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Topic: Cairo Citadel

	April 2005 terrorist attacks in Cairo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The April 2005 attacks were three related incidents that took place in the city of Cairo, Egypt, on 7 April and 30 April 2005.
		The latter two incidents are generally considered to have been minor, in that they caused no loss of life other than those of the perpetrators and appear not to have been planned in advance; in the first attack, however, three bystanders were killed.
		Ehab Yousri Yassin, an Egyptian man suspected of involvement in the 7 April attack was being pursued along the Sixth of October Bridge, a flyover leading into centre of Cairo from the River Nile island of Gezira.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/April_2005_terrorist_attacks_in_Cairo (723 words)

	Tthornton :
		The medieval city of Cairo was bounded on the north by a wall complex.
		It is the oldest surviving Fatimid structure in Cairo.
		The Citadel (al-Qal'a or al-Burg) is a fortress built just outside the eastern wall of the medieval city by the Ayyubid Sultan Salah al-Din between 1171 and 1182.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/fatimid_mamluk_architecture_cairo.htm (1089 words)

	Travellers in Egypt - The Citadel and the Mamelukes
		The citadel of Cairo is a vast fortress situated on a spur of the Mokattam, and is surrounded by a wall two hundred and fifty feet high and of vast solidity.
		While the citadel, with its domed alabaster mosque, may make a beautiful picture, and the battlements afford a beautiful view of the city and surrounding country, the weakness of its position is apparent to the most unmilitary visitor.
		It is restful at the citadel, after being in the narrow, crowded streets, swarming with the old and young of the unadulterated East, and away from battered, crumbling magnificence and bedimmed, tired-out Eastern splendor.
	www.travellersinegypt.org /archives/2005/07/the_citadel_and_the_mamelukes.html (1573 words)

	Bibliography
		Rabbat, Nasser O. The Citadel of Cairo: a new interpretation of Royal Mamluk architecture.
		The Qal ‘at al-Jabal or the Citadel of the Mountain in Cairo is the only urban citadel in Egypt and last of the citadels constructed in the region.
		This book examines the Citadel of Cairo to study the function and building styles of this building type.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /arch499/nonwest/cairo/bibliography.htm (859 words)

	Cairo - Wikitravel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Cairo (Arabic: القاهرة,al-Qāhirah) is the capital of Egypt and, with a total population in excess of 16 million people, one of the largest cities in both Africa and the Middle East (which regions it conveniently straddles) - it is also the 13th largest city in the world.
		No trip to Cairo would be complete, for example, without a visit to the Giza Pyramids, to nearby Saqqara, or to the Egyptian Museum in the center of town.
		Cairo is served by Cairo International Airport [CAI] [1] (http://www.cairo-airport.com/), which is the hub of the Egyptian national airline, Egyptair.
	wikitravel.org /en/Cairo (1656 words)

	Cairo Citadel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Saladin Citadel of Cairo (Arabic: قلعة صلاح الدين) is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Cairo.
		It is sometimes referred to as Mohamed Ali Citadel (Arabic: قلعة محمد علي), because it contains The Mosque of Mohamed Ali, which was built almost 7 centuries later.
		The location, part of the Mokattam hill near the center of Cairo, was once used for its breeze and view of the city, and was fortified by Saladin between 1176 and 1183 AD, to protect it from Crusaders.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cairo_Citadel (140 words)

	IOL: Knights may have travelled beneath citadel
		Cairo - Egyptian authorities announced on Monday the discovery at Cairo's citadel of an underground passageway tall enough to accommodate a mounted horseman.
		The 150-metre-long tunnel, the longest of several beneath the citadel, was found in the vicinity of the 19th century Mohamed Ali mosque in the course of a project to drain off groundwater from under the compound.
		According to Mustapha Hassan, an official at the department for citadel antiquities, a number of passageways were filled in during the 19th century ahead of the construction during that era.
	www.int.iol.co.za /index.php?set_id=1&click_id=588&art_id=qw1121092021914B221 (414 words)

