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	Calorie restriction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		CR is the only known dietary measure capable of extending maximum, as opposed to average, lifespan.
		To emphasize this, CR is often referred to by a plethora of other names such as CRON or CRAN (calorie restriction with optimal/adequate nutrition), or the "high-low diet" (high in all nutrients aside from calories, in which it is "low").
		The Hormesis Hypothesis of CR proposes that the diet imposes a low-intensity biological stress on the organism, which elicits a defense response that helps protects it against the causes of aging.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caloric_restriction (1949 words)

	Cr mimetic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Caloric restriction mimetics try to mimic the effects of caloric restriction.
		A CR (Caloric restriction) mimetic is a particular compound or molecule that may -- if successful -- enable organisms to derive many of the health and life-extending benefits noted in calorically restricted diets.
		If an efficacious CR mimetic is developed, it may allow an organism to feed ad libitum and (simultaneously) achieve a long lifespan.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cr_mimetic (155 words)

	What's New in Calorie Restriction: Use Pedometers
		We have observed physiological effects of CR that parallel rodent studies and may be predictive of an increased lifespan.
		CR attenuated the age-associated decline in both dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and melatonin in males.
		Studies of various markers related to age-related diseases suggest that CR will prevent or delay the onset of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and perhaps cancer, and preliminary data indicate that mortality due to these and other age-associated diseases may also be reduced in monkeys on CR, compared to controls.
	www.cron-web.org /whatsnew.htm (2267 words)

	IAS Bulletin Article: Calorie Restriction Mimetics
		Even if, according to research, CR is also effective when applied for a short period later in life, the fact remains that a few weeks or months of starvation and hunger are well beyond the capabilities of most of us in the developed world.
		CR works by interfering with the expression of certain genes which produce proteins, growth factors or enzymes which, in turn, influence the rate of deterioration or repair of various constituents of the body.
		The most promising and clinically relevant CR mimetics are metformin and, to a lesser degree, resveratrol, together with aminoguanidine and carnosine.
	www.antiaging-systems.com /extract/calorierestriction.htm (5269 words)

	Calorie Restriction (CR) Mimetics: What is a CR Mimetic? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		CR has been viewed as less effective in older animals and as acting incrementally to slow or prevent age-related changes in gene expression.
		Here we demonstrate that CR initiated in 19-month-old mice begins within 2 months to increase the mean time to death by 42% and increase mean and maximum lifespans by 4.7 (P = 0.000017) and 6.0 months (P = 0.000056), respectively.
		Shifting from long-term CR to a control diet, which returns animals to the control rate of aging, reversed 90% of the gene expression effects of long-term CR within 8 weeks.
	www.crmimetic.com (676 words)

	IABG 10th Congress: Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		CR is widely viewed as acting slowly and incrementally to prevent the accumulation of deleterious age-related physiological changes.
		Using survival and high-density microarray studies we demonstrate that CR acts rapidly and reversibly to establish a pattern of gene expression temporally associated with enhanced life span and reduced tumor incidence in mice.
		CR was fully effective at extending life span and reducing tumor incidence when begun in old animals.
	www.gen.cam.ac.uk /iabg10/abs/Spindler.htm (432 words)

	FuturePundit: First Methuselah Mouse Prize Awarded To Stephen Spindler
		In addition to extending the lives of middle aged miced another one of Spindler's notable and useful achievements was showing that most of the gene expression changes caused by long term and life extending calorie restriction diets occur in mice which are first put on calorie restriction when they are elderly.
		CR rapidly decreased natriuretic peptide B and collagen I and III expression.
		The usefulness of this result is that it can be used to more rapidly scan for drugs that act as calorie restriction (CR) mimetics which are capable of putting an organism's metabolism in the same state that is seen in animals or humans on calorie restricted diets.
	www.futurepundit.com /archives/002479.html (1136 words)

	Caloric restriction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Caloric restriction (CR) is the practice of limiting dietary energy intake to improve health and retard aging.
		In human subjects, CR is known to slow the signs of aging, as indicated by biomarkers such as cholesterol and blood pressure.
		While scientists knew about the effects of CR since the 1930s, the first major demonstration of the benefits of caloric restriction was an experimental trial conducted by Richard Weindruch.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Caloric-restriction.htm (1051 words)

	Caloric restriction in primates and relevance to humans.
		Dietary caloric restriction (CR) is the only intervention conclusively and reproducibly shown to slow aging and maintain health and vitality in mammals.
		We began addressing the latter question in 1987 with the first controlled study of CR in primates (rhesus and squirrel monkeys, which are evolutionarily much closer to humans than the rodents most frequently employed in CR studies).
		Much work remains to be done, but taken together, our successful results with CR in primates and 2DG administration to rats suggest that it may indeed be possible to obtain the health- and longevity-promoting effects of the former intervention without actually decreasing food intake.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_11795522.html (406 words)

