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Topic: Caddo Indians

	HISTORY OF CADDO INDIANS
		In the Caddo Nation of Indians, the Flag of the United States was displayed and commanded from the chief (and) warriors all the respectful venerations, to which it is entitled.
		Another factor that influenced the Caddoes to sell their lands, was the government policy of settling in the territory claimed by the small bands of Indians driven from other sections by the west ward expansion of the whites.
		This Indian said that the tribe would not wage a war against the whites, but admitted that Flores was then hunting with the Caddoes on the prairies, that he had gone with them since he could not prevail upon them to go with him.
	ops.tamu.edu /x075bb/caddo/Indians.html (19587 words)

	Prehistoric Caddo - Encyclopedia of Arkansas
		Prehistoric Caddo culture developed as a regional variant of the Mississippian tradition in southwest Arkansas and in parts of Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas between AD 800 and 1100.
		Parallels between some of these features and European descriptions of the historic Caddo who lived in the same large region in the 1600s and 1700s indicate that the prehistoric Caddo were ancestors of the modern Caddo Nation.
		The Caddo survived their encounter with the expedition and continued to live in southwest Arkansas with their cultural traditions intact until the next phase of European contact.
	encyclopediaofarkansas.net /encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?search=1&entryID=548 (1439 words)

	Caddo Indians
		The Caddo were a semi-sedentary and agricultural people, living in large, conical, communal, grass-thatched houses, and cultivating abundant crops of corn, beans, and pumpkins.
		Although the missionaries were thus temporarily withdrawn, the cattle which they had introduced among the Indians were left behind to increase, and thus augment their food resources and foster habits of industry.
		The Indian population thus brought within mission influence was estimated at nearly 5,000, not including the bands on Red River.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/c/caddo_indians.html (988 words)

	Texas Caddo Indians
		It is the Caddo Indians who are being attacked in and around their homes, not the white settlers.
		Indians were discriminated against and treated much the same as fl people were treated, even worse in many cases.
		Until an Indian was declared competent the government managed his or her land and financial affairs, just like the old trust system.
	www.texasindians.com /caddo2.htm (2831 words)

	The Caddo Indians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In 1542 members of the thriving Caddo Indian culture came face to face with Spanish explorer Luis de Moscoso and his party.
		This work is the first to focus intensively on the Caddos of the Texas-Louisiana border area and to include all three of the Caddo confederacies—Kadohadacho, Hasinai, and Natchitoches.
		This new view of the Caddos offers insight into European and American dealings with native peoples and how even the most sophisticated tribes' efforts to cope successfully with the new order of their world were futile.
	www.tamu.edu /upress/BOOKS/1995/smithft.htm (285 words)

	Facts for Kids: Caddo Indians (Caddos)
		The Caddos are original residents of the southern Plains, particularly Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Louisiana.
		Caddo men were hunters and sometimes went to war to protect their families.
		Caddo men usually cut their hair in the Mohawk style or shaved their heads except for a scalplock (one long lock of hair on top of their heads.) Sometimes warriors would make this hairstyle more impressive with a colorful porcupine roach.
	www.geocities.com /bigorrin/caddo_kids.htm (1471 words)

	THE CADDO INDIANS THROUGH TIME
		Caddo pottery was much in demand for the sake of its beauty and utility and was a popular trade item among the Hasinais.
		By 1874 the Caddo Reservation boundaries were settled, and the few remaining Caddos from the Kadohadacho, Natchitoches, and Hasinai tribes came together as the unified Caddo Indian Tribe.
		It is the dilemma of Indian culture: they are individuals on the edge, neither able to live in the world of the old Caddo ways nor in the fast-paced, work-oriented life of the Anglos.
	www.texancultures.utsa.edu /hiddenhistory/Pages1/abernethycaddo.htm (4370 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Caddo Indians
		Caddo proper), Hainai or Hasinai (Assinai), Nakohodotsi (Nacogdoches), Nadako (Anadarko), and Hai-ish (Alliche), in Texas.
		Caddo tribes must have been close to 10,000 souls, but in the winter of the same year a terrible epidemic, possibly of white origin, reduced their number by 3,000, or perhaps one-third, which, with other
		Indians having expressed a wish for the return of their teachers, Captain Diego Ramon, with an escort of troops and a party of twelve Franciscan priests and two lay brothers, came up from the Rio Grande, and after a friendly meeting with the chiefs concluded with them a treaty of peace on behalf of Spain.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03129a.htm (1004 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		The Caddos are particularly well known for the beautiful artistic and functional ceramic wares they made of many forms and functions, and the ceramics are considered some of the finest aboriginal pottery manufactured in North America.
		By 1874 the boundaries of the Caddo reservation were defined, and the separate Caddo tribes agreed to unite as the unified Caddo Indian Tribe.
		Under the terms of the General Allotment Act of 1887, the Caddo reservation was partitioned in 1902 a 160-acre allotment for each enrolled Caddo, and the remaining lands were opened for white settlement.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/CC/bmcaj.html (1577 words)

