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Topic: Cadmium Telluride

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	[No title]
		When cadmium and cadmium compounds were formally identified as a toxic air contaminant, the ARB estimated a population-weighted annual concentration for 10 million people of between 1.0 and 2.5 ng/m3, of which 1 million people are exposed to an average cadmium concentration between 1.8 and 5.6 ng/m3 (ARB, 1986c).
		Cadmium and cadmium compounds are expected to be particle-associated in the atmosphere, and hence subject to wet and dry deposition.
		Cadmium and cadmium compounds also were also the major contributors to the overall cancer risk in 4 of the approximately 130 risk assessments reporting a total cancer risk equal to or greater than 10 in 1 million, and contributed to the total cancer risk in 70 of these risk assessments (OEHHA, 1996a).
	www.scorecard.org /chemical-profiles/html/cadmium.html (1414 words)

	Cadmium
		Thyrotoxicity of the chlorides of cadmium and mercury in rabbit.
		Cadmium given in combination with ethanol led to a pronounced increase in cadmium absorption and accumulation in all the tissues studied relative to both non-exposed controls and rats treated with cadmium alone.
		It was concluded that rhTGF beta 1 induces a tolerance to cadmium in cultured endothelial cells, caused by a decrease in the cadmium accumulation in the particulate fraction of the cells.
	www.ithyroid.com /cadmium.htm (13383 words)

	All the information on Cadmium
		Cadmium is intentionally added to six major classes of products where it imparts distinct performance advantages and is present as an impurity in five major classes of products where its presence is regarded as an environmental disadvantage but which generally does not affect the performance of the product.
		Cadmium hydroxide is utilised as one of the two principal electrode materials in Ni-Cd batteries which have extensive applications in the railroad and aircraft industry for starting and emergency power and in consumer applications such as cordless power tools, cellular telephones, camcorders, portable computers, portable household appliances and toys.
		Cadmium coatings are utilised on steel, aluminium, and certain other non-ferrous metal fasteners and moving parts to provide the best available combination of corrosion resistance, particularly in salt and alkali media, and lubricity or low coefficient of friction.
	www.cadmium.org /applications.html (419 words)

	Cadmium Telluride (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cadmium telluride is available in fragments and powder form.
		Cadmium has long been recognized as a toxic material and persons working with it should understand the dangers of excessive exposure to antimony.
		To this end, Asarco has prepared a booklet titled: "Cadmium: How to Work With It and Protect Your Health." Copies of this booklet and Material Safety Data Sheets are available free of charge by writing to Asarco Globe Plant, 495 East 51st Avenue, Denver, CO 80216.
	www.asarco.com /purity_cadmiumtelluride.html (104 words)

	Cadmium telluride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a crystalline compound formed from cadmium and tellurium with a zinc blende (cubic) crystal structure (space group F43m).
		It is etched by many acids including hydrochloric, and hydrobromic acid, forming (toxic) hydrogen telluride gas.
		Cadmium telluride is commercially available as a powder, or as crystals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cadmium_telluride (400 words)

	Dartmouth Toxic Metal Research - Toxic Metals
		Cadmium is extremely rare in the Earth’s crust, with less than one-fifth of a gram of the metal — about one fifth of the metal in a thumbtack — in every ton of crustal material.
		Cadmium quickly became concentrated in the crops, and before long local women began to experience pain in their bones and joints, which eventually became so excruciating that they were bed-ridden.
		Cadmium is known to accumulate in the kidneys, and some scientists believe that damage to kidney tissue may lead to kidney disease, high blood pressure and heart disease.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~toxmetal/TXQAcd.shtml (2458 words)

	CHEC Chemical Profile: cadmium
		Cadmium is also used in batteries, photovoltaic cells, and infrared windows, metal coatings and electroplating, electrical components, paints, plastics (primarily polyvinyl chloride, or vinyl), ceramic glazes, and textile dyes.
		Cadmium levels in human milk can also be from 5 to 10% of the levels found in the mother's blood.
		Release of cadmium from human activities is estimated at from 4,000 to 13,000 tons per year, with major contributions from mining and from burning fossil fuels.
	www.checnet.org /healthehouse/chemicals/chemicals-detail2.asp?Main_ID=369 (1983 words)

	Galtech Semiconductor Materials Corporation - Global Opportunities
		Cadmium telluride and cadmium zinc telluride are semiconductor materials used in electronic equipment such as infrared detectors, weapons guidance systems, satellite surveillance, solar cells, deep space communications, infrared night vision devices, tumor detectors, nuclear radiation and gamma detectors, spectrometers for chemical identification, nuclear medicine, astronomy and related applications.
		Cadmium telluride, cadmium zinc telluride and cadmium mercury telluride are difficult to grow in high quality crystalline structures, but are popular in spite of these limitations because of their superior properties in infrared sensing applications.
		If we are successful in doing this, we expect the interest in cadmium telluride material to increase not only in military and aerospace applications but also in a number of non-military applications, the most notable of which is the medical imaging device area.
	www.galtech-corp.com /glb_opt.html (827 words)

