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Topic: Caisson disease

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	CAISSON DISEASE - LoveToKnow Article on CAISSON DISEASE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In order to exclude the water, the air pressure within a caisson used for subaqueous works must be kept in excess of the pressure due to the superincumbent water; that is, it must be increased by one atmosphere, or 15 lb per sq.
		Hence at a depth of 100 ft. a worker in a caisson, or a diver in a diving-dress, must be subjected to a pressure of four atmospheres or 60 l~ per sq.
		To prevent caisson disease, therefore, the decompression should be slow; Leonard Hill suggests it should be at a rate of not less than 20 minutes for each atmosphere of pressure.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CA/CAISSON_DISEASE.htm (626 words)

	Archaic Medical Terms English List Occupational
		An occupational respiratory disease associated with inhalation of cotton, flax, or hemp dust and characterized initially by chest tightness, shortness of breath, and cough, and eventually by irreversible lung disease called also brown lung, brown lung disease, mill fever.
		Fibrotic lung disease caused by the chronic inhalation of silica sand.
		A diseased condition caused by the inhalation of the dust in shoddy factories; it is characterized by feverishness, headache, nausea, dryness of the mouth, dyspnea, cough, and expectoration.
	www.antiquusmorbus.com /English/Occupational.htm (2884 words)

	Statements of Principles — Caisson disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		"Caisson disease" [the bends, decompression sickness] means a condition resulting from the formation of nitrogen bubbles in the blood and body tissues due to an abrupt reduction in atmospheric pressure following experience of a period of high barometric pressure, and attracting the ICD code 993.3.
		The diagnosis of caisson disease can be accepted by the Repatriation Commission when it is confirmed by a general medical practitioner or specialist as the final diagnosis or on advice by a Departmental Medical Officer.
		Caissons, or chambers wherein work may be conducted in the depths of the sea, lakes or reservoirs contain air under high pressure, necessary to prevent the walls of these chambers collapsing due to the external water pressure, and to prevent the entry of water.
	www.dva.gov.au /pensions/statemnt/s006.htm (1141 words)

	BENEDETTO CAIROLI - LoveToKnow Article on BENEDETTO CAIROLI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		An example of a caisson with a water-tight bottom is furnished by the quays erected alongside the Seine at Rouen, where open-timber caissons were sunk on to bearingpiles down to a depth of 93/4 ft. below low-water, the brick and concrete lower portions of the quay-wall being built inside them out of water (see DocK).
		In this way, instead of building the pier or wall on the roof of the caisson, the work is carried out under water in successive stages, by raising the bottomless caisson as the work proceeds; and by this arrangement, the caisson, having completed the subaqueous portion of the structure, is available for work elsewhere.
		The term caisson is sometimes applied to flat air-tight constructions used for raising vessels out of water for cleaning or repairs, by being sunk under them and then floated; but these floating caissons are more commonly known as pontoons, or, when air-chambers are added at the sides, as floating dry-docks.
	23.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CA/CAIROLI_BENEDETTO.htm (809 words)

	Cover (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The workers in the caissons were plagued by the caisson disease caused by the high air pressure.
		The exterior of the caisson was layered with sheets of tin to prevent sea worms from eating the caissons away during its descent into the river bottom [McCullough, 1972].
		As the caissons sank deeper into the riverbed, the interior air pressure was increased to offset the weight of the tower and the pressure of the water.
	studentweb.engr.utexas.edu /chuj/Cover.htm (7038 words)

	AllRefer.com - caisson (Technology: Terms And Concepts) - Encyclopedia
		The open caisson is a cylinder or box, open at the top and bottom, of size and shape to suit the projected foundation and with a cutting edge around the bottom.
		Workers leaving a pneumatic caisson after hours of labor under high pressure are given special decompression treatment to accustom them to the lower atmospheric pressure and thus to prevent caisson disease (see decompression sickness).
		Caissons are also sometimes used for closing the entrance to dry docks or as a substitute for gates in canal locks.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/caisson.html (434 words)

	Osteonecrosis
		Osteonecrosis is a not uncommon, often progressive, disease, caused by a decrease in the blood flow to a bone as a result of which the bone is unable to replace the cells that are dying off in the usual course of events.
		Gaucher's Disease is an inherited disease of lipid metabolism caused by the failure to produce the enzyme glucocerebrosidase.
		Caisson Disease, also called "Decompression Sickness" or the "Bends", is a disorder caused by the formation of nitrogen bubbles in the tissues and blood.
	hw.healthdialog.com /kbase/nord/nord756.htm (2175 words)

