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Topic: CO2 retention

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	CO2 retention - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		retention is a pathophysiological process in which too little carbon dioxide is removed from the blood by the lungs.
		retention with its attendant dangers of death from convulsions and hypoxia (low oxygen level) is primarily of concern to the scuba diver due to "skip breathing".
		Other sources of CO retention are breath-hold diving, breathing in a sealed environment, faulty regulator, exercise at extreme depth and using contaminated air.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/CO2_retention (710 words)

	Carbon Dioxide Technique - IAC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This gas is used in the preparation of effervescent solutions in the field of Medicine, in fire extinguishers; and, in its solid form, in the processing of clouds, with the intention of modifying the cloud’s water droplet size, and to provoke its precipitation or dissipation.
		This proves that the retention of carbon dioxide in the brain -when the individual is exposed to extreme hypercarbonic conditions- can produce a near-death experience or a forced, conscious out-of-body projection.
		At a higher level, the accumulation of CO2 in the blood unchains pathological conditions to the point of reaching periodic breathing, also called Cheyne-Stokes breathing, observed in comatose states or, sometimes, in deep sleep; produced, in the absence of a higher regulation, from a bulbar reflex.
	www.iacworld.org /English/Resources/OBETechniques/OtherOBETechniques/CarbonDioxideTechnique.asp (1581 words)

	CO2 Retention Encyclopedia Article, History, Biography @ Local Color Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		All of the CO2 that's developed during breathing underwater is exhaled in the bubbles from scuba apparatus and does not increase with depth as do other gases, such as nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
		The acceptable CO2 level for diving operations is 1.5% surface equivalent (10.5 mmHg); the acceptable level for hyperbaric oxygen therapy operations is one that allows a vent schedule of 4scfm/person displacement.
		This hypercarbia comes about due to malfunction of the soda lime CO2 absorbent canisters and can be avoided by decreasing the exercise rate, watch out for the operating limits of the canister, checking for leaks at the start of the dive and not reusing the absorbent.
	www.karr.net /search/encyclopedia/CO2_retention (917 words)

	CO2 Acclimatization
		CO2 excess increases brain blood flow, and that increases the "dose" of oxygen to the brain.
		CO2 retention at depth was once suggested as the sole cause of nitrogen narcosis (6, 7).
		Carbon dioxide retention is now viewed as a contributor to oxygen toxicity and nitrogen narcosis, suspected as a contributor to decompression sickness, and implicated in incidents of underwater confusion and loss of consciousness.
	scuba-doc.com /CO2acclim.html (2906 words)

	Diversion II / NJScuba.com - Acclimatization You Don't Want - Carbon Dioxide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There was no CO2 in the mixes, and dead space in the breathing apparatus was minimal; but data from an earlier study ( 1) indicated that, at depth, some divers breathed less than others during similar exertion.
		This was confirmed in a later study of CO2 retention during Nitrox breathing ( 3).
		There is work supporting that CO2 retention is minimal or non-existent when the breathing medium is a helium-oxygen mixture ( 2, 4) (e.g., 7-55 and 7-58).
	www.njscuba.com /njscuba/misc_co2_retention.html (2919 words)

	pH of the Blood - 6 - Causes of abnormality - M J Bookallil
		This is synonymous with CO retention and is usually a sign of hypoventilation.
		is indistinguishable chemically from a primary metabolic alkalosis with compensatory CO retention.
		It is a semantic problem whether the compensatory renal change induced for example by primary chronic CO retention is called a metabolic alkalosis or not.
	www.usyd.edu.au /su/anaes/lectures/acidbase_mjb/causes.html (3447 words)

	Disturbances in Acid-Base Metabolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The blood pH is < 7.35 and CO CP < 21 mEq/L. In the absence of pulmonary disease, the Pa co2
		Respiratory acidosis is the result of alveolar hypoventilation leading to pulmonary CO retention.
		retention may depend upon the development of CSF acidosis or intracellular acidosis in the brain.
	pdharris0.tripod.com /Disturbances_in_Acid_Base_Metabolism.htm (2693 words)