	Architecture of Cairo
		An early Islamic citadel that might have influenced the choice of location and forms of the Citadel of Cairo and the types of palaces and audience halls to be built in it.
		The Cairo Citadel had a Dar al-`Adl that was rebuilt at least four times and was called The Great Iwan.
		He later established a new dynasty, engaged in a war of attrition against the Crusaders, and encircled the two cities of Fustat and al-Qahira in one wall and built the Citadel of Cairo.
	web.mit.edu /4.615/www/handout07.htm (399 words)

	Egypt: Citadel of Cairo
		One of Cairo's most popular tourist attractions is the Citadel, located on a spur of limestone that had been detached from its parent Moqattam Hills by quarrying.
		The Citadel is one of the world's greatest monuments to medieval warfare, as well as a highly visible landmark on Cairo's eastern skyline.
		The area where the Citadel is now located began it's life not as a great military base of operations, but as the "Dome of the Wind", a pavilion created in 810 by Hatim Ibn Hartama, who was then governor.
	www.touregypt.net /citadel.htm (1615 words)

	Egyptian Journey 2003: Cairo: Islamic Cairo: Citadel of Saladin
		The citadel was "upgraded" by the Turks to support the use of cannons.
		THe largest tower in the CItadel is Burg al-Muqattam, built in 16th century.
		The views from the gardens and walls of the citadel are fabulous - on a clear day you can see to the plateau of Giza and the pyramids.
	www.phouka.com /pharaoh/egypt/photos/cairo/islamic/citadel-01.html (369 words)

	Egypt Has It All :: Cairo
		Then visit followed by a visit to the Citadel (it comprises a number of important monuments which are; the Mosque of Soleiman Pasha, the Alabaster Mosque, Joeh's Walls, Mohamed Ali Pasha Palace and Provides a panoramic view of Cairo from Moqattam mountain).
		Just a few miles from the center of Cairo is a time machine waiting to take you on a fantastic journey to the days of the Pharaohs, a time brought to life by an incredible group of actors and actresses, faithful and exact reproductions of buildings, clothing, and lifestyles.
		A sailing boat trip around the Guezireh Island is one of the most romantic trips in Cairo to admire the beauty of the moonlight or sunset.
	www.egypthasitall.com /cairo.html (1831 words)

	Memoirs of the Duke of Rovigo
		The authorities of Cairo, the heads of the law, and magistrates, came to Gizeh to offer their submission to General Bonaparte, who gained their confidence, and drew such information from them as fixed his determination with respect to ulterior operations.
		The well of the citadel of Cairo also attracted our curiosity: its water is level with the Nile; and although it is of a brackish taste, no means have been neglected to procure an abundant supply.
		General Bonaparte was returning to Cairo, when he met on the road the officer sent from Rosetta to General Desaix ; by whom he had been ordered to proceed to Salahié, with the intelligence of the sad catastrophe that had befallen our squadrons, and of which he had been an eye-witness.
	www.wtj.com /archives/savary/sav010105.htm (1984 words)

	Cairo Citadel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Overlooking Cairo, in the background of this photo, taken from the city's oldest mosque, is the Citadel, begun by Salah ad-Din (Saladin) in the 12th century.
		One of the most recognized landmarks on Cairo's eastern skyline, the Citadel is one of the world's greatest monuments to medieval warfare.
		From the grandeur and simplicity of Cairo's oldest mosque, one can look out over the teeming, crowded city toward a monument dominating the horizon, signifying all the power and magnificence the city has known.
	www.cod.edu /middle/history/Cairo/citadel.htm (254 words)

	The Citadel at Cairo (Greater Cairo & Surroundings) ... youregypt.com
		The Citadel is a splendid complex of mosques and museums.
		The citadel's installations were replaced in several occasions by rulers who wanted to build any of their own.
		It was dug by crusader prisoners to reach the Nile level in order to supply the citadel with water at the time of siege or attack.
	www.youregypt.com /eguide/destinations/greatercairo/cairo/citadel (488 words)

	Cairo: The Citadel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		There are so many things to see in Cairo, and we could have done with a full week there, not just the few days.
		I have to say that he was driving with some sort of skill, and I would be damned if I would ever contemplate attempting to drive in Cairo, but it was definitely a hang on to your seat trip as he weaved in and out of lanes, swung across traffic and shouted at other drivers.
		The Citadel is a collection of buildings within an outer wall and not just a single building.
	www.smg-authie.co.uk /egypt/cairo_citadel.htm (655 words)

