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Topic: CRISTA SPAS

	New Scientific Evidence Proves Ozone Depletion Theory False
		Crista, Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere, is a group of infrared instruments sensing the middle atmosphere (10 km to 100 km) from an Earth orbit.
		Crista's measurements achieve and unprecedented spatial resolution; vertical resolution is 1.5 km, and horizontal resolution is 500 km by 650 km.
		Crista is the first attempt to determine the global distribution and the frequency of occurrence of such structures.
	www.mitosyfraudes.org /Ingles/Crista.html (6792 words)

	New Scientific Evidence Proves Ozone Depletion Theory False (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Crista, Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere, is a group of infrared instruments sensing the middle atmosphere (10 km to 100 km) from an Earth orbit.
		Crista's measurements achieve and unprecedented spatial resolution; vertical resolution is 1.5 km, and horizontal resolution is 500 km by 650 km.
		Crista is the first attempt to determine the global distribution and the frequency of occurrence of such structures.
	mitosyfraudes.8k.com /INGLES/Crista.html (6808 words)

	CRISTA Newsletter 11 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		CRISTA was successfully flown aboard the CRISTA-SPAS (Shuttle PAllet Satellite) free flier together with ATLAS-3 (Kaye and Miller, 1996) during the Space Shuttle mission STS-66 in November 1994 (see description and first results in SPARC Newsletter 8).
		After its first flight the CRISTA instrument was technically improved by employing new detectors with higher sensitivity in some channels, by adding additional channels to improve the data retrieval accuracy, and by adding a channel with two parallel detectors for the study of very small scale structures.
		CRISTA was extensively calibrated prior to and after the flight to assure that no changes in the instrument performance had occurred.
	www.aero.jussieu.fr /~sparc/News11/CRISTA-2Mission.html (3423 words)

	STS-66 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The timing of the flight, when the Antarctic ozone hole is diminishing, allows scientists to study possible effects of the ozone hole on mid-latitudes, the way Antarctic air recovers, and how the northern atmosphere changes as the winter season approaches.
		Mounted on the Shuttle Pallet Satellite, the payload is designed to explore the variability of the atmosphere and provide measurements that will complement those obtained by the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite launched aboard Discovery in 1991.
		CRISTA instrument gathered first global information about medium and small scale disturbances in trace gases in middle atmosphere, which could lead to better models of the atmosphere and Earth's energy balance.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/STS-66 (570 words)

	CRISTA-SPAS 1, 2
		CRISTA's prime scientific objective is the study of small-scale dynamical structures seen in the global trace gas distributions.
		CRISTA is mounted on the free-flying ASTRO-SPAS satellite by DaimlerChrysler Aerospace which is then named CRISTA-SPAS, together with MAHRSI, an ultraviolet spectrograph from the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC.
		CRISTA 1 was launched on November 3, 1994 with STS-66 Atlantis.
	space.skyrocket.de /doc_sdat/crista-spas.htm (279 words)

	STS-66
		CRISTA measures a variety of gases in the middle atmosphere, and MAHRSI detects the amounts of nitric oxide and hydroxyl in the middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere.
		The second instrument aboard CRISTA- SPAS, the MAHRSI experiment, is measuring hydroxyl spectra in the middle atmosphere, and the observed spectral data shows a clear detection of hydroxyl.
		The CRISTA instrument was built to a large part by students at the University of Wuppertal in Germany and two of their professors.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/missions/sts-66/mission-sts-66.html (14873 words)

	John F. Kennedy Space Center - Mission Archive (Site not responding. Last check: )
		CRISTA measures a variety of gases in the middle atmosphere, and MAHRSI detects the amounts of nitric oxide and hydroxyl in the middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere.
		The CRISTA instrument was built to a large part by students at the University of Wuppertal in Germany and two of their professors.
		CRISTA will be the first instrument to provide such detailed information on the "weather" in the upper atmosphere -- the dynamics of winds, temperature changes and movements which distribute the gases that influence ozone chemistry.
	www.stsliftoff.com /missionarchive/sts66.htm (17137 words)