	CO2 Risk Management Summary
		Hyperventilation reduces normal levels of CO2 and thus lowers the urge to breathe enabling the breathhold diver to momentarily extend his or her bottom time.
		Some individuals are less sensitive to CO2 build up then others, and are often categorized as "CO2 retainers." Many diving physicians are sufficiently concerned about this abnormality in divers that they will recommend exclusion if a predisposition to CO2 retention is detected.
		Aside from the potential problem of CO2 toxicity itself, elevated partial pressures of CO2 contribute to the onset and severity of both nitrogen narcosis and CNS oxygen toxicity.
	www.cisatlantic.com /trimix/AQUAcorps/mix/CO2Summary.htm (542 words)

	Immersed - The International Diving Magazine - For the Technical diver and the adventurist. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Continued work it made it clear that while breathing nitrogen-oxygen mixtures at depth, carbon dioxide retention occurred, whereas with helium-oxygen, ventilation was essentially unimpaired and CO2 levels stayed close to normal.
		There is evidence that the tendency to retain CO2 increases with chronic exposure to high CO2 environments, such as those encountered during specific diving situations.
		In about 60 percent of cases, high CO2 at depth corresponded to low response to inspired CO2; but in remaining 40 percent, such a relationship was not seen.
	www.immersed.com /Articles/carbon_dioxide.htm (2879 words)

	CO2 Build-up/Lanphier
		CO2 buildup was a frequent problem in closed circuit scuba, where failure of the CO2 absorbtion system could easily occur.
		CO2 retainers who do not realize that they have this problem are certainly at the greatest risk of all, and we know no easy means of identifying them.
		CO2 retention with minimal symptoms but severe dysfunction during wet simulated dives to 6.8 atm abs.
	www.cisatlantic.com /trimix/AQUAcorps/mix/CO2Build-up.htm (2262 words)

	bodye.com Archived Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		We could have discussed the importance of amino groups forming carbamino groups with CO2 and how this function is impeded when hydrogen is fixed by the amino group to form ammonium ions.
		The increased CO2 retention means increased carbonic acid — thus the acidosis.
		Along with the increased retention of acid there is an increased retention of ammonia, mostly in the form of ammonium chloride.
	www.bodye.com /2003/alkalinebalance.htm (8208 words)

	Hemorrhoid.net - Laser for Hemorrhoids
		This work's interet is demonstrating adaptation to the laser makes many advantages to the classic operation of Milligan and Morgan: simplification of the surgical technique easy post-operative course, no hospitalization and quicker return to work, leading to a lower cost of this pathology.
		The incidence of postoperative urinary retention was 7 percent in group A, vs. 39 percent in group B (P less than 0.05).
		Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser haemorrhoidectomy is feasible and safe provided it is used with care.
	www.hemorrhoid.net /laser.php (980 words)

	Department Of Power Generation
		The CO2 generated in the combustion process is not released in the atmosphere and is removed through a simple purge, in liquid or supercritical state at highpressure (up to 300 bar).
		- the sequestration of CO2 in the depleted reservoir.
		Developments are required on cooled CO2 expanders at 1300°C and higher temperatures combustion in pure oxygen in a CO2 atmosphere under pressure for water cycles, steam turbines at 1300°C and higher and compressors and condensers of mixtures of CO2 and H2O at low pressures for AZEP cycles, membranes at high temperatures.
	www.ulg.ac.be /genienuc/publicat.htm (8737 words)

	American Thoracic Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Hazards the clinician must recognise include oxygen toxicity, CO retention and physical hazards during the storage and handling of oxygen.
		retention is tolerable for patients with an intact renal system, since they are capable of reabsorbing enough bicarbonate and maintain acid-base balance.
		The ability of patients to tolerate CO retention (permissive hypercapnia) is thought to be an adaptive mechanism that lessens the work of breathing.
	www.thoracic.org /COPD/7/hazards.asp (555 words)

