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	Museum of the Red River-Archaeology
		Caddoan speakers inhabited the western edge of the Mississippian Cultural Universe, relatively far from the major ceremonial centers, in what was also a frontier zone between the southeastern woodlands and the southern plains.
		Although Caddoan groups shared the Mississippian lifestyle of their neighbors, with whom there was significant interaction, they differed from them in that they also had access to the cultures of the plains and regions farther to the west.
		Caddoan pottery of exceptional beauty can be seen at the Museum of the Red River, but without traveling to Idabel, you can see over 900 examples of Caddoan ceramic art in the three-volume CD set of images produced by the Museum from its collections.
	www.museumoftheredriver.org /arch.html (1540 words)

	Caddoan languages -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Caddoan languages are a ((biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more genera) family of (additional info and facts about Native American languages) Native American languages.
		Arikara is spoken on the Fort Berthold Reservation in (A state of north central United States bordering on Canada) North Dakota; Caddo, Wichita, and Pawnee are presently spoken in Oklahoma; Kitsai is extinct.
		The (The Caddoan language spoken by the Pawnee people) Pawnee formerly lived along the (A river in Nebraska that flows eastward to become a tributary of the Missouri River) Platte River in what is now (A midwestern state on the Great Plains) Nebraska.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ca/caddoan_languages.htm (176 words)

	caddo
		At this time, the Caddoan culture is characterized by sedentary villages located along waterways, ceremonial earth mound constructions, and maize horticulture.
		The Caddoan culture is also noted for a well developed artistic tradition, which can be seen in the carved effigy pipes from Oklahoma shown here.
		The Caddoan culture in northeastern Texas is believed to have developed in situ and to have become a discrete entity by around AD 800.
	www.utexas.edu /courses/denbow/labs/caddo2.htm (735 words)

	Knight Ridder::About Knight Ridder::Quality Journalism::Great Stories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Caddoan Mounds State Historic Site – Pine and oak woods give way to open, grassy fields spreading over traces of a Caddo Indian town that flourished here more than 1,000 years ago.
		The Caddos are saddened and angered by looters who dig up their ancient burial sites looking for pots, a practice that has been near-rampant in the past 50 years as markets for the ancient pottery increase.
		Caddoan Mounds, before it became a historic site with an interpretive center, was a peach orchard.
	www.knightridder.com /about/greatstories/worth/dig5.html (1846 words)

	Siouan and Caddoan Linguistics Conference 2004
		The conference is devoted to linguistic issues related to the Siouan and Caddoan language families.
		The conference is traditionally held within the states of the United States of America or provinces of Canada in which Siouan and Caddoan languages were once spoken, though this principle is sometimes honored in the breech.
		There is sometimes a parasession on Dhegiha linguistics or a separate meeting on it at a different time, a tradition initiated by Mark Swetland in 1999 with the Niskithe Meeting.
	spot.colorado.edu /~koontz/sacc.htm (157 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: HASINAI INDIANS
		The Hasinai Indians belong to the Caddoan linguistic stock, a large family that includes the Arikara, Pawnee, Wichita, Kitsai, and Caddo Indians.
		The number of Caddoan settlements in central East Texas increased after about A.D. 1300-1400, but none was as large as the Davis site.
		The cultural core of the Caddoan region was characterized by intensive horticultural pursuits based on maize, beans, and squash.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/HH/bmh8.html (946 words)

	Cherokee County (F-21) is located in
		Excavations at Caddoan Mounds State Historical Site six miles southwest of Alto has shown the county was occupied by people 12,000 years ago, beginning with the pre-historic Clovis culture.
		The Early Caddoan Mound Builders arrived in the area around A.D. 780 and introduced agriculture, elaborate religious ceremonies and trade to the area.
		There were three distinct Caddoan groups or confederacies known to Europeans: the Kadohadacho (from which the name Caddo was derived by the French), the Natchitoches, and the Hasinai.
	www.wells.esc7.net /Cherokee/county.htm (2996 words)