	Caddo Parish History Site
		One of the sixty-four parishes of Louisiana, Caddo Parish was formed in 1838.
		The parishes in the river areas of North Louisiana, such as Caddo, Carroll, Bossier, and Ouachita had pulled together several companies, and these parishes subsequently increased their war efforts with more military units, such as the Caddo Rifles in North Louisiana.
		Caddo, Bossier, and DeSoto Parishes found the situation intolerable and attempted to break away from Louisiana to join Texas.
	www.caddohistory.com (679 words)

	Caddo Indians were in Arkansas First (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		We will be learning about the Caddo Indians: how and where they lived and their lifestyles.
		Key Terms: Caddo, Migrate, Cahinnio, Fertile, Sophisticated, Torso, Bison, Round-headed people, Dome, Mounds Key Facts: The Caddo Indians are the only tribe that did not move to Arkansas; although they were not the first people in Arkansas.
		Plan a meal using only foods known to the Caddo Indians (e.g., corn, squash, beans, pumpkins, sunflowers, buffalo, deer, bear, hickory nuts, watermelon, small mammals, duck, geese, dove, fish, berries.) Closure: The land played an important part in the lives of the Caddo Indians.
	www.uark.edu /depts/arkhist/home/AHSI/2002/lesson_plans/johnson_caddo_first.html (357 words)

	caddo
		The Caddoes, members of the Southeastern area culture, were the earliest inhabitants of today's Marion County, Texas.
		The Caddo were well-respected among other Indians for the beauty of their leather goods and pottery.
		In spite of the Caddo's successful adaptation to life in a swampy, river bottom environment, the sudden shifts of the flood-prone bayous and river valleys caused problems.
	www.mayalords.org /namfldr/caddo.html (638 words)

	The Caddo Indians, Texas Indians
		A long time ago the Caddos, the Pawnee and the Wichita were all in the same tribe.
		The Caddo lived in east Texas in the piney forests.
		The bois de arc is an important tree to the Caddo.
	www.texasindians.com /caddo.htm (1688 words)

	[No title]
		The absence of organized Indian resistance, combined with the county's fertile soil and an offer of land grants by the Peters colony attracted settlers to the area in the early 1840s.
		The Caddo Indians established it as a distinct ceremonial site sometime between 1250 and 1450 A.D. Their large mortuary mounds formed a triangular plaza; the eastern mound is still intact.
		Named for the pre-historic Caddo Indians burial mounds which existed on both sides of the street as late as the 1930s.
	www-english.lycos.com /info/caddo-indians.html (513 words)

	CADDO INDIANS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Caddos are particularly well known for the beautiful artistic and functional ceramic wares they made of many forms and functions, and the ceramics are considered some of the finest aboriginal pottery manufactured in North America.
		By 1874 the boundaries of the Caddo reservation were defined, and the separate Caddo tribes agreed to unite as the unified Caddo Indian Tribe.
		Under the terms of the General Allotment Act of 1887, the Caddo reservation was partitioned in 1902 a 160-acre allotment for each enrolled Caddo, and the remaining lands were opened for white settlement.
	www.lucastexas.us /history_of_lucas/caddo_indians.htm (1798 words)

	Caddo Lake History Page
		Caddo Lake had actually been forming for many hundreds of years prior to the quakes.
		present day Caddo Lake was purchased from the Indians for $80,000 by the U.S. government, and within a year the Caddo Indians were moved away from this region.
		Caddo Lake was also a haven for outlaws of all types.
	www.caddolake.com /history.htm (729 words)

	The Caddo Indians of Louisiana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		This booklet, The Caddo Indians of Louisiana, was originally published in 1978 and was the second volume in the Anthropological Study series.
		Northwestern Louisiana was occupied by the Caddo Indians during the period of early Spanish, French, and American contacts.
		By combining history and archaeology, the Caddo story can be traced back for a thousand years-a unique opportunity made possible by a long tradition of distinctive traits, especially in pottery forms and decorations.
	www.crt.state.la.us /archaeology/caddo/caddo.htm (479 words)

	Caddo
		The Caddo Indian Nation was a very influential group of Indian tribes in the mid western United States.
		The Texans now felt they could control the Caddo, and forced them to leave their native lands to go to a promised land in Oklahoma where the Caddo still live today.
		The Caddo thrived on myths and stories that had been passed down for thousands of years from father to son, mother to daughter.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/northamerica/caddo.html (790 words)

