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Topic: Calcium hypochlorite

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	Hypochlorite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A hypochlorite compound is a chemical compound containing this group, with chlorine in oxidation state +1.
		Hypochlorites are frequently quite unstable — for example, sodium hypochlorite is not available as a solid, since removal of the water from NaClO solution converts it to a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium chlorate.
		Hypochlorite is the strongest oxidizer of the generalized chlorates.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hypochlorite (227 words)

	Sodium hypochlorite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A solution of sodium hypochlorite is frequently used as a disinfectant and as a bleaching agent; indeed, often it is simply called "bleach", though other chemicals are sometimes given that name as well.
		Sodium hypochlorite has been used for the disinfection of drinking water, at a concentration equivalent to about 1 liter of household bleach per 4000 liters of water is used.
		Hypochlorite is a strong oxidizer, and the products of the oxidation reactions are corrosive, and can burn skin and cause eye damage, particularly when used in concentrated forms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite (1086 words)

	ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Calcium Hypochlorite/Sodium Hypochlorite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Calcium hypochlorite is a white solid that readily decomposes in water releasing oxygen and chlorine.
		Sodium and calcium hypochlorite are used primarily as bleaching agents or disinfectants.
		The toxic effects of sodium and calcium hypochlorite are due primarily to the corrosive properties of hypochlorite.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /tfacts184.html (1037 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The particulate calcium hypochlorite in the composition is present in an amount and is of a concentration such that said solid calcium hypochlorite composition would be classified as a Division 5.1 oxidizer (hereinafter referred to as an "Oxidizer") in the absence of components (b) and (c).
		Solid calcium hypochlorite compositions according to the present invention are in the form of a substantially homogenous admixture of the above-recited particulate components (a), (b) and (c).
		Calcium hypochlorite is typically present in the compositions of the present invention in an amount at least sufficient to provide an FAC content that would result in the composition being classified as an Oxidizer in the absence of both the hydrated borate salt and aluminum salt components of the composition.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=99/61376.991202&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (6507 words)

	calcium hypochlorite unstabilised chlorine granules for swimming pools
		Calcium Hypochlorite is unstabilised (it does not contain cyanurates) and so is more suited for use in indoor pools where chlorine loss through the effects of sunlight are much less.
		Calcium Hypochlorite is the preferred method of shock treatment because it is readily soluble and rapidly increases the free chlorine content of the water.
		Calcium Hypochlorite is ideal for shock dosing as it is a strong oxidising agent.
	www.calcium-hypochlorite.co.uk (637 words)

	ATSDR - MMG: Calcium Hypochlorite/Sodium Hypochlorite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The toxic effects of sodium and calcium hypochlorite are primarily due to the corrosive properties of the hypochlorite moiety.
		Calcium hypochlorite is not flammable, but it acts as an oxidizer with combustible material and may react explosively with ammonia, amines, or organic sulfides.
		Sodium and calcium hypochlorite are used primarily as oxidizing and bleaching agents or disinfectants.
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /MHMI/mmg184.html (4516 words)

	Parks & Recreation: Chemical imbalance: why one water park switched its water-chemistry system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Calcium hypochlorite briquettes are a solid form of chlorine, with an available chlorine concentration of 65 percent.
		Calcium hypochlorite briquettes also have up to a two-year shelf life, as opposed to commercial sodium hypochlorite, which can lose one-third of its strength in only 30 days.
		Because calcium hypochlorite is a more stable chemical than sodium hypochlorite, it allows for better dosage control and excellent water clarity, and a proper balance in chlorine residual between the leisure pool and the plunge pool is now much more easily maintained.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1145/is_12_38/ai_112358064 (1402 words)

	Calcium Hypochlorite-A Pool Chemical And Much More (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Calcium hypochlorite is a white solid that is added in granular or tablet form to pool water to kill germs that can make swimmers sick.
		Calcium hypochlorite is also one of the allies in the ongoing fight against foodborne disease.
		Calcium hypochlorite is used to disinfect water in many small water systems serving communities in the developing world.
	www.science-education.org /classroom_activities/chlorine_compound/calcium_hypo.html (864 words)

	Kitchen Culture Kits - CustomerInfo - Calcium Hypochlorite as a Disinfecting Agent
		Calcium hypochlorite is often used as a pool disinfectant and can often be purchased at discount stores such as K-Mart, Shopko, Wal-Mart and Home Depot.
		Calcium hypochlorite tends to be "gentler" on some plants than commercial bleach and often will rid the plant material of contamination when other chemicals fail.
		After soaking in the calcium hypochlorite is over, move the container to the clean area, and transfer plant pieces to sterile water.
	www.kitchenculturekit.com /calciumhypo.htm (471 words)

	Calcium ~ Expert Pool & Spa, Inc.
		Calcium hypochlorite is a strong bactericide and algicide.
		Calcium hypochlorite should always be pre-dissolved in a bucket of water before adding to the pool.
		If calcium hypochlorite is used in vinyl liner pools on a regular basis it will cause chalking on the liner surface and can shorten the life of the liner.
	www.expertpool.biz /calcium.htm (358 words)