	The Citadel, Cairo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Built in 1176 by the famed Muslim commander Salah ad-Din (or Saladin), the Citadel was home to Egypt's rulers for almost 700 years.
		The Mosque of Mohammed Ali dominates the Citadel, and was built in a Turkish style between 1830 and 1848.
		Also in the Citadel is the Military Museum, located in the Harim Palace, which was built in 1827 as the private residence of Mohammed Ali.
	www.mykreeve.net /egypt/cairo/the_citadel (256 words)

	Egypt: Historical Islamic Egyptian Sites
		Cairo is often called the city of 1,000 minarets, but there may actually be more than that number and even more small mosques that actually have no need for, and thus were built without minarets.
		The most famous of these is the Citadel in Cairo, but also notable is Fort Qaitbey in Alexandria, built on the location of the legendary Pharos Lighthouse.
		The Funerary and Religious Complex of Sultan al-Ashraf Inal is situated to the north of the Khanqah of Sultan Faraj Ibn Barquq in Cairo's Northern Cemetery.
	www.egyptmonth.com /historicalegyptsitesislamic.htm (4476 words)

	Middle East Times
		CAIRO -- Egypt detained about 200 people and stepped up security around its popular tourist sites on Sunday after Islamists targeted foreigners in two separate attacks in Cairo, including a shooting by two women against a busload of Israeli tourists.
		The bus was ferrying "40 Israelis on a tour to see old churches and Cairo's citadel", the driver said on Sunday.
		Despite beefed-up security Cairo's main tourist centers were all but deserted on Sunday, in particular around the Egyptian Museum - already the site of a 1997 attack that killed nine German tourists - and the Citadel.
	www.metimes.com /articles/normal.php?StoryID=20050502-062021-1006r (699 words)

	Cairo: The Citadel, Suleyman Pasha Mosque (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		This area of the Citadel has a wonderful garden in it and the backdrop is the original 12th century walls.
		In fact the Citadel had simply started out as a pavilion in 810 for the governors to be able to take in the view of the town below.
		Cairo itself was not founded until 969 when the Arabs began what for them was called al-Qahira.
	www.simon.davidkevin.com /egypt/cairo_citadel3.htm (510 words)

	BikeAbout Trip Log: November 22, 1997
		Islamic Cairo (sometimes called Medieval Cairo) lies to the east of central Cairo and is a dizzying maze of streets filled with sights and smells that overwhelm your senses.
		Perhaps the most spectacular part of Islamic Cairo is the Citadel, a medieval fortress perched on a hill overlooking the entire Nile River valley and Cairo.
		As we marched around the walls of the Citadel, looking for the entrance, it was not hard to imagine the Crusaders looking up at the same walls and wondering how in the world they were going to attack.
	www.bikeabout.org /journal/notes_36.htm (3395 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Founded in 634 at the strategic head of the Nile Delta, the city evolved from a military outpost to the seat of the ambitious and singular Fatimid caliphate between the 10th and 12th century.
		Its most spectacular age, however, was the Mamluk period (1250-1517) which established it as the uncontested center of a resurgent Sunni Islam and produced a wealth of religious, palatial, and commemorative structures that synthesized the achievements of previous periods and symbolized the image of the city for centuries to come.
		After that, Cairo was reduced to an Ottoman provincial capital until the end of the eighteenth century.
	archnet.org /courses/cairo.html (1904 words)

	The Citadel of Cairo
		This architectural history of the Citadel of Cairo uses indices from maps, photographs, plans of hitherto unstudied structures, and a large array of historical documents to chronologically reconstruct the Citadel's development from its foundation by Salah al-Din until it reached its most monumental form in the middle of the fourteenth century.
		The study analyzes the influence of Mamluk socio-political hierarchy on the conceptualization of the Citadel's spaces and forms; assesses its impact on medieval Cairo; proposes a new interpretation for the development of Mamluk royal architecture; and presents new definitions for a number of medieval architectural terms.
		By weaving the history of the Citadel together with the history of Cairo and the Mamluk system, this book is relevant to historians of architecture and urbanism and medieval historians.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=830 (410 words)