	Chronicles of Oklahoma
		On account of his connection with the investigations of early Caddoan cultural remains in Eastern Oklahoma and with those of a more recent period in the northern part of the state, he decided to visit this field before completing his homeward journey.
		Many of the artifacts are to be readily and positively identified as of Caddoan origin, though there are a few that may be recognized as representative of other cultures.
		The "turtle-back" or "snub-nose" skin-dressing pick, which was unknown to the early Caddoan peoples, was in common use in this field, as it also was among the later Caddoans of the Arkansas and Red River valleys.
	digital.library.okstate.edu /chronicles/v005/v005p407.html (2139 words)

	NPS Publications: The History of Scotts Bluff Nebraska (Archaeology)
		This southern or Caddoan complex spread as far west as Scotts Bluff and the Colorado border, where a few vestiges of this culture area found.
		Somewhat earlier the Caddoan Pawnees had a tenuous hold on this sub-agricultural area.
		Prior to the differentiation of the northern Caddoan peoples, much of the middle and western Nebraska was occupied by people (presumably proto-Pawnee) of the so-called Upper Republican culture, which incorporated agriculture, semi-subterranean earthlodges, and abundant pottery.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/berkeley/brand1/brand1c.htm (694 words)

	NPS Publications: The History of Scotts Bluff Nebraska (Early Indian Migrations)
		It is doubtful if there was ever any considerable Indian population of the Great Plains prior to the introduction of the horse, which greatly facilitated the hunting of buffalo and extensive migrations in search of water, fuel, and shelter.
		After the Caddoan occupation of the trans-Missouri region, there occurred an influx of Siouan peoples, also agricultural, from the north and east.
		The Dakota division of the Siouan stock, defeated in disastrous wars with the Algonquin Chippewa (who were aided by newly-acquired firearms from the French), around the beginning of the 18th century began to emigrate southwestward from Minnesota.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/berkeley/brand1/brand1d.htm (834 words)

	Kansas and Kansans Ch. 10 Pt. 1
		It is known that the Caddoan family, with its various tribes, lived immediately back and west of them.
		As the Kansas Indians were not in possession of any lands away from the Missouri River even in historic times, the Caddoans must have possessed the country well down all streams toward the Mississippi and the Missouri.
		The Pawnees, Wichitas, and perhaps other Caddoans owned the plains-country, and their possessions reached to within a few miles of the Missouri, especially in Kansas.
	skyways.lib.ks.us /genweb/archives/1918ks/v1/ch10p1.html (2510 words)

	SMU Anthropology, SW Pottery and Turquoise in Caddoan Area
		Also, direct geophysical methods of sourcing pottery and turquoise that were developed in the interim add to the empirical evidence for the origin of materials and artifacts.
		Two beads from a Caddoan burial at the Moore site near Spiro were sourced through trace element chemistry (neutron activation) to specimens from a Pueblo IV site in the Rio Grande valley of New Mexico (Weigand et al.
		Other evidence for direct exchange between the Southwest and the Texas Caddoan area was noted by Kreiger where Patton Engraved pottery sberds were recovered from Concepcion Focus houses in Presidio County on the Rio Grande, and Concepcion Focus arrow points were recovered from the Patton Site in Anderson County on the Trinity River (Kreiger 1946:209).
	www.smu.edu /anthro/collections/CaddoSW.html (3470 words)