	Atmospheric pressure (from occupational disease) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Such diseases result from a variety of biological, chemical, physical, and psychological factors that are present in the work environment or are otherwise encountered in the course of employment.
		A disease is a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts.
		In infants, the disease is eventually treated with a colostomy, the removal of the diseased parts of the colon.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-14282?tocId=14282 (798 words)

	pulk-pull: Message 41: The Bends and The Bends* (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		According to the OED, the word "caisson" originally meant a chest for the transportation of explosives or ammunition, but around 1753 the word came to mean a large water-tight case or chest used in laying foundations of bridges in deep water.
		With the disease, nitrogen gas bubbles form in the body as the result of rapid transition from a high to a low pressure environment.
		Beginning in the early 1800s, caissons were sunk to a lake or river bottom and pressurized with air to create a watertight compartment for workers excavating bridge foundations.
	josephtate.com /radiohead/archives/000140.html (259 words)

	caisson on Encyclopedia.com
		Caisson contenant les corps congelés du docteur Martinot et de son épouse Le magazine de vulgarisation scientifique britan.
		Caisson contenant les corps congelés du docteur Martinot et de son épouse La perspective de profiter d'une deuxième vie en.
		Caisson contenant les corps congelés des époux Martinot La perspective de profiter d'une deuxième vie en congelant son cor.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/c1/caisson.asp (920 words)

	Diving Doctor - Diver Magazine September 1998
		There are many different terms that have been used to refer to pressure induced bone death including caisson arthrosis, caisson disease of bone, hyperbaric osteonecrosis, barotraumatic osteoarthropathy, avascular necrosis of bone, ischemic necro sis of bone, aseptic necrosis of bone, diver's bone rot, and diver's crumbling bone disease.
		Caisson workers have been around the longest and therefore our initial knowledge of DON is from them.
		We know that up to 60% of caisson workers with more than 15 years experience have DON and that those caisson workers who have a history of DCS are also more likely to have DON.
	divermag.com /archives/sep98/divedoctor_sep98.html (1331 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Caisson
		Caisson, hollow cylindrical or square tube used as a foundation, or to provide a working space for construction projects below ground or underwater....
		Bends, in popular usage, name denoting the acute disease known medically as aeroembolism and caused by rapid decrease of the atmospheric pressure....
		The Brooklyn Bridge in New York City perhaps best demonstrates the scale of building made possible by the rapid expansion of American industry and by...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Caisson.html (99 words)

	American Experience \| Secrets of a Master Builder \| Special Features \| Building a Bridge Pier
		Contained within the caisson are three open-bottomed air chambers that allow the structure to act as a diving bell - a technology Eads used while salvaging wrecks in the Mississippi.
		Many develop what is known as caisson disease, or the bends, which is an accumulation of nitrogen gas in the body.
		The caisson rests on the bedrock and serves as the foundation of the mighty pier.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/eads/sfeature/sf_pier_text.html (366 words)

	Worldbook Medical Encyclopedia > Cadmium - Cytotoxic drug > Caisson disease (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Caisson, An enclosed working area used for keeping out water while the foundations for a bridge or other structure are dug in...
		Caisson The Butler County Sheriffs Office is trying to obtain a military-style caisson.
		A caisson is a horse drawn carriage used in funeral processions for heroes as...
	www.s-books.com /wbmedical/30491/30496/3.htm (181 words)

	Industrial injury - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An industrial injury is any disease or bodily damage resulting from working.
		The most usual organs involved are the spine, hands, the head, lungs, eyes, skeleton and skin.
		Caisson disease caused by working in a high ambient pressure environment
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Industrial_injury (238 words)

	SiriusDog.com - LEGG CALVÉ PERTHES DISEASE
		Today LCPD (Legg Calvé Perthes disease) is confirmed to be a disease of ischemia and micro-infarctions of the marrow microcirculation and is known by several different names, including: ischemic osteonecrosis, avascular necrosis, corticosteroid induced osteonecrosis, dysbaric osteonecrosis (when seen in deep sea divers and tunnel diggers with caisson's disease), and radiation osteonecrosis.
		He called this new disease chronic osteitis, noted its extensive bone destruction, and suggested that the lesion be opened freely, and every particle of softened bone removed until good sound bone forms all the walls of the cavity.
		Since such diseases are often merely indicative of underlying systemic disorders, NICO has a strong tendency to recur and/or to develop in additional jawbone sites, often requiring multiple repetitions of the same surgical procedures.
	siriusdog.com /articles/calve-legg-perthes-disease-dog.htm (2106 words)

	Recent Advances in Great Britain--Symposium: Caisson Disease of Bone - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		Caisson disease of bone, which may affect compressed air workers and divers, is characterized by regions of bone and marrow necrosis that may lead to secondary osteoarthrosis of the hip and shoulder joints.
		Investigations into the etiology of caisson disease of bone have shown evidence for an increase in marrow fat cell size resulting from hyperoxia.
		This phenomenon may play a role in the production and localization of gas bubble emboli, which are thought to be the cause of the bone and marrow necrosis.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/recent_advances_in_great_britain_symposium_caisson_disease_of_bone (256 words)

	CAISSON DISEASE - Online Information article about CAISSON DISEASE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		apt to be followed by disagreeable and even dangerous physiological effects, which are commonly referred to as caisson disease or compressed air illness.
		To prevent caisson disease, therefore, the decompression should be slow; Leonard See also:
		This circumstance also sets a limit to the pressures that can possibly be used in caissons and therefore to the depths at which they can be worked, though there is reason to think that the maximum pressure (44 atmospheres) so far used in caisson See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /BUN_CAL/CAISSON_DISEASE.html (1069 words)