	Arterial Blood Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the very hypoxic patient without risk of CO2 retention high flow O2 with a rebreathing bag is indicated.
		Retention must be taken seriously and repeat ABGs are essential to determine the trend in CO2 levels with different % O2 Rxs.
		Remember that in the context of an acute problem such as asthma, the expected level of CO2 is much lower because of hyperventilation and the fact that CO2 diffuses across the alveolar wall much more readily than O2.
	www.medicalapproaches.com /html/book1/05art.htm (389 words)

	Blood Gas Text
		This buffering system is very effective because of the ability to convert carbonic acid to carbon dioxide (through the enzyme carbonic anhydrase) then remove CO2 from the body through respiration.
		When you observe a difference between total CO2 and bicarbonate that is larger than 5%, the patient will be acidotic.
		The total CO2 is not particularly informative by itself.
	www.madsci.com /manu/gas_acbs.htm (1807 words)

	Biodigesters processing and utilization in integrated farming system
		It is concluded that when fresh pig manure is the substrate in polyethylene plug-flow biodigesters the optimum retention time is between 10 and 20 days with a solids concentration in the influent of 60 g/litre.
		The retention time apparently has no effect on the degree of conversion of organic N to ammonia-N. In the second study, the effluent from the experiment with constant solid concentration (60g/kg) were used for fertilizing tilapia ponds.
		Growth rate and net fish yield were higher with effluent from 30 day retention time (0.43g/day and 1363 kg /ha) than with effluent from 10 day retention time (0.27g/day and 899 kg/ ha).
	www.mekarn.org /msc2001-03/theses03/santhlitrevapr27.htm (6515 words)

	Improved CO2 barrier effect. PET packaging of NOVAPET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The advantages of these packaging; mechanical consistency, dimensional stability and CO2 retention, had been greatly increased by PET pre-form bi-orientation through the the injection blow-moulding process.
		The reduced permeability of carbon dioxide (CO2) present in bi-orientated PET in comparison with other plastics such as PP or PVC contributed to its growing use in the production of packaging for carbonated drinks.
		Even distribution of PET material along the walls of the packaging is also essential in order to maximise CO2 retention.
	www.novapet.es /pet_bottles/co2_barrier.htm (361 words)

	VALU. PREOPERATORIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		If the patient has CO2 retention and if it is due to an obstructive defect, the patient is not a candidate for any surgical resection.
		On the other hand, if the CO2 retention is due to causes other than obstruction, eg: central hypoventilation, it is not a contraindication for surgery.
		FEV1 of 800 Ml When the FEV1 is plotted against CO2 levels in patients with obstructive lung disease, CO2 retention is not seen until FEV1 levels drop below 800 ml.
	www.chirurgiatoracica.org /valu__preoperatoria.htm (900 words)

	CO2 Retention and ECG Changes in Exercise during Prolonged Hyperbaric N2-O2 Breathing - Storming Media
		CO2 Retention and ECG Changes in Exercise during Prolonged Hyperbaric N2-O2 Breathing
		At 7.00 ATA there was a slight but significant elevation of PACO2 at rest and a depression of the ventilatory response to exercise at both 50 and 125 watts associated with a marked CO2 retention.
		Arrhythmias were found at 4.03 and 7.00 ATA with workloads of 150 and 125 watts, respectively.
	www.stormingmedia.us /30/3045/A304521.html (286 words)

	CO2 balance of a heterothermic rodent: comparison of sleep, torpor, and awake states -- Bickler 246 (1): 49 -- AJP - ...
		CO2 balance of a heterothermic rodent: comparison of sleep, torpor, and awake states -- Bickler 246 (1): 49 -- AJP - Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
		CO2 balance of a heterothermic rodent: comparison of sleep, torpor, and awake states
		CO2 homeostasis of different thermal states have been compared in a
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/246/1/R49 (225 words)

