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	Calamus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Calamus (fish genus), a genus of porgies (Sparidae)
		Calamus (Kalamos), a figure in Greek mythology who turned into a reed out of grief for his young male lover Karpos, who drowned.
		Calamus (poem), a series of poems by American writer Walt Whitman.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Calamus (139 words)

	Hershel Parker, "Alan Helm's The Real 'Live Oak, with Moss'" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Poem VII ("You bards of ages hence!") tells the way the poet wants to be remembered by future poets: not as one who "prophesied of The States" (l.
		In "Calamus" the first "Live Oak" poem became Number 14, the second became 20, the third became 11, the fourth became 23, the fifth became 8, the sixth became 32, the seventh became 10, the eighth became 9, the ninth became 34, the tenth became 43, the eleventh became 36, and the last became 42.
		Poem V ("Long I thought that knowledge alone") was particularly painful for Helms to read: "Whitman must renounce his former poetry, and his confused view of the matter results in an ambivalent, bombastic poem in which he sounds more like a man addressing Congress than one celebrating his lover.
	www.whitmanarchive.org /criticism/parker.html (4047 words)

	The Academy of American Poets - The Peril of the Poetry Reading: The Page Versus the Performance
		Poems that twist back on themselves to end with neat little epiphanies, as well as poems that harangue or overtly solicit a surprise, are the most likely to elicit an mmmmm.
		Maybe poems in performance should be surtitled, like the libretti of foreign-language opera, the words snaking across the back of the seat in front of you as the poet utters them.
		And of course, if a poem is ill-presented—as so many so often are, since a majority of poets either act as if they’re encountering their own poems for the first time, or else histrionically wring every atom of significance from them—potential book-buyers can be driven away from poems that work wonderfully on the page.
	www.poets.org /viewmedia.php/prmMID/5913 (1827 words)

	gamestore.ca - Calamus poem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		...of "Calamus" by the outbreak of the Civil War.
		Calamus, Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman -- eText at...
		The Calamus poems were poems by Walt Whitman that represented the coming out of his homosexuality.
	www.gamestore.ca /Calamus-poem/reference/fullview/wikipedia/1385282 (72 words)

	egotistics - volume 2.1, 2001
		Note that the poem begins with the poet wondering if there are other men who are not simply "yearning" with the same desires as he, but also "pensive," indicating some self-doubt or confusion about the identity that he and these other men are discovering.
		Nonetheless, this poem does mark a point where Whitman not only recognizes himself as "different," but also recognizes himself as part of a larger group of people bound by the common tie of whom they are inclined to love.
		In this poem, he even seems to wear the badge of difference proudly as one "Whose happiest days were those, far away through fields, in woods, on hills, he and another, wandering hand in hand, they twain, apart from other men" (60).
	bama.ua.edu /~ego/vol21/21hennessy.html (5291 words)

	Whitman Honors Study Guide
		What 18 or so poems were added for the first time in the 1856 edition of Leaves of Grass (again, give the title now used for each of these)?
		Explain what this poem has to say on the topics of racial and gender equality.
		This poem is put into high school literary anthologies frequently, while the other works we have studied by Whitman seldom are.
	www.jlc.net /~rwright/pages/wwhsg.html (2490 words)

	CliffsNotes::Leaves of Grass:Book Summary and Study Guide
		The dominant symbolism of the poem is implied in the earlier title “Night Poem.” Night is a rather common symbol for death; sleep implies death and, at the same time, the release of the soul through death.
		Structurally, this poem appears to be a technical innovation, though the theme seems elusive at first and the structure rather loose.
		The poem grows from a condition of sleep and of sleepers to a state of awakening and of wakers, from the time of night to the time of day.
	www.cliffsnotes.com /WileyCDA/LitNote/id-60,pageNum-48.html (1030 words)

	Whitman's "Calamus": A Rhetorical Prehistory of the First Gay American--J. Killingsworth
		Mainly adaptations of previously composed poems, "Children of Adam" may best be read as itself resulting from the rhetoric of "Calamus," a record of the poet's effort to balance the intensity of the homoerotic poems.
		The dark tone comes from the sense of alienation that creeps among the genial optimism of earlier poems and seems to qualify the universalizing boasts of the "friendly and flowing savage" who was the speaker and dominant character of the longest poems in the 1855 and 1856 editions.
		No longer the confident boaster of the early poems, breaking free of social and poetic convention alike, the "Calamus" poet tends to appropriate and subvert convention rather than destroy it, as Michael Lynch and others have shown in studies of Whitman's use of the "friendship convention" and elegiac themes as a code for homoeroticism.
	www-english.tamu.edu /pubs/body/calamus.html (2086 words)