	PBS VIDEOdatabase of America's History and Culture -- Chapter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Work was now beginning on the first of two caissons--inverted boxes on which the bridge's two towers would be constructed.--which had to support 70,000 tons of stone.
		The force of the compressed air was dangerous to the workers' health--a malady called "caisson disease"--and 110 men suffered the effects of caisson disease, including Washington Roebling, who nearly died from "the bends"--an excruciating condition caused by nitrogen bubbles developing in the bloodstream.
		The second caisson needed to be 60 feet deeper than the first; to avoid another fire, the walls of the second caisson were covered with boilerplate.
	pbsvideodb.pbs.org /programs/chapter.asp?item_id=3299&chap_id=3 (157 words)

	Decompression Sickness (The Bends)
		These dry work rooms were known as caissons, French for ''big box.'' This design was a major leap forward in engineering because it furnished ready access from the surface, and the pressure inside kept the work area dry.
		Many of the caisson workers were frequently hit with dizzy spells, shortness of breath or sharp acute pain in the joints or abdomen.
		Applying this to the caisson worker, who quickly changed pressure, it was deduced the nitrogen returned to a gas state to rapidly, forming bubbles throughout the blood.
	www.rescuediver.org /med/bends.htm (2981 words)

	No. 1093: Under Pressure
		Workers descended a stairwell through the masonry to the caisson and entered it through an airlock.
		When the pressure in the caisson reached twice atmospheric pressure, workers felt pains in their joints as they left the caisson.
		Since they had trouble standing straight, they called the problem "the bends." When they reached a depth where the pressure was three atmospheres, Eads had to send men to the hospital.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1093.htm (548 words)

	Penguins: Hedwig's Penguin Home - Locomotion of penguins
		They waddle as if they were drunk or slide on their tummy over the ice.
		also called BENDS, or CAISSON DISEASE, physiological effects of the formation of gas bubbles in the body because of rapid transition from a high-pressure environment to one of lower pressure.
		At atmospheric pressure the body tissues contain, in solution, small amounts of the gases that are present in the air.
	www.pinguins.info /FRAMES/Voortbeweging_eng.html (1107 words)

	osteonecrosis -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Osteonecrosis may be caused by injury to blood vessels, associated with dislocation or fracture of bone; by blood clots or gas bubbles in the blood vessels; by invasion of foreign tissue; and by metabolic disease.
		The normal function of bone requires an adequate supply of amino acids (building blocks for proteins) for synthesis of collagen, the chief component for the organic matrix; of calcium and phosphate for mineralization of the organic matrix; and of other organic compounds and mineral elements.
		Both the strength of the bone tissue and the nature of the forces acting on bone change from infancy to old age, both normally and as a result of disease.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9057599 (483 words)

	Decompression sickness - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Decompression sickness, (DCS), diver's disease, the bends, or caisson disease is the name given to a variety of symptoms suffered by a person exposed to a reduction in the pressure surrounding their body.
		Pressurized aircraft are not risk-free, since the cabin pressure is not maintained at sea-level pressure.
		The original name for DCS was caisson disease; this term was used in the 19th century, when large engineering excavations below the water table, such as with the piers of bridges and with tunnels, had to be done in caissons under pressure to keep water from flooding the excavations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Decompression_sickness (3395 words)

	Brooklyn Bridge Facts and Information
		Nearly all caisson laborers were inflicted with the bends to a certain extent.
		In the case of the New York caisson, Washington Roebling knew that the caisson would have to be sunk to a much greater depth to reach stable ground.
		Because of the increased depth of the caisson, two other safety precautions were taken: first the entire inside of the caisson was lined in iron boiler plate to protect against fires and second the inside walls were white-washed to reflect more light.
	www.endex.com /gf/buildings/bbridge/bbridgefacts.htm (3575 words)

	Landmarks - Brooklyn Bridge - Take The Fascinating Journey Through New York State - Lincoln-Titus Elementary School 5th ...
		In 1872, Washington Roebling became afflicted with caisson disease, known as "the bends."
		Unfortunately, many workers got the caisson disease or "the bends," also.
		During construction, workers went to 78 feet underwater in the caisson structures to dig supports for the bridge through the mud until they hit bedrock.
	www.lakelandschools.org /lt/NewYorkVM/landmarksbridge6.htm (195 words)

	Physical Therapy / Editor's Note (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In building his magnificent bridge, Eads faced the common curse of many engineers in the mid-1860s: what was then called caisson disease and is now called "the bends," or decompression disease.
		From 1867 (when construction began) through 1870, despite attempts to pressurize the areas where workers were digging foundations for the supporting piers, 14 men died as a result of caisson disease.
		The problems with caisson disease were so severe that they almost led to the abandonment of efforts to build the Brooklyn Bridge.
	www.ptjournal.org /Oct2002/Oct02_EdNote.cfm (1282 words)

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