	Annual Report 2001: Riese_2001 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The CRISTA instrument (Offermann et al., 1999) was successfully flown on two Space Shuttle missions (November 1994 and August 1997).
		CRISTA uses the limb-scanning technique to measure thermal emissions (4-71 m m) of selected atmospheric trace gases with unprecedented horizontal resolution for a limb-viewing instrument.
		The CRISTA experiment is funded by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF, Berlin) through the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR, Bonn), under grant 50 QV 9802 4.
	troposat.iup.uni-heidelberg.de /TROPOSAT-1/ar_2001/riese_2001.htm (1489 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		All systems of the SPAS performed nominally and the spacecraft health was satisfactory.
		CRISTA is the first instrument to provide detailed information on the conditions in the upper atmosphere -- the dynamics of winds, temperature changes and atmospheric movements which distribute the gases that influence ozone chemistry.
		Both the CRISTA and MAHRSI teams were elated with the achievements of the payload mission.
	members.aol.com /WSNTWOYOU/STS66MR.HTM (1540 words)

	CRISTA-SPAS 1, 2
		CRISTA's prime scientific objective is the study of small-scale dynamical structures seen in the global trace gas distributions.
		CRISTA is mounted on the free-flying ASTRO-SPAS satellite by DaimlerChrysler Aerospace which is then named CRISTA-SPAS, together with MAHRSI, an ultraviolet spectrograph from the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC.
		CRISTA 1 was launched on November 3, 1994 with STS-66 Atlantis.
	www.skyrocket.de /space/doc_sdat/crista-spas.htm (279 words)

	a32d in sm98
		CRISTA is an infrared limb sounding instrument designed for high spatial resolution measurements.
		CRISTA is a limb scanning experiment that measures the thermal emissions (4-71\mum) of 18 trace gases with high spatial resolution in three dimensions.
		During the CRISTA 2 mission significant indications of polar stratospheric clouds were found in the southern polar vortex.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=sm98&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/sm98/sm98&maxhits=200&="A32D" (1986 words)

	[No title]
		Preliminary findings from an ultraviolet spectrograph on board the SPAS satellite indicate there is much more wate vapor in the upper atmosphere than can be accounted for by current theory, possibly supporting a controversial new theory that house-size comets are continually bombarding the planet.
		The CRISTA experiment is measuring trace gases to learn more about how chemicals that affect ozone depletion are transported through the atmosphere.
		The satellite is equipped with two suites of instruments: A trio of supercooled infrared telescopes - CRISTA - and an instrument sensitive to ultraviolet reflections and emissions, known by the acronym MAHRSI.
	www.cbsnews.com /network/news/space/STS-85_Archive.txt (11175 words)

	Missions
		Mission details are found in the Campaign Handbook for CRISTA 2.
		More images of CRISTA and CRISTA-SPAS are found in the GALLERY.
		Read the whole STS-66 story from the NASA KSC archives.
	www.crista.uni-wuppertal.de /missions (77 words)

	SPAS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The SPAS (Shuttle Pallet Satellite) satellite was a reusable free-flying vehicle built by Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm.which could be deployed and then retrieved by the US Space Shuttle's Remote Manipulator System arm.
		The original SPAS, with materials processing and SDI-related sensor payloads, was used on several missions (STS-7, STS-11, STS-39).
		An experiment-carrying truss (USS) based on the original SPAS structure (but without the avionics and attitude control) was flown on the Spacelab D-1 and D-2 missions.
	www.fplib.org /partners/mwade/craft/spas.htm (429 words)

