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Topic: Calcareous sponge

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	Sponges - LoveToKnow 1911
		In cup-shaped sponges the pores are usually confined to the outer and the oscula to the inner surface.
		The value of the sponge for domestic purposes depends upon the softness and elasticity of the fibre, the closeness of the meshes, and the relative absence of sand.
		The sponges of commerce are obtained chiefly from the Mediterranean, the coast of Florida and the Bahama Islands.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Sponges (16702 words)

	M27.htm
		Although sponge larvae are typically motile, adult sponges are usually benthic sessile organisms, which feed on particles (usually plankton and organic detritus) suspended in water currents created by flagellated cells known as choanocytes, which line internal chambers within the sponge.
		Sponges are a very old group, having evolved in the pre-cambrian era, so their earliest affinities are unknown, although sponges have left a good fossil record since the Cambrian.
		Sponges of the class Calcarea are almost all found in shallow waters (less than 100 meters depth), and are common in intertidal habitats.
	www.meer.org /M27.htm (624 words)

	[No title]
		It is an uncommon dweller of sponge fragments.
		Sponge fragments supply this habitat but a specimen found attached to a sand grain (Figure 11.16), shows that this is not an absolute necessity.
		The very finely porous, optically radial calcareous wall is deformed or completely interrupted at the contact with the sponge spicules to which the specimen is attached, leaving open scars in detached specimens (Figure 13.6).
	palaeo-electronica.org /2006_1/sponge/results.htm (4796 words)

	Calcareous sponge - guideofcasinos.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Calcareous sponges belong to the Class Calcarea and are characterized by spicules made out of calcium carbonate (calcite).
		Calcareous sponge is a class of the Phylum Porifera.
		Calcareous sponges are generally characterized by their endoskeleton made up of spicules, they are sedentary filter feeders, lacking any real tissues.
	www.guideofcasinos.com /Calcareous_sponge.html (222 words)

	Identification and Husbandry of Aquarium Sponges by Ronald L. Shimek, Ph.D. - Reefkeeping.com
		Within the sponge groups that I discussed last month, probably the ones with the most consistent apparent morphologies are the hexactinellids (the glass sponges) and the calcareous sponges.
		Such sponges have a labile shape and are damnably difficult to identify; about the only way of ensuring a proper identification is by comparing a microscopic examination of the sponge's spicules to what is known from the technical literature of the sponges from a given area.
		Interestingly, a few sponges that are apparently wholly carnivorous in the family Cladorhizidae, catching prey by the action of hooked spicules on their body's surface, have recently been described from caves in the Mediterranean and deep seas elsewhere (Vaceletand Boury-Esnault 1995).
	www.reefkeeping.com /issues/2005-07/rs/index.php (5372 words)

	Kid's World - Taxonomy
		However, it was dissolved, and the sponges within it were either moved to a different class or put into a new phylum.
		Calcareous sponges have spicules made of calcium carbonate.
		If you were to see a calcareous sponge, it could be a pear or a purse shape.
	library.thinkquest.org /26502/level1/taxonomy.htm (632 words)

	SPONGES - Online Information article about SPONGES
		In such a sponge as this the folded chamber-toyer of the sponge-wall is sometimes called the choanosome, while the external layer of mesogloea and pavement-epithelium is called the ectosome.
		external Characters.—Amongst the simpler calcareous sponges, which are all of comparatively small size, the external form is usually symmetrical and is evidently a kind of outward expression of the arrangement of the canal-system.
		In other cases the sponge supports itself on the surface of the ooze by long stiff processes, formed of bundles of spicules which radiate from the central, cap-shaped body ; this is known as the " Crinorhiza form," and is met with in several distinct genera (fig.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /SOU_STE/SPONGES.html (8796 words)

	18 Destruction of Coral Reef By Boring Sponges by PA. Thomas1
		The part played by sponges in the destruction of coral reefs and gregarious molluscs has been well documented in the past by several workers, and as understood at present the sponge constitutes a major group among 12 different taxa of marine plants and animals that cause considerable damage and ecological disturbance in the marine ecosystems.
		Sponge bore into the hard calcareous substrata through tunnels and cavities formed by the etching of hard calcium carbonate in the form of microchips of almost the same dimensions (0.056 x 0.047 x 0.032 mm average), and hence the interior of these cavities, when viewed under high magnification, may have a pitted appearance.
		Since boring sponges etch out microscopic particles of calcareous matter making the hard substrata susceptible to the vagaries of nature, the problem of bio-erosion is of considerable importance to both marine biologists and geologists alike, and any study, in this line, should be undertaken as an inter-disciplinary one.
	www.fao.org /docrep/X5627E/x5627e0o.htm (2235 words)

