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Topic: Cadmium sulfide

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	Cadmium - MSN Encarta
		Almost the entire cadmium output of the United States is obtained as a by-product in the refining of zinc ores, chiefly from Missouri and Montana.
		Cadmium may be electrolytically deposited as a coating on metals, chiefly iron or steel, on which it forms a chemically resistant coating.
		Cadmium lowers the melting point of metals with which it is alloyed; it is used with lead, tin, and bismuth in the manufacture of fusible metals for automatic sprinkler systems, fire alarms, and electric fuses.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761562826 (369 words)

	cadmium. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Cadmium oxide, a brown powder formed by burning the metal in air, is used in electroplating; it is also made by heating cadmium hydroxide.
		The major use of cadmium is as a coating that is electroplated on iron and steel to prevent corrosion; it is preferable to zinc for protection from alkalies.
		Cadmium does not occur uncombined in nature; greenochite, a cadmium sulfide mineral found near Greenoch, Scotland, is the only commercial ore. Cadmium is obtained principally as a byproduct of the smelting and refining of ores of zinc, especially zinc sulfides, and of lead and copper.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ca/cadmium.html (285 words)

	The Environmental Bureau of Investigation (EBI) Contaminants: cadmium
		Pure cadmium is a soft, silver-white metal; however cadmium is not usually found in the environment as a metal but as a mineral combined with other elements such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), chlorine (cadmium chloride), or sulfur (cadmium sulfate, cadmium sulfide).
		Cadmium is excreted slowly, in urine and feces.
		To protect against cadmium toxicity, avoid cadmium exposure and intake by minimizing smoking and exposure to cigarette smoke, avoiding refined foods, shellfish, coffee, tea, and soft water and maintain good zinc levels by eating high-zinc foods, such as whole grains, legumes, and nuts (oysters are high in zinc but also high in cadmium).
	www.e-b-i.net /ebi/contaminants/cadmium.html (1473 words)

	All the information on Cadmium
		Cadmium is a naturally occurring metallic element, one of the components in the earth’s crust, and present everywhere in our environment.
		This is largely due to the presence of trace levels of cadmium in foodstuffs of natural origin or of the use of phosphate fertilisers and sludge on agricultural soils.
		Cadmium pigments are insoluble in water and in organic solvents and have a very good resistance to detergents and the action of most corrosive alkali chemicals.
	www.cadmium.org /introduction.html (1228 words)

	Cadmium sulfide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cadmium sulfide (UK English sulphide), the mineral greenockite, is an hexagonal, yellowish crystal with specific gravity of 4.7 and Mohs hardness of 3.8.
		Synthetic cadmium pigments based on cadmium sulfide are valued for their good thermal stability in many polymers, for example in engineering plastics.
		Cadmium sulfide is a direct bandgap semiconductor with a bandgap of 2.42 eV.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cadmium_sulfide (233 words)

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		When cadmium and cadmium compounds were formally identified as a toxic air contaminant, the ARB estimated a population-weighted annual concentration for 10 million people of between 1.0 and 2.5 ng/m3, of which 1 million people are exposed to an average cadmium concentration between 1.8 and 5.6 ng/m3 (ARB, 1986c).
		Cadmium and cadmium compounds are expected to be particle-associated in the atmosphere, and hence subject to wet and dry deposition.
		Cadmium and cadmium compounds also were also the major contributors to the overall cancer risk in 4 of the approximately 130 risk assessments reporting a total cancer risk equal to or greater than 10 in 1 million, and contributed to the total cancer risk in 70 of these risk assessments (OEHHA, 1996a).
	www.scorecard.org /chemical-profiles/html/cadmium.html (1414 words)

	Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds First Listed in the First Annual Report on Carcinogens as Reasonably Anticipated to be ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Cadmium carbonate occurs as a white amorphous powder that is soluble in acids, potassium cyanate, and ammonium salts and insoluble in ammonia and water, both cold and hot.
		Cadmium sulfate and cadmium sulfide are used in pigments, fluorescent screens, in photoelectric cells, and in electroplating.
		Cadmium sulfide is the most widely used cadmium compound and is used primarily as a pigment (Sax, 1987; cited by IARC V.58, 1993; Kirk-Othmer V.4, 1978).
	www.mindfully.org /Pesticide/Cadmium-Human-Carcinogen-NTP-Jan01.htm (4206 words)

	[No title]
		Cadmium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cd and atomic number 48.
		Compounds containing cadmium are used in fl and white television phosphors and also in the blue and green phosphors for color television picture tubes.
		Used in some semiconductors such as cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, and cadmium telluride, which can be used for light detection or solar cells.
	www.cadmium.com (988 words)

	Eco-USA: Cadmium
		Cadmium is an element that occurs naturally in the earth's crust.
		Pure cadmium is a soft, silver-white metal; however cadmium is not usually found in the environment as a metal.
		Cadmium is found at hazardous waste sites at average concentrations of about 4 ppb in soil and 5 ppb in water.
	www.eco-usa.net /toxics/cadmium.shtml (1131 words)

	Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Volume 58, 1993) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Among the important compounds of cadmium are cadmium oxide (used in batteries, as an intermediate and catalyst and in electroplating), cadmium sulfide (used as a pigment), cadmium sulfate (used as an intermediate and in electroplating) and cadmium stearate (used as a plastics stabilizer).
		In a large cohort of workers from 17 cadmium processing plants in the United Kingdom, decreased mortality from prostatic cancer was observed, while that from lung cancer was increased in the overall cohort and there were suggested trends with duration of employment and with intensity of exposure.
		Cadmium induces synthesis of metallothionein, a low-molecular-weight protein that binds cadmium primarily in the liver and kidney.
	www.inchem.org /documents/iarc/vol58/mono58-2.html (1965 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Cadmium
		Cadmium is a natural element in the earth's crust.
		Cadmium stays in the body a very long time and can build up from many years of exposure to low levels.
		Long-term exposure to lower levels of cadmium in air, food, or water leads to a buildup of cadmium in the kidneys and possible kidney disease.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts5.html (959 words)

	Cadmium Sulfide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The primary use for high-purity cadmium sulfide is in photovoltaics and pigments.
		Cadmium sulfide is available in powder form at minus 30 mesh.
		Cadmium has long been recognized as a toxic material and persons working with it should understand the dangers of excessive exposure to antimony.
	www.asarco.com /purity_cadmiumsulfide.html (122 words)

	Cadmium: Prevention / Screening Strategy
		cadmium oxide; cadmium carbonate; cadmium chloride; cadmium sulfate; cadmium sulfide.
		Cadmium compounds are employed as TV phosphors, as pigments in glazes and enamels, in dyeing and printing, and in semi-conductors and rectifiers.
		Cadmium oxide fume is a severe pulmonary irritant; cadmium dust is a less potent irritant than cadmium fume because it has a larger particle size.
	ceramic-materials.com /cermat/education/268.html (978 words)

	Mineral Information Institute - Cadmium
		Cadmium is clearly toxic to animals, and during the past few decades has become familiar to the public mainly due to its undesirable presence in fertilizers and elsewhere, rather than for its positive industrial applications.
		Most cadmium used in industry is recovered from sphalerite (zinc sulfide), the principle ore of zinc where cadmium atoms replace some of zinc atoms in the sphalerite.
		Cadmium is therefore produced in countries where zinc is refined, not necessarily in the countries where zinc ore is mined.
	www.mii.org /Minerals/photocad.html (766 words)

	It's Elemental - The Element Cadmium
		Fortunately, small amounts of cadmium are found in zinc ores and most of the cadmium produced today is obtained as a byproduct of mining and refining zinc.
		Cadmium is alloyed with silver to form solder, a metal with a relatively low melting point used to join electrical components, pipes and other metallic items.
		Cadmium sulfide (CdS), another cadmium compound, is a yellow powder that is used as a pigment.
	education.jlab.org /itselemental/ele048.html (298 words)

	Cadmium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Cadmium is most often found in combination with other elements, such as oxygen (cadmium oxide), chlorine (cadmium chloride), or sulfur (cadmium sulfide).
		Most cadmium used in the United States is a soft, bluish metal or grayish powder obtained as a by-product from the treatment of copper, lead and iron ores.
		Thirty-five percent of cadmium is used for metal plating, 25 percent for nickel-cadmium and other batteries, 20 percent for pigments, 15 percent for plastic stabilizers, and 5 percent for other uses, including pesticides, alloys, and chemical reagents and/or intermediates.
	www.nsc.org /ehc/chemical/cadmium.htm (1038 words)

	Potential for New Nickel-Copper Sulfide Deposits in the Lake Superior Region
		Scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey are evaluating the potential for undiscovered sulfide deposits containing varying amounts of nickel, copper, platinum-group metals, and cobalt in the Lake Superior region as part of an ongoing effort to assess the mineral potential of the United States.
		The presence of widespread disseminated Ni-Cu sulfide mineralization in basal units of the Duluth Complex and the Mellen Complex, along with several other similar mineral occurrences around Lake Superior, shows that processes necessary for the formation of sulfide deposits were active in some intrusions locally in the Midcontinent rift.
		The concentration and enrichment of sulfides are enhanced by repeated injections of basalt into a magma chamber where it then can be stripped of its metals by interaction with sulfur introduced from the surrounding crustal rocks.
	pubs.usgs.gov /info/mwni_cu (2381 words)

	Alpha barium zinc cadmium sulfide phosphors and method - Patent 3970582
		In the discussion herein of the barium zinc cadmium sulfide phosphors, all emission characteristics are for ultraviolet excitation unless otherwise stated, but it should be noted that each phosphor's cathodoluminescent emission color and x-ray luminescent emission color is similar to its photoluminescent emission color.
		Sulfur, zinc, and cadmium may be introduced in elemental form and heated at 800.degree.C. to 1000.degree.C. to form cubic zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, or zinc cadmium mixed sulfide first, and the product may then be reacted with a barium sulfide.
		Other oxygen-containing compounds of barium, zinc and cadmium, may also be used as the starting materials and may be converted to the respective sulfides with H.sub.2 S. It is desirable that the constituents of the host material be prepared in fine powder form.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /3970582.html (2454 words)

	DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 84-116
		Cadmium is found primarily as cadmium sulfide (less than 1%) in ores containing zinc, lead, and copper.
		Approximately 4,000 metric tons of cadmium are used yearly in the United States, of which about half is used for plating other metals and half is used in pigments, batteries, stabilizers for plastics, metallurgy, nuclear reactor neutron-absorbing rods, and semiconductors and as a catalyst.
		Cadmium chloride has been shown to be carcinogenic in an experimental animal study; an epidemiological study has demonstrated excess lung cancer mortality among workers exposed to cadmium oxide.
	www.cdc.gov /niosh/84116_42.html (2462 words)

	cadmium
		Cadmium compounds are used in fl and white television phosphors and in blue and green phosphors for color TV tubes.
		Cadmium appears in the workplace in solder, a neutron absorbent in the nuclear industry, alkaline storage batteries, an amalgam in dentistry, a stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride, engravings and pigments.
		Cadmium constitutes a significant environmental pollutant and humans are exposed through food, water, air and especially, heavy smoking.
	www.speclab.com /elements/cadmium.htm (1358 words)

	Cadmium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Pure cadmium is a soft, silver-white metal and is not usually found in the environment as a metal.
		Cadmium can enter the air from burning coal and household waste and metal mining and refining processes.
		Cadmium attached to small particles may get into the air and travel long distances before coming down to earth as dust or in rain or snow.
	ag.arizona.edu /~jmatlaga/Cadmium.html (327 words)

	The risk to the United Kingdom population of zinc cadmium sulfide dispersion by the Ministry of Defence during the ...
		The risk to the United Kingdom population of zinc cadmium sulfide dispersion by the Ministry of Defence during the "cold war" -- Elliott et al.
		Zinc cadmium sulfide is a sintered, crystalline compound the
		In vivo measurement of liver and kidney cadmium in workers exposed to this metal: its significance with respect to cadmium in blood and urine.
	oem.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/59/1/13 (2744 words)

	Cadmium pigments - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The principal pigments are a family of yellow/orange/red cadmium sulfides and sulfoselenides.
		Cadmium yellow is cadmium sulfide (CdS), cadmium red is cadmium selenide (CdSe) and cadmium orange is an intermediate cadmium sulfoselenide.
		Cadmium sulfide and a mixture of cadmium sulfide with cadmium selenide are commonly used as pigments in artist's paints.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Cadmium_pigments (419 words)

	Cadmium yellow - history
		Cadmium sulfide was prepared with an acid solution of cadmium salt (either chloride or sulfate) which was heated with hydrogen sulfide gas until a powder was formed.
		All of the cadmiums were brilliant and the deeper shades had the greatest tinting strength.
		Field claimed that the best cadmiums were those produced without an excess of sulfur and that the permanence of a carefully made cadmium was improved when mixed with lead white using only an ivory knife.
	webexhibits.org /pigments/indiv/history/cdyellow.html (220 words)

	NREL: Technology Transfer - Process for Producing Cadmium Sulfide on a Cadmium Telluride Surface - U.S. Patent 5,541,118
		A process for producing a layer of cadmium sulfide on a cadmium telluride surface to be employed in a photovoltaic device.
		The process comprises providing a cadmium telluride surface which is exposed to a hydrogen sulfide plasma at an exposure flow rate, an exposure time and an exposure temperature sufficient to permit reaction between the hydrogen sulfide and cadmium telluride to thereby form a cadmium sulfide layer on the cadmium telluride surface and accomplish passivation.
		In addition to passivation, a heterojunction at the interface of the cadmium sulfide and the cadmium telluride can be formed when the layer of cadmium sulfide formed on the cadmium telluride is of sufficient thickness.
	www.nrel.gov /technologytransfer/ip/data.php/patent/5541118 (202 words)

	Cadmium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cadmium (IPA: /ˈkadmiəm/) is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Cd and atomic number 48.
		Inhaling cadmium laden dust quickly leads to respiratory tract infection and kidney problems which can be fatal (often from renal failure).
		Cadmium poisoning is the cause of the itai-itai disease, which literally means "ouch ouch" in Japanese.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cadmium (1111 words)

	Cadmium selenide - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cadmium selenide (CdSe) is a solid, binary compound of cadmium and selenium.
		Cadmium selenide is a semiconducting material, but has yet to find many applications in manufacturing.
		Cadmium selenide in its wurtzite crystal structure is an important II-VI semiconductor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cadmium_selenide (747 words)

	GREENOCKITE (Cadmium Sulfide)
		Uses: A minor ore of cadmium and as mineral specimens.
		It is a much sought after mineral by collectors both for its rarity and for its nice color and crystal habit.
		Although it is the most common cadmium mineral, most of the world's supply of cadmium is supplied through the processing of zinc and lead ores where cadmium is a common trace element.
	mineral.galleries.com /minerals/sulfides/greenock/greenock.htm (417 words)

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