	1999 Fall Meeting
		Included in the payload complement was the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA) experiment with the objective of measuring the distribution and transport of key trace gases in the lower thermosphere and middle atmosphere.
		CRISTA measured limb-scan intensity profiles in the wavelength region from 5.3 to 69 mm of 14 trace gases as well as temperature.
		CRISTA is unique in its ability to make spectroscopic observations with high spatial resolution.
	uap-www.nrl.navy.mil /dynamics/html/crista/A03.html (387 words)

	study (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The excellent data obtained with the instruments CRISTA and MAHRSI on ASTRO-SPAS during ATLAS 3 mission in November 1994 show that a combination of these data with halogen species data would be very advantageous and important.
		CRISTA also measures the two major Cl source gases CCl2F2 and CCl3F, and the reservoir gas HCl.
		Joint CRISTA and SMAS measurements would cover the most important Cl molecules involved, and also CH4, HO2 (and/or possibly CH2O), O3, and NO, which are among the primary constituents controlling the partitioning.
	www.linmpi.mpg.de /english/projekte/mas/html/study.htm (3022 words)

	SPAS (Shuttle Pallet Satellite)
		The original SPAS, with materials processing and SDI (“Star Wars”)-related sensor payloads, was carried on three missions but not deployed on the second of these because of an electrical problem with the RMS.
		Also carried was the Princeton Interstellar Medium Absorption Profile Spectrograph which studied the fine structure of UV absorption lines in stellar spectra caused by interstellar gas, and several non-astronomy payloads.
		CRISTA, equipped for observation of the Earth’s atmosphere, also flew on two SPAS missions.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/S/SPAS.html (211 words)

	STS-66
		Also onboard SPAS will be the Surface Effects Sample Monitor, which will measure the decay of surfaces in the near-Earth environment of space.
		On Friday, November 4, 1994 at 7:30am CDT, STS-66 MCC Status Report #2 reports: The CRISTA-SPAS science satellite was released from Atlantis`s payload bay early this morning for an eight-day flight free from the Shuttle to measure the Earth's atmosphere and ozone layer.
		With CRISTA securely in place, Ochoa again commanded the shuttle's robot arm to view an icicle that formed on the exterior of the left hand cargo bay door during a routine water dump Friday.
	www.astronautix.com /flights/sts66.htm (4592 words)

	8-1-97 Spaceport News, Page 1
		For an international team like the SPAS folks, that means she has to handle everything from the very technical to the very cultural to the very mundane.
		CRISTA uses three telescopes and four spectrometers to measure variations in the concentrations of atmospheric trace gases.
		This is the last SPAS mission to date; a program extension with more flights is being negotiated between NASA and the German Space Agency.
	www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov /kscpao/snews/1997/aug/aug1-1.htm (1235 words)

	sts 66 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Flying at distance of about 25-44 miles (40-70 kilometers) behind Shuttle, payload collected data for more than eight days before being retrieved and returned to cargo bay.
		CRISTA instrument gathered first global information about medium- and small- scale disturbances in trace gases in middle atmosphere, which could lead to better models of the atmosphere and Earth's energy balance.
		Second CRISTA-SPAS instrument, the Middle Atmosphere High Resolution Spectrograph Investigation (MAHRSI) measured amounts of ozone-destroying hydroxyl and nitric oxide in the middle atmosphere and lower thermosphere from 24-72 miles (40-120 kilometers).
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /sts_66.html (597 words)

	STS-85 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS) on which the scientific instruments were mounted is a self-contained platform that provides power, command, control and communication with Discovery during free-flight.
		Two other instruments mounted on the SPAS also studied the Earth's atmosphere.
		The Middle Atmosphere High Resolution Spectrograph Instrument (MAHRSI) measured hydroxyl and nitric oxide by sensing UV radiation emitted and scattered by the atmosphere, while the Surface Effects Sample Monitor (SESAM) was a passive carrier for state-of-the-art optical surfaces to study the impact of the atomic oxygen and the space environment on materials and services.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/STS-85 (605 words)

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		This is Spa Finder's third annual forecast of the issues and innovations that will shape the world of spa in the coming year.
	www.spatrade.com /webinar/archive (1676 words)