	Search Results for caddoan - Encyclopædia Britannica
		It is difficult to describe the Southeast in terms of a total cultural pattern or dominant ethos.
		North American Plains Indian people of Caddoan linguistic stock who lived on the Platte River, Nebraska, from before the 16th century to the latter part of the 19th.
		The first comprehensive classification into families of the North American Indian languages was made in 1891 by the American John Wesley Powell, who based his study on impressionistic resemblances in...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=caddoan&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (319 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online: CADDOAN MOUNDS STATE HISTORIC SITE
		Caddoan Mounds State Historic Site, one of the best known and intensively investigated Indian sites in Texas, is on State Highway 21 about six miles southwest of Alto in southern Cherokee County.
		Davis Site, the southwesternmost ceremonial center of the Caddoan peoples who flourished on the western edge of the woodlands of eastern North America between 1000 B.C. and A.D. Caddoan Mounds consists of three large earthen mounds, as well as a large portion of a prehistoric village.
		When Europeans arrived in the area in the eighteenth century, the Caddoan groups they encountered lived in widely dispersed hamlets and small villages.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/CC/ghc1.html (878 words)

	HoustonChronicle.com - Caddoan Mounds State Park: Park offers insight to the past
		CADDOAN MOUNDS STATE PARK -- Standing there, in the clearing, you wonder what this place looked like 1,200 years ago when a group of Caddo Indians decided it was the right spot for a village.
		A visit to Caddoan Mounds State Park begins at the interpretive center, where a video gives historical perspective and talks about the present-day Caddo.
		The Caddoan Mounds State Historical park is open 9 a.m.-4 p.m.
	www.chron.com /cs/CDA/evergreen.mpl/travel/tx/piney/237251 (489 words)

	TPWD: Caddoan Mounds State Historic Site
		Caddoan Mounds State Historic Site, a 93.8-acre park in Cherokee County west of Nacogdoches, was acquired in February, 1975 from Walter E. Gundermann, Jr.
		Development of facilities was completed and the park opened to the public in June 1982.
		It was the home of Mound Builders of Caddoan origin who lived in the region for 500 years beginning about A.D. Activities:
	www.tpwd.state.tx.us /park/caddoan (246 words)

	Texas Historical Commission
		This selection of Texas place-names includes names derived from Indian words as well as names that are associated with Indians or their activities.
		Angelina River — named for a Caddoan Indian woman whom the Spaniards called Angelina, "little angel." The county and the national forest derive their names from the river.
		Bedias — for the Bidai Indians, a Caddoan group whose name meant "brushwood." The town is located in Grimes County.
	www.thc.state.tx.us /triviafun/trvindian.html (805 words)

	Wildernet - Caddoan Mounds State Historical Park
		Description - Caddoan Mounds State Historical Park, a 93.8 acre park in Cherokee County west of Nacogdoches, was acquired in February, 1975 from Walter E. Gundermann, Jr.
		Location - Caddoan Mounds State Historical Park is situated within the Pineywoods area of Texas.
		The park is 6 miles southwest of Alto on State Highway 21.
	www.wildernet.com /pages/area.cfm?areaID=TXSPCADD&CU_ID=1 (378 words)

	Jacksonville Daily Progress: Jacksonville, TX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Caddoan Mounds mark the land where the Caddoan Indians lived from approximately 750 A.D. to 1150 A.D. They built three ceremonial and burial mounds on the area straddling Hwy.
		Tom DuBourg, president of the Caddoan Mounds & Mission Tejas Friends Association, said he expects the national designation to encourage tourism in the area.
		Caddoan Mounds State Historical Site is located on Hwy.
	www.jacksonvilleprogress.com /articles/2005/03/22/news/news01.prt (488 words)

	Caddo - Ethnos - Books about the Caddo People
		At one time both the Wichita and Pawnee were part of the same nation as the Caddo, a fact attested to in that the Wichita and Pawnee spoke Caddoan languages.
		Perttula's study explores Caddoan cultural change from the perspectives of both archaeological data and historical, ethnographic, and archival records.
		Ingram: First encountered by explorer Hernando de Soto in the 16th century, the Caddoan tribes, found along the Red River in present-day Arkansas and Louisiana, practiced agriculture long before they hunted buffalo.
	www.almudo.com /ethnos/Caddo.htm (787 words)