	CHEC Chemical Summary: cadmium
		Cadmium sulfide is the most widely used cadmium compound and is used mainly in pigments.
		Cadmium is also used in batteries, photovoltaic cells, and infrared windows, metal coatings and electroplating, electrical components, paints, plastics (primarily polyvinyl chloride, or vinyl), ceramic glazes, and textile dyes.
		Cadmium is released into the environment by the burning of coal, diesel fuel, gasoline and other fossil fuels, incineration of municipal waste, and from polluting metal alloy and electroplating facilities.
	checnet.org /healthehouse/chemicals/chemicals-detail.asp?Main_ID=369 (642 words)

	CdZnTe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On Earth, cadmium zinc telluride is used as a substrate for growing mercury cadmium telluride crystals, which are used to make important infrared radiation detectors.
		The alloying element, zinc, is added to help reduce defects in the mercury cadmium telluride crystal grown on the cadmium zinc telluride substrate by minimizing the strain where the two layers join.
		Cadmium zinc telluride is also a relatively soft material, which can be deformed during the normal crystal growth process on Earth.
	liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov /Shuttle/USML2/science/cdznte.html (297 words)

	Method to stabilize metal contacts on mercury-cadmium-telluride alloys - Patent 4818565
		Simple metals such as aluminum and indium react with MCT to form tellurides, induce a severe mercury (Hg) depletion in the near-surface region and/or atomic interdiffusion into the semiconductor.
		If these values are compared with the telluride formation enthalpy of a typical reactive "contact metal" such as aluminum or indium (-25.4 KCal and -19.1 KCal/moL of Te), respectively, it can be concluded that the reaction of MCT with Yb or Sm may be thermodynamically favored relative to reaction with Al.
		If these values are compared with the telluride formation enthalpy and cation solution enthalpies of a typical "reactive" contact metal such as Al, it can be concluded that all of the interface reaction products between Hg.sub.1-x Cd.sub.x Te and Yb or Sm should be thermodynamically stable relative to reaction of the MCT surface with Al.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4818565.html (2837 words)

	Cadmium Sulfide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Asarco high-purity cadmium sulfide is produced through a series of hydrometallurgical steps.
		The primary use for high-purity cadmium sulfide is in photovoltaics and pigments.
		Cadmium sulfide is available in powder form at minus 30 mesh.
	www.asarco.com /purity_cadmiumsulfide.html (122 words)

	CHEC Chemical Summary: cadmium
		Cadmium sulfide is the most widely used cadmium compound and is used mainly in pigments.
		Cadmium is released into the environment by the burning of coal, diesel fuel, gasoline and other fossil fuels, incineration of municipal waste, and from polluting metal alloy and electroplating facilities.
		In the past, cadmium was used as a fungicide for golf courses and home lawns, but by 1997 all uses as pesticides were voluntarily cancelled.
	www.checnet.org /healthehouse/chemicals/chemicals-detail.asp?Main_ID=369 (642 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cadmium telluride (CdTe) is a crystalline compound formed from cadmium and tellurium with a zinc blende (cubic) crystal structure (space group F43m).
		It is usually sandwiched with cadmium sulfide to form a pn junction photovoltaic solar cell.
		One study found that the highly reactive surface of cadmium telluride quantum dots triggers extensive reactive oxygen damage to the cell membrane, mitochondria, and cell nucleus.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Cadmium_telluride (626 words)

	University of Wales Bangor:
		The next generation of photovoltaic cells are being made from cadmium telluride, a thin film material.
		Ensuring a lifelong stable and efficient contact to the cadmium telluride photovoltaic cell via a metal contact is proving more difficult as the contact can become unstable and resistive.
		In principle, this should be disastrous as the materials would prove resistive and the current would not be able to pass through, but Professor Irvine is confident of being able to create a highly conducting tunnel junction which will enable a stable and sustainable efficient transfer of energy from the photovoltaic cells.
	www.bangor.ac.uk /news/SolarCells.htm (441 words)

	Mercury(II) cadmium(II) telluride - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		HgCdTe or Mercury cadmium telluride (also Cadmium Mercury Telluride, MCT or CMT) is an alloy of CdTe and HgTe and is sometimes claimed to be the third semiconductor of technological importance after Silicon and Gallium(II) arsenide.
		The amount of cadmium (Cd) in the alloy (the alloy composition) can be chosen so as to tune the optical absorption of the material to the desired infrared wavelength.
		HgCdTe is usually referred to as MerCad Telluride, or simply MerCad in the Infrared sensors community.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mercury_cadmium_telluride (1198 words)