	Human Calorie Restriction: Frequently Asked Questions
		By contrast, the goal of CR is slower aging and extended lifespan.
		A safe CR weight to strive for is generally considered to be your lean set-point weight: your weight during late teens to mid-20s, providing you were not overweight (e.g.
		In a groundbreaking study, his team at UCLA were able to show that implementing CR gradually, with especial care to ensuring the nutritional adequacy of the animals’; diet, led to gains in lifespan in adult organisms proportionately similar to those observed in weanlings.
	www.cron-web.org /cronfaq.htm (1804 words)

	Development of calorie restriction mimetics as a prolongevity strategy. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Whether this nutritional intervention is relevant to human aging remains to be determined; however, evidence emerging from CR studies in nonhuman primates suggests that response to CR in primates parallels that observed in rodents.
		Even if evidence could substantiate CR as an effective antiaging strategy for humans, application of this intervention would be problematic due to the degree and length of restriction required.
		Further life span analyses in addition to expanded toxicity studies must be completed to assess the potential of any CR mimetic, but this strategy now appears to offer a very promising and expanding research field.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_15247056.html (301 words)

	The Science Advisory Board
		Moreover the CR animals are far more active and maintain their high physical activity for much longer periods of time when compared to control animals allowed to eat as much as they like.
		It is important to emphasize that CR is not starvation or malnutrition -- the diet is rich in all nutrients including vitamins, minerals, proteins, etc., and it is only the amount of calories, which is decreased (less fat and carbohydrates).
		Some of these hypotheses on mechanisms of anti-aging effects of CR seem to be refuted by now (retardation of growth hypothesis and the reduction of metabolic rate hypothesis) while others are still fiercely debated (reduction of body fat hypothesis).
	www.scienceboard.net /community/perspectives.144.html (1561 words)

	Prof. Stephen R. Spindler at UC Riverside and Short Term CR Mice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The effects of life- and health-span-extending caloric restriction (CR) on gene expression among young and old mice and between long-term CR (LT-CR) and short-term CR (ST-CR) were examined.
		Aging was accompanied by changes in gene expression associated with increased inflammation, cellular stress, and fibrosis, and reduced capacity for apoptosis, xenobiotic metabolism, normal cell-cycling, and DNA replication.
		It is possible that the early changes in gene expression, which extend into old age, are key to the life-and health-span-extending effects of CR.
	www.grg.org /Spindler.htm (284 words)

	Introduction -- Hansen 131 (3): 900 -- Journal of Nutrition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		There is evidence that the response to CR may be genetically determined.
		CR is currently the only modality that has been shown to have
		CR mimetic approaches to slow or halt the consequences of the
	www.nutrition.org /cgi/content/full/131/3/900S (1910 words)

	Human Implications of Caloric Restriction's Effects on Aging in Laboratory Animals: An Overview of Opportunities for ...
		CR, this would implicate this mechanism as a likely mediator
		CR's effects in animals involves short- or medium-term human
		Is CR's effect on weight the crucial mediator of its effects
	biomed.gerontologyjournals.org /cgi/content/full/56/suppl_1/5 (1441 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Moreover the CR animals are far more active and they maintain their high physical activity for much longer periods of time when compared to control animals.
		It is important to emphasize that caloric restriction is not a starvation or malnutrition -- the diet is rich in all nutrients including the vitamins, minerals, proteins, etc., and it is only the amount of calories, which is decreased (less fat and carbohydrates).
		This gives a hope that the development of effective anti-aging CR mimetic drugs may be not far away.
	www.omidyar.net /user/u863210052/news/20/textfull (3285 words)

	April's CR Diary
		These little bumps in my CR road are nothing compared to what most of you face at home.
		About to kick off a fundraising drive for the CR Society (yes, we'll be asking you to join that too!), finishing the final details on the Kurzweil lunch auction AND the Three Hundred Member Dinner, running three campaigns at work in addition to training two new staff members.
		I made pasta-less CR friendly lasagna that everyone seemed to love, followed by pears poached in port with cinnamon and nutmeg.
	www.mprize.org /blogs (2194 words)

	Genomic profiling of short- and long-term caloric restriction effects in the liver of aging mice -- Cao et al. 98 (19): ...
		CR (LT-CR) and short-term CR (ST-CR) were examined.
		Caloric restriction (CR) is the only intervention shown to extend lifespan in mammals (5).
		CR opposed the age-related induction of stress response genes in muscle, and stress response and inflammatory genes in liver,
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/98/19/10630 (4963 words)