	Caddo
		In the fertile soils of this area, the Caddo raised crops of corn, beans and squash.
		Groups of Caddo constructed permanent villages of earth lodges built around an open area that was used for games, dancing, and ceremonies.
		After first being forced to move to Texas, ancestors of today’s Caddo were again forced to move on to reservations in the Indian Territory in Oklahoma.
	www.scsc.k12.ar.us /2002Outwest/NaturalHistory/Projects/LachowskyR/Caddo.htm (230 words)

	The Infography about Caddo Indians and Caddo Archaeology
		John R. Swanton, Source Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddoan Indians.
		H.F. Gregory (ed.), The Southern Caddo: An Anthology.
		4, Helen Hornbeck Tanner, The Territory of the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma.
	www.infography.com /content/078134178220.html (186 words)

	Tejas Main
		In less than two centuries, the mighty Caddo were reduced to a few hundred refugees who were assigned tiny parcels of land in the Oklahoma Indian Territories, almost 200 miles west of their homeland.
		Caddo Fundamentals: Introduces the Caddo and their world: who they are, who they were, their homeland, and how we learn about the Caddo past.
		Sha'chahdínnih: exhibit on the Timber Hill archeological site, believed to be the remains of the last Caddo Indian village in the original Caddo Homeland, occupied from 1800 to 1840.
	www.texasbeyondhistory.net /tejas (1231 words)

	El Centro College - Caddo Indians of Texas
		The second was the Kadhadachos or Caddo proper that occupied northeast Texas and southwest Arkansas.
		Caddo brought with them bow and arrow, agriculture, tradition of living in large family dwellings in permanent villages
		Caddo had occupational specialists who were relieved of other responsibilities
	pw2.netcom.com /~wandaron/caddo.html (2369 words)

	Working bibliography...
		W., The Village Indians of the Upper Missouri: The Mandans, Hidatsas, and Arikaras.
		Stiggins, George, Creek Indian History: A Historical Narrative of the Genealogy, Traditions and Downfall of the Ispocoga or Creek Indian Tribe of Indians, Introduction and Notes by William Stokes Wyman, Edited by Virginia Pounds Brown.
		Tooker, Elisabeth, An Ethnography of the Huron Indians 1615-1649.
	www.dickshovel.com /bib.html (3385 words)

	Amazon.com: Caddo Indians: Where We Came from: Books: Ceclie Carter Elkins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542-1854 by F. Todd Smith
		The book provides observations, stories, and vignettes on twentieth-century Caddos and invites the reader to recognize the strengths, rooted in ancient culture, that have enabled the Caddos to survive epidemics, enemy attacks, and displacement from their original homelands in Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, and Oklahoma.
		Cecile Elkins Carter is Cultural Liaison for the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma.
	www.amazon.com /Caddo-Indians-Where-We-Came/dp/080613318X (1217 words)

	The Caddo Indians of Louisiana
		Between A.D. 1100 and 1200 the early Caddo culture was changing into a simpler culture that has been named Bossier; for the parish in which it was first discovered (Webb 1948a).
		Between Caddo Lake and Natchitoches the location of settlements in the Red River Valley almost disappeared at this time, possibly signifying the beginning of the Great Raft.
		In all, late Belcher people were dispersed widely, and their way of life gave rise to the generalized cultural base that existed at the time of European intrusion.
	www.crt.state.la.us /archaeology/caddo/bossier.htm (1261 words)

	The Official Website of The Caddo Nation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The ancestors of the Caddo Indians were agriculturalists whose distinctive way of life and material culture emerged by A.D. 900, as revealed in archaeological sites in Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma.
		The Caddo people suffered hardships when the United States government removed them to reservations in Texas and later Oklahoma during the nineteenth century.
		Please note: While some present and/or former members of the tribal council and individual tribal members may maintain their own personal websites with information regarding the Caddo Nation's tribal government, the Caddo Nation's recognized governmental website is your official source for information regarding the tribe.
	www.caddonation-nsn.gov /History.htm (210 words)

	Welcome to Caddo Parish - About Caddo Parish
		Today, the Parish of Caddo covers 852 square miles with its borders being, Texas to the West, Arkansas to the North, the Red River to the East and DeSoto Parish to the South with a small section at the South-eastern corner adjoining Red River Parish.
		The Caddo Indians, a tribe of Native Americans, were the original inhabitants of Northwest Louisiana.
		The Caddo Indian Confederacy consisted of six tribes who would eventually sell their lands to the United States by signing the Treaty of Cession of 1835.
	www.caddo.org /about.cfm (545 words)

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