	IZ Facts - Sponge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Approximately 10,000 sponge names are recorded in the literature but not all represent distinct species and some species have been named more than once.
		Each sponge is an integrated organism bound by a simple cell layer (pinacoderm); it should be referred to as an individual.
		Sponge fishermen macerate the freshly collected animal by squeezing and kneading it in buckets of water.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /iz/sponge.htm (314 words)

	TWAInv2
		Sponges comprise the phylum Porifera, whose name means "bearing openings"; an allusion to their overall porosity and general mode of feeding (filtration), respiring, excreting wastes while whipping water in through openings in their body walls.
		Sponges are the simplest form of multicellular animals, just up from protozoans and down from cnidarians (stinging-celled like corals and anemones) in most taxonomic schemes.
		Sponges are found worldwide, mostly in shallow waters; in all colors and shapes and sizes, from a thumbnail to a washtub.
	wetwebmedia.com /twainv2.htm (578 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Recent molecular studies have shown that calcareous sponges (Porifera: Calcarea) might be more closely related to the "higher" Metazoan phyla Ctenophora and Cnidaria than to the rest of the Porifera (Hexactinellida/Demospongiae), yet no one has worked on this group in Australasia for over 50 years.
		Calcareous sponges are known since the Cambrian, and some of them were reef-building organisms through different periods of earth history ('Pharetronida').
		Knowledge of Recent calcareous sponges worldwide is substantially poorer than for other groups of Porifera, given their difficult taxonomy and cryptic life style, and the state of identification for most of the Calcarea collections is still relatively rudimentary.
	wwwuser.gwdg.de /~gwoerhe/gbr_calcarea.html (496 words)

	Pharyngula::Sponge relationships
		Sponges (phylum Porifera) are found in three classes: the Demospongia, the Calcarea, and the Hexactinellida, all of which are quite ancient with forms identified from the Cambrian.
		Fossil sponges can be identified by the arrangement of their skeletons, which consist of collections of spicules with characteristic shapes and chemical constitutions.
		Eiffelia is a member of a somewhat problematic group of sponges called the heteractinids which have been classified in the Calcarea because they have spicules made of calcium carbonate, and hexaradiate spicules that are at least close in shape to those of calcareans.
	pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/sponge_relationships (1345 words)

	Life History and Ecology of Porifera
		Sponges are ubiquitous benthic creatures, found at all latitudes beneath the world's oceans, and from the intertidal to the deep-sea.
		Some sponges bore into the shells of bivalves, gastropods, and the colonial skeletons of corals by slowly etching away chips of calcareous material.
		Sponges are capable of regulating the amount of flow through their bodies by the constriction of various openings.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /porifera/poriferalh.html (617 words)

	Sponges. Marine Biodiversity - An Introduction. Author: Peter Dyrynda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Sponges are the simplest of multicellular animals in terms of body organization and structure.
		Sponges are perforated by miniscule canals through which seawater is pumped by the concerted action of thousands of flagellae.
		Sponges are proving to be rich sources of novel bioactive chemicals of potential value to the pharmacological and other industries.
	www.solaster-mb.org /mb/porifera.htm (856 words)

	Dr. Sally Leys, University of Alberta
		Leys, S.P. and Eerkes-Medrano, D.I. Feeding in a calcareous sponge: particle uptake by pseudopodia.
		Leys, S.P. and Ereskovsky, A.V. Embryogenesis and larval differentiation in sponges.
		Leys, S.P., Cronin, T.W., Degnan, B.M. and Marshall, J.N. Spectral sensitivity in a sponge larva.
	www2.biology.ualberta.ca /faculty/sally_leys/?Pubs=Yes (673 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for sponge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Sponges draw in a current of water to extract nutrients and oxygen.
		Metamorphosis of Coeloblastula Performed by Multipotential Larval Flagellated Cells in the Calcareous Sponge Leucosolenia laxa.
		Sponge contraceptive will be back on shelves soon.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=sponge (802 words)

	Sponges
		There are some Sponge species to be avoided (stinging, stinking and easily dying varieties), but by and large encouraging, even propagating Sponge "material" is very much a part of the reef experience.
		The reasoning against lifting a sponge from the water is eminently clear in studying the drawing of a sponge.
		Most all sponges are filter feeders that mainly sieve out very fine particles, though tiny "killer" sponges have been making the news recently that capture larger prey like shrimp.
	www.wetwebmedia.com /sponges.htm (1225 words)

	Full Moon Taga Dagat
		Is distinguished by its spiculous yellow lobes and typically occurs in reef caves and deep drop-offs or reef slopes.
		The polyps appear as clusters with protruding calcareous spicules, which are clearly visible in the fleshy walls of the fully expanded animal.
		All have an internal calcareous skeleton that normally bears projecting spines or tubercles that five the body surface a warty or spiny appearance.
	www.geocities.com /kaylinq/links.html (5451 words)