	American Literary History paper
		Though the poem tells the tale of an intimate experience with a man, Whitman later changed all of the words relating from a male to female.
		With the Calamus poems, Whitman appears to have found a happy medium to this problem, though he was never entirely happy at having to conceal who he really was.
		It is not known when he wrote the first poem that would go into the Calamus section, but at the core of these works is a sequence of twelve poems that Whitman called Live Oak, with Moss, using the Gulf coast tree and moss as a symbol for homosexual love.
	shortest_dynasty.tripod.com /id16.html (1931 words)

	Florilegium
		Alan’s ideal reader, then is one sympathetically attracted to a new kind of poem which is at once polysemous, erudite, and visionary, and one which demands the strenuous ascent from sensuality to the apotheosis of human reason.
		The reader must, therefore, like the author himself, identify with the poem’s questing heroine Prudencia, whose journey, commissioned by Nature and the Virtues, upborne by the chariot of the Liberal Arts and directed by Reason, eventually takes her to a world where Nature’s laws and all the eloquent wisdom of the ancients are confounded.
		Although the carta, or poem, is “old” because its subject-matter, the four artificers Nature, God, Fortune, Vice, and their works, has existed since the time of the Fall, knowledge of this ancient materia has been wanting.
	www.uwo.ca /english/florilegium/vol1/marshall.html (9887 words)

	glbtq >> literature >> Whitman, Walt
		Whitman's fullest exploration of his homosexual identity and its place in culture is to be found in the forty-five poems of the "Calamus" sequence.
		The fifth "Calamus" poem, "States!," saw "a new friendship" as the basis of social unity.
		The poems attempt to locate a homosexual republic, a paradise of men who are freed from evil (like the parallel heterosexual collection, "Children of Adam," the new regenerate race, in which Whitman found room for poems that had once been in "Calamus").
	www.glbtq.com /literature/whitman_w,6.html (835 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the 1881 version of his first "Calamus" poem, "In Paths Untrodden," Walt Whitman, a printer by trade, distinguishes his imagined, ideal poem from the printed text of the poem.
		Implicitly, publication of a poem is an act of representation, not an ideal transcription of the poet's intentions, for the text in the poet's mind differs from the one that he produces materially.
		Any discussion of "Calamus 1," as this poem was named in 1860, or "In Paths Untrodden," as it was subsequently named, or "By the Calamus Pond I Wander," as it was temporarily named during a period of revision, must, therefore, refer to more than one rendered poem.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /lukas/whit/thesis.txt (1161 words)

	[No title]
		It is a poem of great importance as it allows us to penetrate Whitman's personality and to reconstruct his conception of life.
		In this sense, this poem can be interpreted as a celebration of innocence and of the positive effects that nature exerts on humanity; but above all, what Whitman meant to celebrate and glorify was love.
		In this poem Nature appears neither adverse to the two lovers nor offended by their union.
	web.tiscali.it /liceodettoritempio/lavori/whitman/COMWHE~1.HTM (454 words)

	University of Stirling Poetry and Sexuality Conference 1-4 July 2004 Sunday's C19 / C20 Sexualities Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The images of the poem suggest the ambiguity of the speaker, Urania, who first laments like Sappho her subjection to sexuality, and then alluding to Plato, discourses on the strange ambiguity of sexual drives, openly alluding to her own bisexuality.
		I offer that in 'Calamus,' Whitman appropriates and recycles the central narrative of Christian theology in order to profess and affirm the homosexual identity that was the central “source of political strength and a valid basis for his political belief in brotherhood” (Martin 49).
		No metonymic exchange is possible between 'normal' conforming citizens and the narrator’s 'comrades.' What 'Calamus' does promise is that communion between like-minded individuals is a political possibility, even as it fragments the sovereign body of the nation, whose wholeness is exposed as an ideological illusion however vigorously it continues to be defended.
	www.poetryconference.stir.ac.uk /as36.html (580 words)

