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Topic: CTBT

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	In Support of the CTBT
		In assessing the merits of the CTBT it is essential to bear the difference in mind between fission weapons of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki variety and thermonuclear weapons which are used on all deployed US, Russian, and Chinese strategic nuclear weapons.
		The CTBT can be verified with sufficient confidence to prevent any proliferator from developing thermonuclear weapons whether he already possesses fission weapons or develops such weapons clandestinely.
		The greatest benefit of the CTBT arises from its contribution to preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
	www.ucsusa.org /global_security/nuclear_weapons/in-support-of-the-ctbt.html (2529 words)

	BBC News \| WORLD \| Q&A: What is the CTBT?
		Its supporters argue that while the aim of the treaty remains total nuclear disarmament, the CTBT is capable of preventing the development of new weapons, or improvement of those that already exist.
		Former US President Dwight Eisenhower was among the first to propose the treaty, in the 1950s, and while he actively built up nuclear stockpiles, he said his failure to successfully clinch a deal was the "greatest disappointment" of his administration.
		The CTBT names the 44 states known or believed to have nuclear reactors capable of making material needed for a nuclear bomb.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/1102500.stm (786 words)

	Reaching Critical Will
		* The (CTBT) was negotiated in Geneva by the Conference on Disarmament and was adopted by the General Assembly as a resolution (A/RES/50/245) on 10 September 1996 and opened for signature in September 1996.
		Without the CTBT, the United States, Russia, China, France the United Kingdom, India and Pakistan are not prohibited from conducting further underground test explosions.
		Should the CTBT not enter into force, all the enormous effort on the part of governments and NGOs would be lost.
	www.reachingcriticalwill.org /ctbt/ctbtindex.html (1208 words)

	More CTBT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		India has refused to sign the CTBT and will continue to block its entry-into-force, partly because India is not convinced that the U.S. and other nuclear weapons states are serious about nuclear disarmament.
		Secondly, such a CTBT should also signal a shift in the perception of the nuclear weapon states who have sought to ensure their security through their nuclear arsenals for the last fifty years.
		It is a matter of regret that the Conference on Disarmament has stopped negotiations on a CTBT to put forward a flawed text, to meet artificial deadline, instead of taking advantage of the current moratorium on testing to continue negotiations for a universal CTBT that would meet the terms of the mandate.
	disarm.igc.org /ctbt.html (2645 words)

	Yorkshire CND - CTBT: The Way Forward in the United States - 4/4/00
		The record of the CTBT in the Senate from 1997 to October 1999 suggests that the October 13 vote was not simply "about the substance of the treaty," as Majority Leader Trent Lott (R-MS) claimed in a press conference afterward.
		If the CTBT is to enter into force within the next few years, the president and treaty proponents must carefully examine the course of events leading to the 1999 Senate vote and adjust their approach, actively engage senators in an ongoing exchange of views on the CTBT, and reinforce the existing international norm against testing.
		It is clear, however, that the future of the CTBT may well be determined by the lessons that decision-makers and the public draw from the 1997-1999 period and by the course of events in coming year.
	cndyorks.gn.apc.org /news/articles/ctbt6.htm (2386 words)

	CTBT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		The CTBT’s global network of seismic, hydroacoustic, radionuclide and infrasound sensors will aid America’s national capabilities to monitor nuclear explosive testing across the globe, as well as deter any nation from believing it can conduct a nuclear explosive test undetected by the international community.
		With the CTBT in force, the United States will gain a new tool to assess compliance with a ban on nuclear testing: the ability to request a short-notice, on-site inspection of a suspicious event.
		Ratification of the CTBT by the United States and the vast majority of the international community will strengthen the international norm against nuclear testing, and thus help to deter nuclear tests by nonsignatories and support the efforts of the international community to gain universal adherence to the Treaty.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /acda/ctbtpage/tbn10.htm (710 words)

