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	Physics Today Online - Books
		In 1999 came unambiguous confirmation of CP violation in the decays of neutral kaons (K mesons).
		CP violation in the B system will be probed in much more detail at dedicated electronpositron "B Factories" newly in operation at three laboratories in the United States and Japan.
		(The puzzling fact that CP appears to be conserved by the strong interactions is known as the strong-CP problem.) The most sensitive way to probe CP violation is to study asymmetries in the decays of B and K mesons and their antiparticles, and this is the experimental program of the coming decade.
	www.aip.org /pt/vol-53/iss-8/p50.html (988 words)

	CERN confirms direct CP violation - physicsworld.com
		The NA48 experiment at CERN has reported a value for direct CP violation - one of the reasons for the dominance of matter over anti-matter in the universe - in agreement with the value reported by the KTeV experiment at Fermilab in February.
		Fermilab's claim to have "discovered" direct-CP violation earlier this year led CERN to issue a "point of view" pointing out that its NA31 experiment had published a paper entitled "First evidence for direct CP violation" in 1988.
		In 1964 Andrei Sakharov showed that CP violation was needed to explain why the universe was made of matter rather than anti-matter, even though equal amounts of both should have been created in the big bang.
	www.physicsweb.org /article/news/3/6/13 (539 words)

	Why does CP violation matter to the universe? - CERN Courier
		In 1978, CP violation and GUTs were combined by Yoshimura in a proposal for generating the matter asymmetry of the universe via the decays of massive particles.
		CP violation in the decays of B mesons is the primary objective of the experiments BaBar and BELLE at the B factories, which are starting to take data at SLAC in Stanford and KEK in Japan.
		CP violation provides a uniquely subtle link between inner space, as explored by experiments in the laboratory, and outer space, as explored by telescopes measuring the density of matter in the universe.
	cerncourier.com /main/article/39/8/16 (1995 words)

	Reviews in Undergraduate Research - Issue 1- Morris
		CP violation, violation of the combined C (charge conjugation) and P (parity) operators, is one of three necessary conditions of matter dominance theorized by Sakharov in 1967.
		Therefore, further study of CP violation is warranted to determine its role in the evolution of a matter-dominated Universe.
		CP violation was first discovered in decays of the K meson (a meson is a particle comprised of quark anti-quark pairs), also known as the kaon.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~rur/issue1_files/morris.html (3680 words)

	CP Violation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		CP violation has become one of the central problems of subatomic-particle physics, with $200-million "B factories" now in operation both in Japan and the U.S. for its study.
		A subtle difference between the properties of particles and of antiparticles, CP violation has been postulated (by Russian physicist Andrei Sakharov) to have been responsible for the development, shortly after the Big Bang, of the slight excess of matter over antimatter from which the entire material universe has since evolved.
		Should CP violation be observed in decays of charmed particles or hyperons, there is reason to hope for a breakthrough in its understanding.
	www.capp.iit.edu /%7Ecapp/hep/CP_violation.html (169 words)

	CP News Home Page
		At the very least, there must be something we call violation of CP symmetry, also called CP violation or CP asymmetry.
		Although it has been known since 1964 that CP violation occurs at a low level (two in a thousand) in the decays of particles known as K mesons, we still don't know what causes it.
		There is currently a worldwide effort to measure the many manifestations of CP violation expected in decays of B mesons.
	www.physics.uc.edu /~kayk/cpviol/CP.html (380 words)

	CP violation
		CP violation is the violation of the combined conservation laws associated with charge conjugation (C) and parity (P) by the weak nuclear force, which is responsible for reactions such as the decay of atomic nuclei.
		Furthermore, the model is consistent with all measurements of CP violation and its properties.
		This form of CP violation is said to be indirect since the violationoccurs in the way that K's mix with each other and not in the way that K's decay.
	abyss.uoregon.edu /~js/glossary/cp_violation.html (1500 words)

	CP
		The laws of nature are generally invariant under the symmetry operations of parity (mirror reflection), charge conjugation (matter ® antimatter), and time reversal, usually indicated by P, C, and T. However, P is violated maximally by the weak force.
		CP is violated at the level of 0.1% by the weak interaction, and has only been observed in the decays of neutral kaons.
		Finding the source of CP violation is one of the most important goals of particle physics.
	physics.bu.edu /cp.html (215 words)

	Nature of Existence - CP Violation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Because CP is equivalent to T (a CP violation requires that a compensating violation of time symmetry exists in order to conserve CPT as a whole) ; and P is conserved absolutely (see previous sect.23), C must not be totally valid outside of the electromagnetic interaction.
		To solve CP within the confines of a single universe it is necessary to show that matter-antimatter is a simultaneous '2-state' in the same manner as left-right, i.e.
		CP is 'nearly' valid because the universe expands so slightly in the time of an interaction.
	www.ebtx.com /ntx/ntx24.htm (595 words)