	The Story of a Manuscript
		Calamus actually writes two versions of the poem, as he corrects various things in it after it was already in circulation.
		Calamus' poem also becomes a school text throughout the west.
		Calamus then enjoys an even greater vogue in the age of Hadrian and later in the second century, when archaizers read and studied the poem with great enthusiasm.
	cnx.rice.edu /content/m11802/latest (1258 words)

	Wonders of the African World - Episodes - The Swahili Coast - Cultural Close-ups
		The first line of this poem is identical with that in many epics.
		The real quatrain, the epigrammatic poem of four lines, has remained a medium of expression for the poets' philosophical rather than amorous thoughts, as it is in most literary cultures where it is used.
		This was one of the poet's last poems if not his very last.
	www.pbs.org /wonders/Episodes/Epi2/2_cultr2.htm (182 words)

	Romanticism On the Net 4 (November 1996) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As "the lover,/Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad/Made to his mistress' eyebrow", he was perhaps too successful and by the publication of his first volume of poems in 1795 Landor, then aged nineteen, had fathered an illegitimate child and faced dis-inheritance for living with his lover, Nancy Jones, and their daughter, Anne, in Swansea.
		His armoury includes no less than three hundred Latin poems, political tracts and essays, all of which are steeped in classical and neo-Latin allusion and rich in the verisimilitude that characterises excellent fiction.
		It is perhaps his longevity, or the anachronistic and atavistic style he chose to employ that has precluded him from the canon of Romantic and Victorian literature, but there has been no cessation in the efforts of scholars and biographers to promote him to a position commensurate with his poetic endeavours.
	www.erudit.org /revue/ron/1996/v/n4/005730ar.html (3746 words)

	The Body Electronic in a Historical Context
		The odd thing was that as I studied the historical context of the poem, it came to seem older, to recede into a past that made it more understandable but safe and distant.
		But his poems on "manly love" were all but ignored in the 1850s and 1860s whereas his poems that celebrated "procreation" and heterosexual attraction, such as "A Woman Waits for Me," were regularly and heartily condemned and discussed widely in public and private writings.
		Still, as the rest of this chapter demonstrates, the "Calamus" poems remain rhetorically distinct from the earlier poems and stories.
	www-english.tamu.edu /pubs/body/electric-history.html (2128 words)

	Chapter Notes of Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman
		This poem, often cited in support of the theory that Whitman had a love-affair in New Orleans, is shown in the original manuscript (U.P.P., II, p.
		No evidence has ever been made public which would convict Whitman of homosexual practices, and to classify him psychologically as a simple Uranian raises difficulties in the interpretation of the "Children of Adam" poems, their counterpart, which are as outspoken on the subject of the attraction between man and woman.
		The poems which follow certainly contain some esoteric elements, but this is not the place to analyse them.
	www.bibliomania.com /0/2/84/135/16339/4.html (559 words)

	[No title]
		This is to say that the poem establishes a kind of three-point circuit of identifications in which the real-life poet and a hypothetical reader jointly identify with the melancholy persona of the poem.
		Moreover, the poem does not conclude in triumph but in a double defeat; for as the poet admits that he is helpless to control the drive forces which determine his behavior--we observe that he is also helpless to reformulate the culturally determined moral content of those drives.
		For the art in Calamus is not in the way the absolute forces that govern the human being mystify themselves, but rather in the way an artist, using the tools of his craft, may govern them and thus live a more whole and free life.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /ipsa/journal/articles/art_mack01.shtml (7398 words)

	On "For You O Democracy"
		From Richard Maurice Bucke’s defense of this feeling as strictly fraternal, to James Miller’s insistence that it is a sublimated homoeroticism, to Betsy Erkkila’s proposition that it involves a ‘homosexual republic,’ critics circumvent and circumscribe the question as their views dictate.
		In one declamatory poem in the "Calamus" section, "For You O Democracy," he does attempt to celebrate "the manly love of comrades" for its contribution to the social cause of democratic idealism.
		In the latter poem, Mother Earth and the Water Mother figure prominently in a fertile atmosphere of wild flowers, trees, and grasses of all sorts.
	www.english.uiuc.edu /maps/poets/s_z/whitman/democracy.htm (704 words)