	A Teacher's Universe - Elementary - Information for Kids
		Sponges contain one large hole at the top of their bodies, known as an osculum, and they also have smaller holes on the sides known as ostia.
		Sponges may seem to be plants, but they are really just primitve, simple animals.
		In a sponge, pinacocutes are a thin, elastic layer which keeps too much water out of the sponge.
	library.thinkquest.org /26502/level3/1/info1.htm (1433 words)

	[No title]
		Over the years we have thus studied many sponge species and their associates: from microorganisms (cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, and fungi) through algae and invertebrates (e.g., scyphozoans, barnacles, and polychaetes) to vertebrates (fish and hawksbill turtles).
		Sponges – the oldest multicellular organisms, being filter-feeding sessile organisms, frequently non-cryptic, have developed a wide array of natural products (metabolites) that assist them in dealing with their world.
		Perzman-Shemer A. The sponge Cliona vastifica and its contribution to the bioerosion at the coral reef of Elat
	www.tau.ac.il /lifesci/departments/zoology/members/ilan/ilan.html (1746 words)

	sponge
		His mind is a sponge gathering historical data.
		The early election returns were heavily against him, but he wasn't ready to throw in the sponge.
		He sponged 40 bucks from his friend and went to the city.
	www.infoplease.com /dictionary/sponge (391 words)

	Animal Library: Invertebrates: Others: Sponges
		Sponges should be placed in shaded areas where water movement is very good and detritus or algae do not accumulate on their surface.
		Even though there appears to be four Classes of Sponges, (Demospongiae; Calcarea; Hexactinellida; and, Archaeocyatha) only two contain anything that might even remotely interest aquarists having tropical or temperate aquaria.
		Yet, without a doubt, most sponges should remain in the wild, as they are difficult to impossible to maintain in captivity, and/or simply not suited for confinement in closed systems.
	www.saltcorner.com /sections/zoo/inverts/others/sponges/sponges.htm (540 words)

	PogOpus Marine Critters Sponges
		Most researchers believe that only about half of the 2500-3000 species of sponges have been described.
		Much of the existing literature dates back to the early part of the century, a time when sponge taxonomy was based largely on dried specimens and microscopic analysis of their skeletal structures.
		(Calcareous Sponge) Is distinguished by its spiculous yellow lobes and typically occurs in reef caves and deep drop-offs or reef slopes.
	www.pogopus.com /opus/gallery/marinecritters/sponges/images/sponges.htm (233 words)

	The Sea Slug Forum - Notodoris gardineri
		If they do live exclusively on sponges then I suppose hitching a ride on a sponge feeder would be a good way to move from sponge to sponge.
		It can often be found nestled in a large pit or cavity in the dull brownish yellow sponge which it has produced while eating away at the sponge tissue.
		Sometimes a pile of white calcareous spicules will be piled up alongside, but I do not know if they are spat out while the sponge is being eaten or defecated after digestion.
	www.seaslugforum.net /showall.cfm?base=notogard (1580 words)

	Calcareous sponge - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		If one were to look at a poriferan spicule under the microscope, it might resemble the mercedes-bens emblem.
		All three body plans are represented within class Calcarea : asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid.
		Typically, Calcaerous sponges are very small, ranging from 3-4 inches in height.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=371224 (265 words)

	Nudibranch, Notodoris minor : Reunion island (Indian Ocean) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It almost looks as if they are dissolving the sponge tissue away from the spicules before feeding on the resulting soup.
		The alternative is that the spicules are eaten in conjunction with the sponge tissue and then passed out in the faeces, but the way the spicules are usually piled up suggests this is not the case.
		The yellow eggs of this nudibranch are laid near the sponge that the adult feeds on, but this is not to provide food for the young.
	vieoceane.free.fr /runseaslug/a_noto_minor.htm (450 words)

	Grantia 1
		This sponge demonstrates the sycon body plan in which the wall of the body has been folded into a series of internal and external canals.
		Water enters the sponge through a series of incurrent canals and passes through internal pores called prosopyles into the radial canals, which are lined with flagellated collar cells known as choanocytes.
		It is the action of these choanocytes that keeps water moving through the sponge.
	bioweb.uwlax.edu /zoolab/Table_of_Contents/Lab-3b/Grantia_1/grantia_1.htm (137 words)

	University of California, Santa Cruz Chemistry Department (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Our search for novel active compounds incorporates elements of structure elucidation but there are other dimensions to this research, including questions in the areas of chemical ecology, marine natural products biosynthesis, and the relationship between secondary metabolite chemistry and taxonomy.
		Added to these interests are emerging projects which examine sponges as a source of new cultured marine microorganisms.
		We are also interested in examining sponges that are rich with cyanobacterial symbionts.
	www.chemistry.ucsc.edu /crews_p.html (1122 words)

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