	JCYoon Homepage
		The requirement of Lorentz invariance on vacuum expectation values is contradicted by parity violation with massive fermions and Lorentz violation of the approximation in the standard model is proved.
		After alternative interpretation of quark mixing and problems of CP violation are addressed, the composite properties of neutral meson will be suggested as origin of CP violation with possible experimental tests.
		In conclusion, fundamental symmetry violation is still inconclusive due to the limited theoretical assumptions and physical observations.
	www.jcyoon.com /cpviolation.htm (103 words)

	CP Violation
		Direct CP violation is a direct measurement of one decay rate being different than its CP conjugate.
		The first observation of CP violation, was when a Klong was observed to decay to two pions.
		Indirect CP violation has also been observed at the B-factories by measuring interference in the time-dependent decay of neutral B-mesons (indeed, this is why the B-factories were built).
	www.pych-one.com /new-5646751-4394.html (1593 words)

	Research
		If CP were a symmetry of nature, all physical experiments would be the same if you replaced each particle of matter with anti-matter (i.e.
		In fact, there is another example of CP violation in nature that is completely unexplained: the fact that matter predominates over anti-mater in the universe.
		If the CP violation which has been studied in the laboratory in the K and B mesons originates from the Standard Model (as is expected), there is still a mystery since this model does not contain enough CP violation to produce the observed excess of matter.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~atwood/Research/research.html (560 words)

	Cp Violation mystikal Cp Violation
		Because of the CPT-symmetry, a violation of the CP-symmetry is equivalent to a violation of the T-symmetry.
		The electroweak theory is known to violate the CP-symmetry by a complex phase in the CKM matrix.
		The strong CP problem is the question of why no such violation is detected even though the theory in principle allows for it.
	www.find-ask.com /C/Encyclopedia/Cp_Violation/Cp_Violation.html (457 words)

	Unraveling the Mystery of Antimatter
		The researchers observed direct charge-parity (CP) violation in the decay of K mesons, or kaons, supporting the picture of CP violation provided in the Standard Model, physicists' current theory of matter and the forces of nature.
		The phenomenon of CP violation—which shows that matter and antimatter do not always behave symmetrically—was first discovered in kaon processes at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1964, resulting in a 1980 Nobel Prize for Val Fitch and James Cronin.
		Social Impact: CP violation may be responsible for the survival of matter—including humans—and the disappearance of antimatter.
	www.science.doe.gov /sub/Accomplishments/Decades_Discovery/40.html (251 words)

	FermiNews
		KEK B-Factory: An electron-positron collider to study CP violation in the B meson, at KEK.
		HERA-B: Fixed-target experiment at DESY, to investigate CP violation in the B meson.
		KTeV: Kaons at the Tevatron, a Fermilab fixed-target experiment to study CP violation in kaon decay.
	www.fnal.gov /pub/ferminews/ahep.html (1196 words)

	Direct CP symmetry violation
		CP symmetry violation is one of the three conditions necessary to create the matter-antimatter asymmetry that can be observed in the Universe.
		The Standard Model, a theory that is firmly established in particle physics, explains this CP symmetry violation using a mechanism based on the existence of three families of quarks.
		This model also predicts another CP symmetry violation mechanism, then referred to as "direct violation" and which is even more rare.
	www.cnrs.fr /cw/en/pres/compress/cpviolation.html (463 words)

	High Energy Physics \| Research \| BaBar
		CP violation allows a difference between particles and antiparticles and hence is thought to explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe.
		So far, only one charmless mode has shown significant “direct” CP violation so these parameters are not yet accurately determined.
		The measurement of CP violation in sin2B is done by looking for a difference between B and anti-B meson decays.
	www.imperial.ac.uk /research/hep/research/babar.htm (575 words)

	European Court of Human Rights - Home page / Accueil - Cour europÃ©enne des Droits de l'Homme
		Violation by Serbia of the right to freedom of expression.
		The applicant in the case, aged 16 at the time, was shot in the leg by police officers who were trying to arrest him.
		Violation by Moldova of the right to freedom of expression.
	www.echr.coe.int /echr (935 words)

	European Court of Human Rights - Home page / Accueil - Cour europÃ©enne des Droits de l'Homme
		Violation by Turkey of the prohibition of inhuman and degrading treatment.
		La Serbie condamnÃ©e pour violation de la libertÃ© d'expression.
		La Moldova condamnÃ©e pour violation de la libertÃ© d'expression.
	www.echr.coe.int /ECHR (935 words)