	92099: Nuclear Weapons: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and Nuclear Testing
		CTBT negotiations were held at the Conference on Disarmament (CD) in Geneva from 1994 to 1996.
		The CTBT will be contentious in the Senate, given the difficulty the Administration encountered in obtaining Senate advice and consent to ratification of the Chemical Weapons Convention and the fact that the 1996 Republican platform opposed the CTBT while the Democratic platform supported it.
		A CTBT, it is argued, would also prevent the development of weapons of advanced design by the P5, reducing future threats to the United States, and impede India's ability to develop a thermonuclear weapon.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/report/crs/crs92099.htm (6130 words)

	Negotiating the CTBT: India's Security Concerns and Nuclear Disarmament
		First, to be true to its mandate, the CTBT should prevent horizontal and vertical proliferation and should not perpetuate a division of the world into two categories of nations—the nuclear-haves and havenots.
		Developing new warheads or refining existing ones after a CTBT is in place, using innovative technologies, would be as contrary to the spirit of the CTBT as the NPT is to the spirit of non-proliferation.
		Initially, there were two distinct issues: first the number of countries required to ratify the CTBT for it to enter into force; and second, India's proposal that the Treaty would not enter into force unless the Nuclear Weapon States made a commitment to eliminate their nuclear weapons in a specific, though negotiated, timeframe.
	www.indianembassy.org /policy/CTBT/ctbt_ghose.htm (6027 words)

	IEER Editorial: Sign the CTBT & Speak with Authority
		INDIA refused to accede to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) when it was negotiated in 1996 because it sought to pressure the nuclear weapons states into achieving complete nuclear disarmament.
		The CTBT is one of two critical areas where the country faces crucial nuclear choices.
		While the CTBT does not define a nuclear explosion, the negotiating record clearly indicates that a fission explosion of more than four pounds of TNT equivalent, and even far less, would be banned.
	www.ieer.org /op-eds/timesind.html (761 words)

	[No title]
		In 1995, a precursor to the CTBT debate erupted in the negotiations to renew the NPT, which was originally signed in 1968 and came into force in 1970 in the thick of the cold war for a 25 year term.
		But if anything, the sheer brazenness and duplicity with which the NPT and CTBT were passed (for the price of a few tongue-in-cheek "commitments" to disarmament) can have only further emboldened the nuclear states and reinforced their belief that their global eminence exists by virtue of their ability to threaten everyone with nuclear annihilation.
		What the CTBT controversy that erupted last summer demonstrates is that fundamental changes to this situation will not arrive through the chance interventions of those who cry foul only when they feel they have been cheated of their fair share of the spoils.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/ipsg/ctbt.htm (3365 words)

	CNS - Third Conference on CTBT Entry into Force Adjourns - September 17, 2003 - Research Story of the Week (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		The CTBT was negotiated in Geneva by the Conference on Disarmament and was adopted by the UN General Assembly as a resolution (A/RES/50/245) on 10 September 1996 and opened for signature in September 1996.
		It emphasized that the strong rhetorical commitment of ratifiers to the CTBT should be reflected in the Declaration itself.
		Israel, while not a ratifier of the CTBT, refused to have a direct reference in the Declaration to the NPT and also insisted that decisions on nuclear disarmament matters at meetings (such as in the context of the NPT) could only relate to the states participating in the meetings.
	cns.miis.edu /pubs/week/030917.htm (1466 words)

	CTBT Position Statement
		The CTBT will be monitored by (1) the national intelligence means of various countries; (2) the International Monitoring System (IMS) negotiated under the CTBT that consists of seismic, hydroacoustic, radionuclide, and infrasound networks, along with on-site inspections; and (3) the efforts of numerous independent scientists and institutions worldwide.
		One of the biggest challenges to monitoring the CTBT is the possibility that testing could be successfully hidden by conducting nuclear explosions in an evasive manner.
		Article IV.A.10 of the treaty states, "The provisions of this treaty shall not be interpreted as restricting the international exchange of data for scientific purposes." AGU and SSA support a broad interpretation of this article and strongly urge that all data from the International Monitoring System be made openly available without any restriction or delay.
	www.seismosoc.org /government/position_statement.html (796 words)

