanalysis of the KeeLoq block cipherby Andrey Bogdanov KeeLoq is a block cipher used in numerous widespread passive entry and remote keyless entry systems as well as in various component identification applications.
		Kahn may have been premature in his cryptanalysis postmortem; weak ciphers are not yet extinct, and cryptanalytic methods employed by intelligence agencies remain unpublished.
	networking.velocityincome.com /computer/Cryptanalysis (3107 words)

	LOKI97 - QuickSeek Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is a member of the LOKI family of ciphers, earlier instances being LOKI89 and LOKI91.
		Like DES, LOKI97 is a 16-round Feistel cipher, and like other AES candidates, has a 128-bit block size and a choice of a 128-, 192- or 256-bit key length.
		The authors have stated that, "LOKI97 is a non-proprietary algorithm, available for royalty-free use worldwide as a possible replacement for the DES or other existing block ciphers." It was intended to be an evolution of the earlier LOKI89 and LOKI91 block ciphers.
	loki97.quickseek.com (400 words)

	Crytanalysis...Encryptoo.com
		While these example scenarios all view the cipher as an abstract fl box, other attacks are based on the implementation of the cipher.
		If a cryptanalyst has access to, for example, timing or power consumption, he may be able to break a cipher otherwise resistant to analysis.
		For example, cryptographer Lars Knudsen (1998) classified various types of attack on block ciphers according to the amount and quality of secret information that was discovered: Total break — the attacker deduces the secret key.
	www.encryptoo.com /cryana.html (1492 words)

	Shared-key - CryptoDox
		As of 2006, all published cryptographic systems use a shared key at some point; techniques such as quantum cryptography and Public-key Cryptography are techniques for getting that key to the right people, and only the right people, when they don't already know an appropriate secret.
		If a cryptanalyst figures out that a in plaintext is encrypted to c in the ciphertext, an a in the ciphertext could be decrypted to any other letter in the plaintext.
		Stream ciphers encrypt the bits of the message one at a time, and block ciphers take a number of bits and encrypt them as a single unit.
	www.cryptodox.com /Private-key_Cryptography (606 words)

	New Digital Cellular Phone Security Cracked
		Schneier and John Kelsey of Counterpane Systems, along with graduate student David Wagner of the University of California at Berkeley, plan to publish their analysis in a paper entitled "Cryptanalysis of the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA)." Legislators are scheduled to hold hearings today on Rep. Goodlatte's "SAFE" (Security And Freedom Through Encryption) bill, HR695.
		CMEA is a symmetric cipher, like the Digital Encryption Standard (DES).
		It uses a 64-bit key, but weaknesses in the algorithm reduce the key to an effective length of 24 or 32 bits, significantly shorter than even the weak keys the U.S. government allows for export.
	www.snapshield.com /www_problems/United_States/New_Digital.htm (787 words)

	[No title]
		The recommendations call for improvements in technical and organizational policies, practices, and procedures that should not surprise Cipher readers with a good background in computer security (though you might be surprised at the number of institutions that don't have these policies, practices, and procedures in place).
		On occasion, the DSL will be republishing Cipher articles (with authors' approval), but such articles will constitute a small portion of DSL content (thus there will be very little duplication of Cipher material).
		All reuses of Cipher material should respect stated copyright notices, and should cite the sources explicitly; as a courtesy, publications using Cipher material should obtain permission from the contributors.
	www.ieee-security.org /Cipher/PastIssues/1997/issue9703/issue9703.txt (14543 words)

	Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm
		In cryptography, the Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm (CMEA) is a block cipher which was used for securing
		CMEA is one of four cryptographic primitives specified in a Telecommuncations Industry Association (TIA) standard, and is designed to
		NSA had pressured the original designers into crippling CMEA, but the NSA has denied any role in the design or selection of the algorithm.
	en.efactory.pl /CMEA_%28cipher%29 (130 words)

	Shared-key - CryptoDox
		Reciprocal ciphers are even more symmetrical than other shared-key ciphers.
		Most mechanical cipher machines use a reciprocal cipher, so it wouldn't need a seperate "encode mode" and "decode mode".
		Symmetric-key algorithms can be divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers.
	cryptodox.com /Private-key_Cryptography (606 words)

	Citations: Decrypting the Puzzle Palace - Barlow (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		CMEA (Control Message Encryption Algorithm) a simple block cipher, is used to encrypt the control channel [Ree91] The voice privacy algorithms has long been known to be insecure
		Recent work by the authors has shown that ORYX is insecure as well [WSK97] This paper focuses on the security of CMEA.
		Since being exposed to public scrutiny, three of the four proprietary TIA cryptographic algorithms have been broken: the voice privacy protection was shown to be insecure as early as 1992
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/441837/0 (528 words)

	[No title]
		In cryptography, the S-1 block cipher was a block cipher posted in source code form on Usenet on 11 August 1995.
		Although incorrect security markings immediately indicated a hoax, there were several features of the code which suggested it might be leaked source code for the Skipjack encryption algorithm, which was still classified at the time.
		Throughout many government papers, Henry Stimson and others within the State Department referred to the bomb as S-1.
	portable-apps.subiectiv.com /portable.php?title=S-1 (131 words)

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