	National Center for Photovoltaics - NREL Achieves Solar-Electric Record (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The measurement of 16.4% efficiency bested the previous threshold of 15.8% efficiency for a cadmium telluride cell—a record that has stood since 1992.
		The record-setting cadmium telluride process developed by NREL benefits from a number of new insights in understanding the operation of these solar cells.
		Cadmium telluride represents one of the most promising technologies for thin-film solar cells.
	www.nrel.gov /ncpv/cdtecell.html (323 words)

	Nano News - Unmodified Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots Prove Toxic
		Overall cell metabolism also decreased in a manner that was directly proportional to the number of quantum dots entering the cell; that is, the more quantum dots in the cell, the greater the decrease in overall metabolism.
		Because of the type of damage they observed in their experiments, the investigators suspected that these ill effects were not the result of cadmium toxicity, but rather resulted from the highly reactive surface of the quantum dots.
		This work is detailed in a paper titled, “Unmodified cadmium telluride quantum dots induce reactive oxygen species formation leading to multiple organelle damage and cell death.” Investigators from the University of Zagreb, Croatia, also participated in this study.
	nano.cancer.gov /news_center/nanotech_news_2005-12-12c.asp (379 words)

	Application of a continuous ventricular function monitor with miniature cadmium telluride detector to patients with ...
		Application of a continuous ventricular function monitor with miniature cadmium telluride detector to patients with coronary artery bypass grafting -- Taki et al.
		Application of a continuous ventricular function monitor with miniature cadmium telluride detector to patients with coronary artery bypass grafting
		telluride detector was evaluated and applied to patients with coronary
	jnm.snmjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/33/3/441 (372 words)

	American Elements: Cadmium Telluride (By Crystallization) Supplier & Tech Info
		Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) is also available as Quantum Dots.
		Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dots are charged aqueous soluble nano crystals with narrow emission spectra from 490 nm to 740 nm.
		Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) is also used in solar energy and advanced optical applications.
	www.americanelements.com /tecd.html (170 words)

	Solar Cell Efficiency Could Spur Sales of PV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The cadmium telluride process developed by NREL uses new materials that interact chemically with the CdTe to improve adhesion, light collection, and electronic properties.
		Cadmium telluride represents a promising technology for thin-film solar cells, where layers of differing electricity-producing materials are applied sequentially to a glass, plastic or steel backing.
		There are several materials that can be used for thin-film panels, but cadmium telluride yields higher wattage per square foot, at a lower price per watt of capacity.
	www.ecolivingcenter.com /board/energy/messages/34.html (478 words)

	New technology could spur growth in photovoltaic panels
		The measurement of 16.4 percent efficiency bested the previous threshold of 15.8 percent efficiency for a cadmium telluride cell — a record that has stood since 1992.
		The record-setting cadmium telluride (CdTe) process developed by NREL is different from previous cells and benefits from a number of new insights in understanding of the operation of these solar cells.
		Cadmium telluride represents one of the most promising technologies for thin-film solar cells.
	www.eurekalert.org /features/doe/2001-04/drel-ntc061802.php (476 words)

	Cadmium Zinc Telluride - Search Results - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Cadmium Zinc Telluride - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Cadmium occurs as the principal constituent of a mineral only in the rare greenockite.
		Almost the entire cadmium output of the United States is...
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/search.aspx?q=Cadmium+Zinc+Telluride (93 words)

	Single crystal Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
		Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) is a member of the II-VI family of compound semiconductors.
		Materials for electronics such as Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) and related compounds are used in highly sensitive detectors and photorefractive devices.
		Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) infrared detectors enable high-resolution thermal imaging and high data rate optical telecommunication.
	www.lab4you.de /moltech3/cdte_e.htm (144 words)

	Solar Cells Suck It Up
		Cadmium telluride represents one of the most promising technologies for so-called thin film solar cells, says NREL research manager John Benner.
		The record-setting cadmium telluride (CdTe) process is different from previous cells and benefits from new understanding of the operation of solar cells, says Benner.
		The record-setting cadmium telluride solar cell is still only about half as efficient as a solar cell that can convert sunlight to electricity at 32 percent efficiency, developed in 1999 by NREL and Spectrolab of Sylmar, California.
	www.wired.com /news/technology/1,43297-0.html (705 words)

	[No title]
		Cadmium and cadmium compounds are highly toxic and experimental carcinogens.
		Inhalation: Inhalation of dust of fumes from cadmium or its compounds may cause irritation of the nose and throat.
		Inhalation: Inhalation of cadmium and its compounds may pose an increased risk of lung cancer and possibly other forms of cancer.
	www.espi-metals.com /msds's/Cadmium%20Telluride.htm (739 words)

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