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Topic: Cadmium pigments

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	Cadmium pigments - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The principal pigments are a family of yellow/orange/red cadmium sulfides and sulfoselenides.
		Cadmium sulfide and a mixture of cadmium sulfide with cadmium selenide are commonly used as pigments in artist's paints.
		With respect to lightfastness the lemon yellow cadmium pigment is an exception: the azo-variety is highly superior in light-fastness.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cadmium_pigments (393 words)

	Cadmium pigments are green !
		Cadmium pigments are extremely insoluble compounds of calcined cadmium zinc sulphide (green-shade yellows to golden yellows) and cadmium sulphoselenide (yellow through oranges and reds to deep maroons).
		Pigmented plastics in landfills are probably the safest form of cadmium in the environment, even when compared with naturally occurring metal ores.
		Scandinavian countries have legislated to force substitution of cadmium pigments using alternatives, and the EU is currently endeavouring to harmonise the legislation in the EU.
	www.jamesmbrown.co.uk /cd_pigments/green.htm (897 words)

	Method for the production of cadmium pigments
		Cadmium is left 3 hours to dissolved-about 100 kilos of cadmium has been dissolved-, then the previously polished solution is pumped to the precipitation tank.
		Pigments are calcined at a temperature of 360 to 375°C with a moderate extraction of gases, so as to extract the not used selenium metal (about 9% of selenium added, which will be washed and condensed in a washing tower).
		Afterwards, pigments are quenched in water ground to desired particle size and washed free from soluble salts.(max.Cd soluble salts allowance=65 ppm.
	www.giurfa.com /cadmium.html (718 words)

	Pigment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In biology, pigment is any material resulting in color in plant or animal cells which is the result of selective absorption.
		Pigments work by selectively absorbing some parts of the visible spectrum (see light) whilst reflecting others.
		A distinction is usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble, and a dye, which is either a liquid, or is soluble.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pigment (400 words)

	All the information on Cadmium
		Cadmium pigments are stable inorganic colouring agents which can be produced in a range of brilliant shades of yellow, orange, red and maroon.
		Cadmium pigments are usually incorporated in these paints in proportions of 10 to 15 per cent by weight.
		Cadmium pigments have a number of other minor uses in rubber, paper and inks although these are small in terms of cadmium consumption.
	www.cadmium.org /app_pigm.html (597 words)

	All the information on Cadmium
		Cadmium is a naturally occurring metallic element, one of the components in the earth’s crust, and present everywhere in our environment.
		Finally, cadmium pigments produce intense colourings such as yellow, orange and red, and are well known pigments in artists' colours, plastics, glasses, ceramics and enamels.
		Cadmium pigments are insoluble in water and in organic solvents and have a very good resistance to detergents and the action of most corrosive alkali chemicals.
	www.cadmium.org /introduction.html (1228 words)

	Cd pigments
		JMB cadmium pigments are manufactured using very high purity raw materials and all batches undergo special treatment during processing which enables them to comply with special requirements e.g.
		Cadmium pigments have inherent high temperature resistance because of their method of manufacture and may therefore be used routinely in polymers which are processed at or above 300ºC e.g.
		Cadmium pigments have long been the standard against which other pigments are judged by artists and they continue to be the only choice for top-quality oil and water colours.
	www.jamesmbrown.co.uk /cd_pigments/cdpigs.htm (480 words)

	Untitled Document
		Pigments were obtained from oil paint by washing the paint in turpentine to strip the oil from the pigment.
		Cadmium red hue is a student grade pigment and on average costs about $7 for a 75 mL tube while artists' grade cadmium red is approximately $17 for 75 mL from Windsor and Newton, the largest oil paint manufacturer.
		The images of each pigment are also nearly identical owing to the fact that selenium is in the same periodic group as sulfur and does not affect the cadmium sulfate crystal structure significantly.
	www.optics.rochester.edu /workgroups/cml/opt307/spr05/kevin (1457 words)

	Will Cadmium Always Be On The Palette?
		Cadmium pigments were discovered around 1820 and first commercialized for artists' use by the mid 1840's.
		Cadmiums offered new color intensity and opacity While cadmium pigments are considered extremely lightfast under conditions of indoor use and exposure, they fade a great deal when used outdoors in acrylic paints.
		Although the performance of cadmium pigments in the glass industry may be unequaled, their use is prohibited to a large extent due to the "Toxics in Packaging" laws of many states, which limit the intentional additions of heavy metals to packaging materials.
	www.goldenpaints.com /justpaint/jp4article2.php (1859 words)