	Egyptian Journey 2003: Travelogue
		Our first stop today is the Citadel of Saladin, which houses the Alabaster Mosque and other buildings.
		The rest of the Citadel is under massive reconstruction, but the views from the walls over Cairo are stunning, if a bit obscured by smog.
		Coptic Cairo is much, much smaller than I thought -- a tiny walled enclave with a few churches and the oldest synagogue in Cairo.
	www.phouka.com /pharaoh/egypt/travelogue/trav07.html (1410 words)

	Architecture of Cairo
		Built as royal residences and offices at the Citadel, they follow the familiar theme of Ottoman palace organization, which divides the structure into a salamlik (men's quarters) and a haramlik (women's quarter).
		Their surface articulation, heavily copied from European Baroque, is a testimonial to the strength of European styles in influencing the taste of the Pasha of Egypt and his whole court.
		Built by this trusted lieutenant of Muhammad 'Ali on the main street of Cairo, this elegant mosque displays the same mixture of Baroque Ottoman and local Cairene styles as the mosque of the Pasha at the Citadel.
	web.mit.edu /4.615/www/handout17.htm (643 words)

	Encyclopedia: Mamelukes
		Two Mamluk dynasties ruled Egypt: the Bahri (بحري meaning 'of the sea', referring to their center in al-Manial Island in the Nile, and consisting of Turks and Mongols) and Burji (برجي meaning 'of the tower', referring to their center in the Cairo Citadel, and consisting of Circassians and Georgians).
		In 1806 Mohammad Ali Pasha became the governor of Egypt.
		In 1811 he invited a number of Mamluk leaders (accounts differ from 64 to 700) to his palace in Cairo and ambushed them in the street after the reception.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mamelukes (1053 words)

	Photos of the Cairo Citadel photos - Pictures of the Cairo citadel pictures
		Given it's name after it was built to defend Cairo against attacks, it used to be part of a wall that surrounded Cairo, and was built on a hill to make it harder for invaders to get to it.
		One of the major attraction in the Citadel is the Mosque of Mohamed Ali, it was designed by the Greek architect Yussuf Bushnaq, the mosque was begun in 1830 (finished in 1857) in the Ottoman style by Mohammad Ali Pasha, ruler of Egypt, and founder of the country's last dynasty of Khedives and Kings.
		The mosque is the Tomb of Mohammad Ali and is also known as the Alabaster Mosque because of the extensive use of this fine material from Beni Suef.
	www.ehabweb.net /citadel.html (279 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Special \| A mosque and an imperial dream
		It has become the symbol of the Citadel, to the point that its name is given to the whole complex in the colloquial Egyptian parlance.
		The mosque of Muhammad Ali was constructed during that period of struggle for control in the Ottoman Empire, and the Pasha probably intended it to articulate his aspirations to become the new sultan.
		The references to the glorious Ottoman past and the independence from the decadent Ottoman present are equally well expressed in the mosque's classical style, monumentality, and location in the Citadel of Cairo which had been the seat of government in the country for at least seven centuries.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2005/756/special.htm (2551 words)

	Greater Cairo maps, four section of the city and one full map - MyWay Travel
		The city on the east bank of the Nile is Cairo, while all of Cairo on the west bank is called Giza so the whole city should correctly be called "Greater Cairo".
		Cairo International Airport is located in the Northeast section as the business and conference area of Heliopolis.
		This is a map of Greater Cairo with all main districts from the pyramids in west to Cairo International Airport in east.
	www.egyptmyway.com /maps/cairo.html (677 words)

	Add these sites to your must-see list \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		The Mohammad Ali (Alabaster) Mosque in the Citadel was begun in 1830 by Mohammad Ali Pasha.
		Where twin obelisks stood at the temple, now there is just one, a witness to one of the worst trades of all time – the 1829 swap of one of the obelisks to France in exchange for a crummy clock for Cairo's Citadel.
		Coptic Church of Abu Serga, El Fustat, Cairo: The 4th-century church was built over the cave where the parents of Jesus are believed to have fled with their baby to escape King Herod.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20040808/news_1t8egypt-m.html (599 words)

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