	The Interaction Point - Special Features
		Direct and indirect CP violation are two mechanisms that break the symmetry between the behavior of matter and anti-matter.
		The violation was not in the observed decay, but in the state of the particle that was decaying – what physicists call indirect CP violation.
		As in the indirect case, direct CP violation for B/anti-B (or K/anti-K) mesons is the result of a quantum interference.
	www2.slac.stanford.edu /tip/special/cp.htm (907 words)

	CP violation
		CP (charge conjugation - parity) is a symmetry that relates particles to antiparticles.
		CP violation occurs when there is a difference in the way that particles and antiparticles interact.
		It is believed to be necessary for the excess of matter over antimatter observed in the universe.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/C/CP_violation.html (118 words)

	The Interim Review (External Review) on B Factory Project (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The evidence for the existence of the "CP Violation" was presented at the International Conference on High Energy Physics held in Rome in July, 2001, and attracted attention from many physicists in the world.
		CP was discovered to be violated at rare decays of K mesons in 1964.
		In order to explain the mechanism of this CP violation, Makoto Kobayashi (now at KEK) and Toshihide Maskawa (now at Kyoto University) proposed that if there were 6 kinds of quarks, the CP violation could be explained naturally by mixing of these quarks.
	www.kek.jp /intra-e/info/2003/b-factory_er.html (421 words)

	CP violation
		CP invariance holds under the assumption CP(K_S)=1 and CP(K_L)=-1; it is straightforward to obtain this result if we think of K_S and K_L as the simplest mixtures (at the wave function level) of K^0 and anti-K^0 with a minus and a plus sign, respectively.
		CP violating effects, often much larger than those observed in kaon physics, are generally expected in the B sector.
		The search for direct CP violation can be performed by a precise measurement of the ratio eta_+-^2/eta_00^2, which in the end is nothing but the double probability ratio of four decay modes.
	info.fuw.edu.pl /~michals/cp.html (2596 words)

	20 August 2004 - KEK: Belle experiment steams ahead with CP violation
		The first clear evidence that CP violation occurs in B meson decays was reported three years ago by the Belle and the BaBar collaborations, the latter working at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in California.
		The first evidence for direct CP violation in B meson decay was reported by the Belle group in January 2004 in the disintegration of the B meson into two pi mesons.
		The observation by Belle of direct CP violation in Kpi decay, was foreshadowed by an earlier Belle result on reactions where B mesons were seen to decay into two pi particles.
	www.interactions.org /cms/?pid=1014312 (1073 words)

	XIV. Heidelberger Graduiertenkurse Physik (Site not responding. Last check: )
		CP violation and flavour physics: The Quest for Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry
		Recently, CP violation has been observed in the decays of the neutral B meson system, as predicted by the Standard Model of elementary particle physics where CP violation can be generated by the mixing Of quark flavours in the charged current of weak interactions.
		In this series of lectures, we review experimentally observed phenomena of CP violation in the kaon and B meson decays and try to understand them in the framework of the Standard Model.
	pi1.physi.uni-heidelberg.de /physi/gradkurs/SoSe2005/lectures/Nakada.html (186 words)

	CP Violation in the B-system
		Physics beyond the Standard Model can be further investigated, for example, by measuring CP asymmetries in several B decays that depend on the same unitarity angle or studying decays where zero asymmetries are expected in the Standard Model.
		CP violation in the B system should be observable through the phenomenon of
		If this is coupled with only a single diagram contributing to the decay, CP asymmetries can be constructed which are directly related to the angles of the unitarity triangle.
	ppewww.physics.gla.ac.uk /preprints/1997/09/cpviol_glas/node1.html (465 words)

	symmetry - October 2005 - explain it in 60 seconds
		CP violation Are the laws of nature the same for matter and antimatter?
		Very soon after the big bang, some forces must have caused the CP violation that skewed the equality in the number of matter and antimatter particles and left behind excess matter.
		Current and future particle accelerator experiments are designed to search for sources of CP violation large enough to account for the all-matter universe around us.
	www.symmetrymag.org /cms/?pid=1000194 (249 words)

	AbeBooks: Search Results - Branco and Cp Violation
		CP violation is an intriguing and elusive subject, and current knowledge of it remains limited, on both the experimental and theoretical levels.
		Researchers lack a fundamental understanding of its origin, and this is all the more important because CP violation is related to the generation problem and mass problem, two of the basic open questions in particle physics.
		(534 pages) CP violation is a subatomic process that occurs during the decay of kaons (a type of elementary particle).
	www.abebooks.co.uk /search/sortby/3/an/Branco+/tn/+Cp+Violation (748 words)

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