	[No title]
		Pigments Painters use pigments in oil paints, acrylics, watercolor paints, gouache, encaustic, poster paints, casein paints and tempera.
		The main hazard in standard painting techniques is accidental ingestion of pigments due to eating, drinking or smoking while working, inadvertent hand to mouth contact, or pointing the paint brush with the lips.
		Pastels can contain toxic pigments such as chrome yellow (lead chromate) which can cause lung cancer, and cadmium pigments (which can cause kidney and lung damage and are suspect human carcinogens).
	www.uic.edu /sph/glakes/harts/HARTS_library/paintdrw.txt (2687 words)

	handprint : synthetic inorganic pigments
		Nearly all synthetic inorganic pigments were discovered or identified in the grand European flowering of inorganic chemistry that occurred in the century after 1750, when European industries sponsored intensive minerological and metallurgical research, and early chemists isolated and identified many new metallic elements — cadmium, cobalt, chromium, zinc, manganese, magnesium, and so on.
		Cadmiums are saturated, semiopaque to opaque (they become less opaque as they dry), lustrous, dense and very smooth (powdery) pigments, expensive but extremely permanent in pure form and if not mixed with lead or iron paints.
		Cadmiums are considered mildly to moderately toxic (especially the reds, which also contain selenium) because they can cause poisoning sickness or cancer if eaten or inhaled in large quantities as a pigment powder, sprayed paint, pastel residue, or fumes from heated pigment.
	www.handprint.com /HP/WCL/pigmt1b.html (4074 words)

	Background information on cadmium poisoning in support of a "fact sheet" for lay adjudicators
		Cadmium pigments (mainly cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenosulfide) are produced as powders, pellets, pastes and liquids and are primarily used for the colouring of plastics.
		Cadmium and compounds are found in dry pigments, paints, pastels, pottery and enamelling colorants, low melting silver solders, and metal alloys used in artwork and theatre crafts.
		Cadmium concentration in urine is considered to be more reflective of body burden in currently-exposed workers than cadmium in blood, and is the most widely used biological measure of chronic exposure to cadmium.
	www.canoshweb.org /odp/html/cadmium.htm (6987 words)

	Cadmium yellow - history
		Stromeyer discovered metallic cadmium in 1817 but production of the cadmium pigments was delayed until about 1840 because of the scarcity of the metal.
		Cadmium sulfide was prepared with an acid solution of cadmium salt (either chloride or sulfate) which was heated with hydrogen sulfide gas until a powder was formed.
		Field claimed that the best cadmiums were those produced without an excess of sulfur and that the permanence of a carefully made cadmium was improved when mixed with lead white using only an ivory knife.
	webexhibits.org /pigments/indiv/history/cdyellow.html (220 words)

	cadmium
		Cadmium compounds are used in fl and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes.
		Cadmium appears in the workplace in solder, a neutron absorbent in the nuclear industry, alkaline storage batteries, an amalgam in dentistry, a stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride, engravings and pigments.
		Liberation during casting and use of solders; during melting of cadmium ingots for paint and pigment manufacture used for coloring of plastics and ceramic glazes, electroplating, and in chemical synthesis.
	www.speclab.com /elements/cadmium.htm (1358 words)

	Blockx - Color since 1865
		Pigments are finely ground, coloured powders, which may be natural or synthetic, they may be further classified as inorganic, those of mineral origin, or organic, derived from carbon compounds.
		Cadmium pigments occur as cadmium zinc sulphide (yellows) and cadmium sulphoselenide (reds).
		Soluble cadmium compounds are toxic but the method by which modern cadmium pigments are manufactured makes them virtually insoluble and therefore not a danger in normal use as an artists’ colour.
	www.blockx.be /en/actu/toxicite.asp (1423 words)

	Welcome to Jyoti Colours (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		All pigments are tested gainst the physical standards using the specified test procedure.
		Cadmium pigments comply with Council of Europe Resolution AP 89(1) covering pigments for food-contanct plastics.
		Cadmium pigments comply with current USA "TCPL" limits for leachable cadmium and are therefore not classed as hazardous waste.
	www.jyoticolors.com /cadmiumpigments.htm (257 words)

	Studio Safety and Artists Pigments - Gamblin Artists Colors Newsletter - February 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		Cadmium pigments are actually made from cadmium compounded with sulfur for the Cadmium yellows (sulfur and zinc for Cadmium Lemon and Cadmium Yellow Light).
		American manufacturers of cadmium pigments have developed production systems that yield cadmium pigments that are relatively insoluble in the human digestive system.
		The pigment is a compound of cobalt and phosphate.
	www.gamblincolors.com /newsletters/newsletter13.html (1777 words)

	Guidance for the use of environmentally sound substances - Pigments and stabilisers
		Pigments are used to give colour to e.g.
		In general, cadmium compounds are classified as hazardous to health and the environment.
		Due to their substance properties, their potential releases (especially during processing and disposal) and legal requirements, cadmium and lead compounds should be substituted in their application as pigments and stabilisers.
	www.umweltbundesamt.de /umweltvertraegliche-stoffe-e/pigments.htm (293 words)