	The Siouan Languages Bibliography
		proceedings of the 1992 Mid-America Linguistics Confernce on Siouan and Caddoan languages, university of Missouri, Columbia.
		VI annual Conference on Siouan and Caddoan Languages and Linguistics,, Wisconsin Rapids, WI, April 1986.
		Proceedings of the Mid- America Linguistics Conference and Xth annual Siouan and Caddoan Linguistics Conference, Lawrence, 1990, Department of Linguistics, Univ. of Kansas.
	puffin.creighton.edu /lakota/siouan_language.html (6970 words)

	Museum of the Red River–The Caddo
		Their distinctive cultural traits have been identified at sites dating to about AD 900, when they occupied an area which included present-day eastern Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northeastern Texas and northwestern Louisiana (the Caddoan Archaeological Area).
		The climate was moderate, and the land varied from wooded mountains to alluvial flood plains.
		Examples of their outstanding pottery are among the best-preserved objects that can be identified as “Caddoan”.
	www.museumoftheredriver.org /caddo.html (359 words)

	Texas Caddo Indians
		Mound building to put temples and important building on the mounds was a widespread practice in the southern and Midwestern United States.
		In Caddoan society men hunted, built the houses, made war and defended the people.
		Because of the Spanish missions we have some good written accounts of Caddoan society.
	www.texasindians.com /caddo2.htm (2831 words)

	DeSoto (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Most tribe names recorded in Texas by DeSoto's army appear to be of Caddoan origin, despite the fact that many other language groups of Indians lived in Texas at the time; particularly the Tonkawan Indian group, from Waco southward, and the Coahuiltec Language group to westward.
		The Spaniards had relied on Caddoan Indians from Chavete (Shreveport) for translations while in Texas, however, which would account for the lack of certain Tonkawan place names in the Spanish journals.
		The guide for the army in that region was said to have been assigned by his chief (of Waco) to deliberately lead the army into a region where they would perish.
	www.ci.lucas.tx.us /history_of_lucas/desoto.htm (529 words)

	Roughies The Epic Comic Strip of Hobo Surrealism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Caddoan Language Group is distantly related to the Iroquoian languages, and even more remotely related to the Siouan.
		The Caddoan Language group showed a gradual departure from the primary, Caddo language.
		In Roughes, the inhabitants of Spiro Mounds speak Caddoan, and teach it to the Vikings.
	www.roughies.com /explain.html (3106 words)

	Public Anthropology
		) concludes that "approximately three-quarters of the specimens are of Caddoan origin and the remaining twenty-five percent are Siouan" (259), using inference from two different bind points.
		Siouan and Caddoan people both made potteries although the Caddoan far excelled beyond the Siouan in this art (259).
		Caddoan people were preceded by a people of an unknown origin, although it is speculated that they were Iroquois.
	www.publicanthropology.org /Archive/Aa1927.htm (11541 words)

	Bottle [Caddoan peoples; Arkansas] (1978.412.85) \| Object Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Called Caddoan to distinguish it from the more eastern, and somewhat distinct, Mississippian patterns, its major center was at Spiro in Le Flore County, Oklahoma, where a new type of construction was undertaken in the thirteenth century that combined aspects of both ceremonial platforms and mortuary mounds into one structure.
		Believed to have served as the major ancestral shrine of the region, Craig Mound has thus yielded a particularly impressive array of funerary offerings associated with privilege and high status.
		The incised patterns on Caddoan pottery, while less ambitious in depiction, are elegantly conceived and executed, as this bottle illustrates.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ho/07/na/hod_1978.412.85.htm (186 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Siouan And Caddoan Languages Conference is an annual gathering of linguists and others interested in the Siouan and Caddoan families of languages.
		Members of Siouan or Caddoan speaking communities/tribes are encouraged to attend, either as presenters or observers.
		Students are especially encouraged to present, even if their work on a Siouan or Caddoan language is at an early stage.
	wings.buffalo.edu /linguistics/ssila/SACCweb/SACC.htm (155 words)

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