	Stop Nuclear Testing -- CTBT Now
		At the Moscow Nuclear Safety Summit, Russia at last joined France, the U.S., and the U.K. in agreeing that the CTBT should ban all nuclear explosions regardless of their size and regardless of whether they explosions are said to be for military or peaceful purposes (the so-called '0-yield CTBT').
		A CTBT is a crucial step toward achieving nuclear disarmament and preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
		It is obvious that once a CTBT is signed, several more nuclear disarmament steps must follow in order to fulfill the promise to halt the nuclear arms race and eliminate nuclear weapons.
	archive.greenpeace.org /comms/nukes/ctbt/read6.html (928 words)

	The US and the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty - Global Issues
		The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) was designed to prevent testing of nuclear weapons and hence reduce the chance of an arms race.
		But something unthinkable or not realized by the US is that perhaps the nuclear threats are increasing due to their unilateral and/or aggressive actions (politically as well as militarily) around the world.
		However, if the U.S. were to ratify the CTBT and ensure a positive dialogue between the various nuclear states, that would improve chances of non-proliferation, than doing nothing at all.
	www.globalissues.org /Geopolitics/ArmsControl/CTBTUSA.asp (752 words)

	Rediff On The NeT: PM to call all-party meet over CTBT
		While the Vajpayee coalition government has virtually acknowledged the need for signing the CTBT, the Bharatiya Janata Party leadership fears that a hasty decision on the subject could be politically risky and therefore disastrous.
		Majority political opinion in India is that the government cannot agree to the CTBT without any gains for the country in return.
		Since signing the CTBT is an emotive issue for major Opposition parties like the Congress and the Left Front, many BJP leaders fear that the issue has the potential to rock the minority Vajpayee government.
	www.rediff.com /news/1998/sep/09ctbt.htm (711 words)

	Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty - India emerges CTBT spoiler: what next?
		The CTBT resolution was supported by an overwhelming majority, 158 of the UN's 185 states, with five abstentions.
		The Indian government is trying awkwardly to cope with this crisis of credibility by putting a brave face on the vote in the UN by pretending at least domestically that it wasn't such a defeat after all.
		The present CTBT text does locate the treaty in a disarmament context, as part of "progressive and systematic efforts to reduce nuclear weapons globally" and constrain the "development and qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons" with a view to eventually eliminating them.
	www.ieo.org /pra003.html (1224 words)

	CTBT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		My delegation considers the CTBT together with the NPT as exceptionally important global instruments for dealing with the issues of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and nuclear disarmament.
		Although the overall evaluation of the experiment is still to be conducted, the experiment has certainly produced useful lessons and confirmed the appropriateness of these activities for the CTBT verification regime.
		Although the CTBT is not yet in force we applaud the fact that the de-facto moratorium on nuclear testing has not been broken since the last Conference.
	www.un.int /slovakia/CTBT.htm (786 words)

	CTBT Issues
		The connection between the CTBT and NPT must be understood to fully appreciate the potential consequences of ratification failure.
		Some net gain in reducing proliferation risks can be expected if the CTBT is ratified by the U.S. However, that gain may not be as important in comparison to the losses that could be suffered by ratification failure.
		The last chapter in the missing CTBT story is a description of the ratification stakes in human security terms.
	www.abolishnukes.com /short_essays/CTBT_whitmore.html (5186 words)

	BASIC -- the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
		On 10 September 1996, a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) was overwhelmingly endorsed at the United Nations in New York.
		In all, 164 countries have signed the CTBT and 88 have deposited their instruments of ratification.
		The Fall 2001 UN First Committee on Disarmament called for prompt entry into force of the treaty, but obtaining the required ratifications of several nuclear-capable states, including India, Iraq, Pakistan, North Korea, and the United States, is a large challenge for the international community.
	www.basicint.org /nuclear/CTBT/main.htm (262 words)

	Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty - Nine Delusions Of The Anti-CTBT Indian Lobby
		The CTBT is in essence an equal treaty imposing equal obligations upon all states, although its effects are bound to be unequal in an asymmetrical world with varying nuclear-weapons inventories and capabilities.
		A CTBT cannot, and is not meant to, eliminate existing inequalities in capabilities so as to bring all states to one level.
		All a CTBT can do, if it is to be impartial, is to put a wall in front of each state regardless of where it is located on the nuclear "learning curve", so that all countries face commensurate difficulties in moving forward.
	www.ieo.org /pra002.html (2203 words)