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		The pigments are not fast to the combined effects of strong light, atmospheric water vapor and oxygen.
		As a result, these cadmium pigments offer a solution to coloring problems in which it is considered undesirable to incorporate large amounts of a white opacifier.
		All JMB pigments are screened through a 350 mesh screen and are magnetically sieved before they are passed for distribution.
	www.umccorp.com /inorganics.htm (775 words)

	DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 84-116
		Approximately 4,000 metric tons of cadmium are used yearly in the United States, of which about half is used for plating other metals and half is used in pigments, batteries, stabilizers for plastics, metallurgy, nuclear reactor neutron-absorbing rods, and semiconductors and as a catalyst.
		In a study of 292 cadmium production workers who had a minimum of 2 years of employment between 1940 and 1969, a statistically significant excess of deaths from all malignancies and from lung cancer was observed in the entire cohort.
		Cadmium chloride has been shown to be carcinogenic in an experimental animal study; an epidemiological study has demonstrated excess lung cancer mortality among workers exposed to cadmium oxide.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/84116_42.html (2462 words)

	Maimeri Mediums
		Whites are formulated with a particularly high pigment concentration and no filters to guarantee an exceptional white tone and high colouring power when added to colours.
		Cadmium-based pigments are expensive, but unmatched for their coverage and colouring power.
		The resistance to light and chromatic properties of cadmium colours can only be obtained with pure pigments, without the addition of other raw materials which could compromise quality.
	www3.telus.net /eastside/Products/Text/Classico.htm (736 words)

	history of pigments in paint/ m. crowley-kiggins
		Many inorganic pigments are made by heating compounds such as cobalt and aluminum to temperatures more than 2,000 degrees F for long periods of time.
		Cadmium is a silvery metal that occurs in nature, but cadmium pigments are manufactured.
		Pigment was made by scraping the green crust off and processing it further with wine or vinegar.
	www.multimediaarts.com /watercolors/colrhist.htm (4359 words)

	Cadmium pigments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		It appears from their survey that alteration in paints containing cadmium red or yellow pigments are not widely reported, and these pigments are generally regarded as stable.
		The possible influence of cadmium pigments on the deterioration of paint and polymer media has been reviewed by reference to the literature.
		There is evidence that cadmium sulphide, by virtue of its semi-conductor properties, can promote degradation of organic binders by processes similar to those known to occur for TiO2 and ZnO.
	www.amolf.nl /research/biomacromolecular_mass_spectrometry/molart/Cadmium.html (193 words)

	ipedia.com: Pigment Article
		In biology, pigment is any color in plant or animal cells.
		Nearly all types of cells, such as skin, eyes, fur and hair contain pigment.
		There is no well-defined dividing line between pigments and dyes, however, and some coloring agents are used as both pigments and dyes.
	www.ipedia.com /pigment.html (212 words)

	Teck Cominco Products and Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		If you are currently developing a product, or are in the process of researching new areas that may require cadmium, then give us a call or complete our inquiry form.
		Cadmium is produced as a co-product of our zinc smelting and refining process.
		A thin sheet of cadmium is highly effective for weakening thermal neutrons in container applications.
	products.teckcominco.com /Products/Cadmium.html (297 words)

	EU Legislation
		In its Annex, the Cadmium Directive (91/338/EEC) provides for a ban on the use of cadmium and its compounds to colour or stabilise PVC and other packaging materials, and sets a maximum cadmium content of 100 ppm by mass.
		However, as far as cadmium in packaging is concerned, the Cadmium Directive was superseded by the Waste Packaging Directive (94/62/EC) and from a legal point of view the Commission services stated that the threshold values of 94/62/EC apply.
		assuming that cadmium was the only one of the four regulated metals that was present, the limit for this would be 100ppm.
	www.cibasc.com /ind-pla-eff-saf-env-eu_legislation (601 words)

	KREMER Pigmente: Cadmium pigments
		Cadmium pigments are excellently lightfast, opaque and brilliant with high colouring strength.
		This purity means a cleaner, brighter colour and a lower occurence of free cadmium than in cheaper grades.
		Assortment of Cadmium Pigments packaged in hexagonal glass jars, 14 colours, 50 g each
	www.kremer-pigmente.de /intl.catalog/epigmen03.htm (85 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-09)
		This is especially important because the name that appears on the tube of colour may or may not truly represent the pigments present.
		Coloured pencils have pigments added to the graphite, but the amounts are small so that there is no significant risk of exposure.
		lung cancer, and cadmium pigments (which can cause kidney and lung damage and are suspect human carcinogens).
	www.cariboo.bc.ca /ae/VPA/PTGDRW~1.HTM (2886 words)

	Tattoo Ink: The BME Encyclopedia
		Most tattoo pigments are made from metal salts, that is oxidizing certain metals and elements to produce a color change.
		Pthalocyanine pigments are approved by the FDA for use in contact lenses, surgical implants, and paint for infant furniture.
		Yellow is generally a safe pigment, but when used in high concentration, may burn and scar due to a change in PH under the skin.
	encyc.bmezine.com /?tattoo_ink (1200 words)

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