	[No title]
		The orbit was lowered on Nov 5 to 291 x 310 km, and again on Nov 6 to 290 x 307 km.
		By Nov 11 Atlantis was in a 287 x 301 km orbit and beginning its return to the vicinity of SPAS.
		The external tank for STS-63 was mated to the solid rocket boosters on Nov 8 in the vehicle assembly building.
	www.planet4589.org /space/jsr/back/news.218 (491 words)

	a31b in fm97
		This was the second flight of the CRISTA instrument.
		CRISTA was designed to take measurements with high spatial resolution in all three dimensions.
		The same maneuverability allowed us to extend the latitudinal coverage of the CRISTA measurements to 73° N and S. CRISTA was operated in several atmospheric scan modes.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm97&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/fm97/fm97&maxhits=200&="A31B" (4537 words)

	NSSDC Master Catalog Display: Spacecraft
		The Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS) was a joint scientific program between NASA and the DARA, the German Space Agency.
		The SPAS was developed by Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Blohm (MBB) in Germany, and was employed as a reusable carrier for short-duration missions.
		The CRISTA-SPAS consisted of two instruments: (1) the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes (CRISTA) from Germany for observing the atmospheric limb; and (2) the Middle Atmospheric High Resolution Spectrograph Investigation (MAHRSI) from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory for dayglow studies.
	nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov /database/MasterCatalog?sc=1994-073B (193 words)

	STS-85 Patch
		STS-85 is the second flight of the satellite known as CRISTA-SPAS-02.
		CRISTA, depicted on the right side of the patch pointing its trio of infrared telescopes at Earth's atmosphere, stands for Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere.
		The high-inclination orbit is shown as a yellow band over Earth's northern latitudes.
	www.countdowncreations.com /pasts085.htm (307 words)

	KSC Fact Sheet "STS-85 Discovery/Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere-2 (CRISTA-SPAS-2)"
		The free-flying satellite is made up of the SPAS carrier and the CRISTA payload.
		The SPAS serves as the support system for the CRISTA instruments and has its own rotational attitude and cold gas propulsion systems.
		The CRISTA is a system of three telescopes and four spectrometers designed to measure infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's middle atmosphere.
	www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov /kscpao/release/1997/132-97.htm (1303 words)

	FLUG REVUE update: Week ending August 10, 1997
		The telescope orbits our planet at a distance of 300 km and scans the atmosphere layer by layer in 2 kilometer altitude steps and in horizonztal sections of 650 km x 200 km at altitudes between 7 and 150 km.
		At Crista's first missions it detected an ozone rich "Streamer" in 25 km altitude, reaching from Mexico to Northern Europe.
		As the Crista operations center at the Kennedy Space Center is connected to the GOME center of the German aerospace research instiute DLR, the online results of the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) flying on the European ERS-2 satellite can be used to have Crista monitor certain regions, where GOME has identified irregularities.
	www.flug-revue.rotor.com /FRNews/FR970810.htm (1706 words)

	MTPE 1997-2000
		CRISTA-SPAS/STS-85: Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere (CRISTA).
		Developed by DARA, the German space agency, CRISTA will be deployed from the Space Shuttle Discovery aboard the SPAS carrier.
		CRISTA observed the atmosphere before being retrieved and returned to Earth.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /gsfc/service/gallery/fact_sheets/earthsci/mtpe2000.htm (870 words)

	ESA - Human Spaceflight - Press Releases - ESA astronaut assigned to ATLAS 3 Shuttle mission
		In addition to the ATLAS 3 payload -with a significant ESA contribution and a strong input from European scientists - the mission will include the deployment and retrieval of the Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometer Telescope for Atmosphere, or CRISTA.
		Mounted on the Shuttle Pallet Satellite (SPAS), this payload is designed to explore and measure the variability of the atmosphere.
		Jean-Francois Clervoy's main task will be to operate the Shuttle's robot arm to deploy the CRISTA-SPAS experiment and then retrieve it before the mission is concluded.
	www.esa.int /esaHS/Pr_2_1994_p_EN.html (330 words)

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