	ElBaradei Calls for Entry-into-Force of the Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
		The CTBT, which bans all nuclear weapons testing, will not enter into force until it has been ratified by all 44 States that are listed in the agreement.
		The slow pace of the CTBT's entry into force is not an isolated phenomenon, noted Dr. ElBaradei but rather it is "symptomatic of the slow progress with the regard to movement toward disarmament." In this context, the IAEA Chief noted the on-going work to achieve a Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMTC).
		In his closing remarks, Dr. ElBaradei recalled that the CTBT has been described as "the longest sought, hardest fought prize in the history of arms control." The description served to underline how much the international community "yearns" for the CTBT.
	www.iaea.org /NewsCenter/News/2006/ctbt_symposium.html (490 words)

	The CTBT debacle:
		The CTBT does not alter a nuclear weapon state’s status - in other words Pakistan and India signing the treaty would not imply that they had reverted back to a non-nuclear status.
		Frankly, Pakistan then would not have lost anything by signing the CTBT (while not ratifying it immediately) unilaterally because its nuclear status would have been intact and it would always have the option of either not ratifying it or opting out of it if India chose to conduct more tests.
		Unlike the CTBT, it is the FMCT that requires Pakistan to hold out, for in its present form it will make permanent the imbalance between Pakistan and India in terms of a negative fissile stockpile balance for Pakistan.
	www.defencejournal.com /aug98/ctbtdebacle.htm (1342 words)

	Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT): Conference on Facilitating Entry into Force of CTBT, Vienna, September 3-5
		The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), which opened for signature in 1996, is intended to prohibit all nuclear weapon test explosions.
		Joint Ministerial Statement on CTBT Presented in New York at the United Nations by Fifty-Nine Foreign Ministers, Co-Chairs Australia, Canada, Finland, Japan, the Netherlands, September 20, 2006.
		The 2003 Conference on Facilitating the Entry into Force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), took place in Vienna, Austria, from 3 to 5 September 2003, was convened under Article XIV of the CTBT for the purpose of examining ways and means to accelerate the Treaty's entry into force.
	www.acronym.org.uk /ctbt/index.htm (917 words)

	CNS - CTBT - CTBT Endgame in South Asia? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-27)
		New Delhi has linked its acceptance of the CTBT to the outcome of its nuclear dialogue with the United States, easing of all sanctions imposed in the wake of the nuclear tests, and the ratification decisions of other nuclear weapon states.
		The Indian government’s position on the CTBT is closer to the moderates’ stance.
		Third, movement on the CTBT is vital to improve Indo-US relations and ensure that economic and technological sanctions are lifted.
	cns.miis.edu /research/testban/sasia.htm (3813 words)

	CTBT contretemps
		The EIF clause, that mandates upon the 44 states to ratify the treaty, was a device evolved as a result of backroom manoeuvres to ensure that the (then) threshold states such as India, Pakistan, Israel and North Korea were forced to become party to the T reaty.
		Ironically, after Pokhran-II, the BJP government's position on CTBT, aided by the arguments of the hawkish defence analysts and strategists, is being dictated by what one may call the "railway compartment mentality".
		North Korea's August 1998 launch of the Taepo Dong-I missile, and reports of increased deployment of Chinese M-11 missiles opposite Taiwan, have had their ramifications in the U.S. debate on TMD in East Asia (proposed to be deployed in conjunction with J apan and Taiwan) and the NMD itself.
	www.hinduonnet.com /fline/fl1620/16200360.htm (2443 words)

	NUCLEAR INDIA'S RESERVATIONS ON CTBT
		On the contrary the reservations in respect of the CTBT were precisely on the ground that it did not contain a genuine commitment towards disarmament And, while announcing it inability to sign the CTBT in the form in which it was drafted, India has presented a strong and credible case in support of its stand.
		Ghose said that the nuclear weapons states were determined to continue to rely on nuclear weapons for their security and visualise the CTBT not as a serious disarmament measure but merely as an instrument against horizontal proliferation.
		This was not the CTBT that India envisaged in 1954.
	www.webspawner.com /users/INDIANUKE9 (1078 words)

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