	European Tissue Repair Society : Bulletin 8.3 & 4 : ETRS Annual Conference, 2001
		Thus, we are introducing a new approach, termed CR mimetics, which will allow individuals to obtain the positive health and longevity effects of CR without dieting.
		Potential CR mimetics include synthetic compounds, as well as naturally occurring nutraceuticals that elicit at least some of the biological effects of CR without supressing appetite or food intake.
		In summary, results to date, from our laboratory and others, strongly suggest that the CR mimetic approach is indeed feasible and could potentially result in significant healthspan (and possibly lifespan) extension in humans.
	www.etrs.org /bulletin8_3/page7l.html (1807 words)

	Caloric Restriction Mimetics: Metabolic Interventions -- Weindruch et al. 56 (Supplement 1): 20 -- Journals of ...
		CR is problematic when considering direct human usage.
		A well-recognized consequence of CR in rodents and rhesus monkeys
		The influences of CR on glucoregulation are profound and consistent
	biomed.gerontologyjournals.org /cgi/content/full/56/suppl_1/20 (7565 words)

	Development of Calorie Restriction Mimetics as a Prolongevity Strategy -- INGRAM et al. 1019 (1): 412 -- Annals of the ...
		to CR in primates parallels that observed in rodents.
		CR effects in humans, clinical trials have been initiated.
		insulin action (metformin) are being assessed as CR mimetics.
	www.annalsnyas.org /cgi/content/abstract/1019/1/412 (557 words)

	Fight Aging!: Calorie Restriction, Glucose, Insulin
		One of the most distinct effects of CR is the lowering of integrated insulin and glucose levels, and it's widely believeed that one or the other or both play major roles in the anti-aging action of CR.
		One of the many exciting things on which you missed out if you didn't come out to the CR Society 2004 Conference was McCarter's old coinvestigator, Ed Masoro, informing us that McCarter has found that these GLUT4 transgenics have no changes in their lifespan.
		This suggests that, at a minimum, low glucose levels per se -- and extracellular AGE -- are not the primary mechanism of CR's anti-aging action, and may conceivably not contribute to it at all.
	www.fightaging.org /archives/000311.php (641 words)

	Fight Aging!: MPrize Versus *
		As soon as a CR mimetic drug looks promising, for example if it looks like it can also be a cancer drug or some such thing, then all the capital goes into that, since a profit can be made right now, and the studies are shorter term.
		All the supplements and hardcore CR in the world won't buy us what we're really after: an end to the disability and death caused by aging.
		I still go out from time to time, but my CR lifestyle makes it easier to save money, feel great now, and hopefully feel great long after my non-CR'd companions are dead.
	www.fightaging.org /archives/000658.php (911 words)

	Mass Market Age Mitigation?
		If the gene expression profile created by ALCAR/ALA is very similar to that produced by calorie restriction it is a strong indicator that the health benefits and lifespan increases that are typical of CR will be achieved in mammals via these compounds.
		(Rumor has it that a leader in the field — Richard Weindruch, of the University of Wisconsin — has been a significant contributor in their CR gene expression research efforts.) Therefore we tend to believe that the patent is based on sound research.
		Nestle may in fact be the leading commercial organization in the field of CR — and their experience in this area suggests that they know what they are talking about when they say that their formulation mimics the effects of CR.
	www.natural-hrt.com /artman/publish/article_115.shtml (992 words)

	Longevity Science » Draft for Comments: “Life Extension, Caloric Restriction, and Scientific ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Although caloric restriction decreases fertility, it also extends the reproductive lifespan of the CR females – they maintain their reproductive capacity for longer periods of time.
		It is important to emphasize that caloric restriction is not a starvation or malnutrition – the diet is rich in all nutrients including the vitamins, minerals, proteins, etc., and it is only the amount of calories, which is decreased (less fat and carbohydrates).
		Also there is no need to restrict diet permanently – the same effects could be obtained through intermitted feeding (say CR every other day), which is much easier to tolerate.
	longevity.scienceboard.net /index.php?p=22 (2385 words)

	April's CR Diary: But How Much Baby Do We Really Need?
		Being here at the CRS Conference is like having all my childhood fantasies of being Princess Leia come true.
		Yesterday the presentations from the scientists were fantastic, about Every other day fasting, a history of CR science, and all sorts of things.
		So much more to say but a CR scientist who is making a presentation this morning needs the computer, so I'd better run!
	aprilcr.blogspot.com /2004/11/but-how-much-baby-do-we-really-need.html (427 words)

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