	Re: CO2 retention in 10 y/o without obstruction
		I had extensive tests done recently for co2 retention and will find out next month but I also do not wake up refreshed and have brain fog.
		I have had 6 sleep studies and 3 of them when the co2 was recorded is higher than normal.
		co2 retention is normally found in obsese people supposely but I found on a listserver for people with breathing disorders like emphysema some are using a bipap for their sleep apnea and co2 retention.
	www.sleepnet.com /child3/messages/614.html (423 words)

	Re: CO2 retention / Respiratory Acidosis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Also if descending during this time, the situation may be exacerbated by transfer of CO2 from alveoli to pulmonary capillary (and thus arterial) blood.
		To all this then if you consider various other special cases (eg breath-hold diving and underwater exercise and pre-event hyperventilation; or faulty CO2 reabsorption in re-breathing systems) then the whole issue is very interesting from the physiology point of view.
		I have alluded to the inter-relationship between oxygen and CO2 transport in the previous paragraph but additionally if there is hypoxaemia then the situation becomes more complicated.
	www.qldanaesthesia.com /Bulletin/_disc7/00000068.htm (590 words)

	Exertional dyspnoea in patients with airway obstruction, with and without CO2 retention -- Cloosterman et al. 53 (9): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Exertional dyspnoea in patients with airway obstruction, with and without CO retention
		This might indicate that length-tension inappropriateness is present in both groups, but there is a tendency towards a lesser magnitude in the group without CO retention.
		retention group and to 73.9% in the group without CO retention.
	www.thoraxjnl.com /cgi/content/full/53/9/768 (3845 words)

	Project Details (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The purpose of the project is to develop and implement a database of all oil and gas reservoirs in Alberta suitable for CO2 sequestration and estimate their ultimate capacity for CO2 sequestration.
		The ultimate goal is to optimise the future CO2 transportation system between major CO2 point-sources and geological sinks, in the short term primarily in EOR and depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs.
		The CO2 space can then be mapped and used for the identification of sites with significant storage capacity, and of unsafe sites because of CO2 phase instability or potential migration and escape.
	www.co2captureandstorage.info /project_specific.php4?project_id=99 (739 words)

	Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation
		Starting in 1987, studies began appearing demonstrating that even severe CO2 retention and symptoms such as morning headache and daytime hypersomnolence could undergo remarkable reversal after several weeks of nasal ventilation for as little as 4 to 6 hs nightly (Ellis et al.
		In the author's experience, patients with severe COPD but little or no CO2 retention rarely tolerate NPPV or derive any benefit from it, with the possible exception of patients with frequent panic attacks, who sometimes are relieved by using NPPV during these episodes.
		In addition to those with severe daytime CO2 retention, patients with severe COPD and sleep disordered breathing, which has been reported to occur with increased frequency in severe COPD, may deserve a trial of NPPV.
	www.umdnj.edu /rspthweb/rstn2250/pp14_3.html (2426 words)

	Respiratory Acidosis from Merck Manuel
		Thus, respiratory acidosis is the result of alveolar hypoventilation leading to pulmonary CO2 retention.
		Neurologic changes with CO2 retention may depend upon the development of CSF acidosis or intracellular acidosis in the brain.
		Although most patients with chronic CO2 retention and hypoxia tolerate modest O2 enrichment of inspired air, some patients respond with a significant fall in respiratory minute volume and further acute elevation of the PaCO2.
	www.psl.msu.edu /class/442/respir_acid_Merck.htm (544 words)

	Indian Pediatrics - Editorial
		The end tidal CO2 was monitored in these neonates using OHMEDA Datex Engstrom Cardiocap-II TM CG-series capnograph.
		The end tidal CO2 was noted at no flow, 1 L/min and progressive 1 L/min increment till 10 L/min.
		The inlet size could be altered, access to the head end of the baby for carrying out different maneuvers became easy, nebulization could be given uniformly, nasogastric feeding was easier, concentration of oxygen could be altered as described and there was no cooling of the baby.
	www.indianpediatrics.net /sep2002/sep-842-846.htm (1327 words)

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