	ENGL 748B Spring 2000 Syllabus: Seminar Projects
		Though Dickinson's poem that starts: "I'm ceded--I've stopped being Theirs--" is fairly consistent in its representations in various texts, there are three variant word choices that give the careful reader some insight into her philosophy and theology.
		As an author of poems and letters meant to influence, Dickinson is continuously struggling to put into words the sense and the meaning of her heart, her soul, her mind.
		The poem is now twenty-five in a sequence of thirty-nine poems, and the arrangement of poems is largely the same as in the 1871-72 edition.
	www.emilydickinson.org /classroom/spring00/project2.html (5245 words)

	Calamus Poem, alternative-essentials.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Re: Discussion of a Calamus poem (not homework, not insults), Walt Whitman.
		Calamus": the forlorn speaker of "Calamus 9" still "withdraw[s] to a lonely and unfrequented spot"; the speaker of the opening "Calamus" poem...
		Enpsychlopedia: Calamus (poem) The Calamus poems were poems by Walt Whitman that represented the coming out of his homosexuality.
	alternative-essentials.com /28/calamus-poem.html (191 words)

	editorialproblems
		For example, readers studying "Calamus 1" in its manuscript iterations and textual variants will presumably ask why changes were made, and should further interrogate the text for evidence of cultural or biographical reasons for these changes.
		The model stresses, in particular, the several stages of composition of "Calamus" poems 1 and 2, or "In Paths Untrodden," and "Scented Herbage of My Breast." For the first poem, this model includes three manuscripts, the poet's corrected proofs, the poet's annotated Blue Book, and four printed editions.
		The structure of the HTML hypertext suggests from the outset that there is no single authoritative version of the poem, that the poem grows through an organic process rather than simply emerges as a static, completed work, and that each text is built.
	www.uv.es /~fores/programa/editorialproblems.html (7587 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		A poem is like a butterfly hung upon a bare wall: it's what you make of it...
		A poem can be truly appreciated only when fully understood and felt within.
		And if you understand a poem - if you feel it deep in your soul - you know, you know without a doubt.
	web.tiscali.it /liceodettoritempio/lavori/whitman/BUTTER~1.HTM (121 words)

	Drunken Boat \| 6 \| Spring 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Direct references to AIDS are rare in this poem, but the pandemic’s background presence surely accounts for part of the distinction between Calamus’ predominant optimism and “To Calamus’s” frequent sense of destabilization and anxiety.
		Among other topics, “To Calamus” also confronts the vexed relation of sexuality and Christian institutions, agony as problematic transcendence, and the interplay of gay openness and closeting amid the potential for violently (and ironically sexually) enacted homophobia, “where viral// crusades ram steel rods into our doors” (39).
		Section V, “The Poem as Incarnation of Bodily Want” places the theme of sexual submission and suffering in a familiar Christian context: “Eden we never knew but Calvary.// Nailed into place as the ravens// dove down” (31).
	www.drunkenboat.com /db6/fink/hard3.html (765 words)

	Love Poem - To A Stranger by Walt Whitman
		The narrator in the poem is comfortably able to imagine himself creating a past history with the passing stranger and to foresee the opportunities for them to enjoy each other in physically affectionate ways.
		The “Calamus” series is about “manly attachment,” and it's a series in which Whitman will “tell the secret of my nights and days.” Both quotes are from the first poem in the “Calamus” series.
		If you have a comment on this love poem or any other of the love poems please use the Contact Us form.
	www.thedatingadvisor.com /love-poem-to-a-stranger.html (677 words)

	Biography
		While the enormous popularity of Edgar Allan Poe's famous short stories and poems continues to highlight his creative brilliance, Poe's renown as the master of horror, the father of the detective story, and the voice of "The Raven" is something of a mixed blessing.
		These famous verses were behind a powerful wave of enthusiasm for Poe that arose among the leading writers of Europe during his own lifetime, spread thereafter around the world, and was sustained through the "discovery" of existential "human condition" themes in his short stories generations later.
		Its most basic principle was that insofar as short fiction and poetry were concerned, the writer should aim at creating a single and total psychological/spiritual effect upon the reader.
	www.allpoe.com /leaves-grass/35286/print (779 words)

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