	UK P&I Club - Calcium Hypochlorite - Interim Recommendations for Carriage - International Group of P&I Clubs
		Cargoes of calcium hypochlorite classified as UN1748, 2208 and 2880 should be carried on deck only, out of direct sunlight and clear of living quarters.
		Calcium hypochlorite should never be packed for marine transportation in sacks or in bags.
		It is recommended, that calcium hypochlorite declared as UN 1479 should be subject to the same transport requirements as UN 2880.
	www.ukpandi.com /ukpandi/Infopool.nsf/HTML/LPBulletin116 (652 words)

	The World Market for Hypochlorites, Commercial Calcium Hypochlorite, Chlorites, and Hypobromites: A 2004 Global Trade ...
		I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for hypochlorites, commercial calcium hypochlorite, chlorites, and hypobromites for those countries serving the world market via exports or supplying from various countries via imports.
		Chapter 4 does the same, but for imports of hypochlorites, commercial calcium hypochlorite, chlorites, and hypobromites for all countries in the world.
		Combined, Chapters 3 and 4 present the complete picture for imports and exports of hypochlorites, commercial calcium hypochlorite, chlorites, and hypobromites to and from all major countries in the world.
	www.marketresearch.com /product/display.asp?ProductID=917811&xs=r (675 words)

	Water treatment & distribution - Sodium Hypochlorite vs calcium hypochlorite for water dist.
		The sodium hypochlorite can be delivered in different percentage solutions and the costs will be different; but, remember most of the solution will be water and the weaker the soln, the more water you are paying for.
		The amount of calcium added to water is not significant and it tends to be neutral to pH as opposed to bleach which tends to raise pH.
		The true advantage of using calcium hypochlorite is that it doesn't degrade with a dry storage feeder.
	www.eng-tips.com /viewthread.cfm?qid=93148&page=1 (2255 words)

	SEPTEMBER 3, 1999
		Cargoes of calcium hypochlorite classified as UN 1748, 2208 and 2880 should be carried on deck only, out of direct sunlight and clear of living quarters.
		Cargoes of calcium hypochlorite classified as UN 1748, 2208 and 2880 should be packed in clean drums not exceeding 45 kg net weight.
		Cargoes of calcium hypochlorite classified as UN 1748, 2208 and 2880 should not be carried in freight containers larger than 20ft.
	www.american-club.com /circulars/cir15-99.html (701 words)

	MPE Sdn Bhd
		Formula 1010 Calcium Hypochlorite Granular is effective for sanitary disposal, odour control B.O.D reduction and removal of poisonous matters of various industries.
		Requirements of Calcium Hypochlorite or stock solution of available chlorine 1% should be determined by experimentation.
		Formula 1010 calcium hypochlorite 70% available chlorine by measuring, use a container about 4 ounces preparation of Formula 1010 stock solution of 1% (10,000ppm) available chlorine content.
	www.brunet.bn /company/mpe/formula1010.html (257 words)

	19911114 Calcium Hypochlorite (CaCl(2)O(2)).
		Calcium hypochlorite (hypochlorous acid, calcium salt, losantin, oxychloride and chlorinated lime) is a white, crystal and oxidizing solid material which looks much like table salt.[1] It has a faint odor of chlorine and is toxic by ingestion, skin contact and inhalation.
		Calcium hypochlorite is used as a disinfectant in swimming pools, sewage treatment operations and in water treatment operations.
		Fires evolving calcium hypochlorite may be difficult to put out because if calcium hypochlorite is not kept completely dry, it will decompose liberating oxygen and chlorine.
	www.osha.gov /dts/hib/hib_data/hib19911114.html (296 words)

	Shock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		It is always best to dilute Calcium Hypochlorite in a bucket of water, and then pour it into the pool-ALWAYS pour the chemical into the bucket of water; NEVER pour water over the dry chemical.
		LITHIUM HYPOCHLORITE: Although not as widely used as Calcium Hypochlorite, Lithium Hypochlorite is also an effective chlorine-based type of shock, particularly for those regions with typically high amounts of calcium in the water.
		Calcium Hypochlorite, as the name implies, uses calcium, which, if used in pools with hard water characteristics, the formation of scale may (and probably will) build up on the pool walls and floor, and perhaps inside the plumbing or on the equipment.
	www.poolmanual.com /manual/shock.html (3237 words)

	Regal Chlorinators: The Case for Responsible Legislation Regulating Chlorine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Chlorine is supplied in three basic forms: as sodium hypochlorite (widely known as liquid bleach); as calcium hypochlorite (powder or tablet); and as a gas in 150 lb.
		The problem is that sodium and calcium hypochlorite are generally perceived to be less dangerous than gas.
		In most reported incidents involving chlorine, the chlorinating agent is calcium or sodium hypochlorite, and the majority of incidents involving the gas were caused by faulty pressure lines on outmoded pressurized systems.
	www.regalchlorinators.com /html/pub._592-4.html (516 words)

	Calcium Hypochlorite Feeders Globaltreat.com : Calcium Hypochlorite Feeders
		Calcium Hypochlorite Feeders solutions with support equipment and inventory supplies form a major portion of our business.
		Visit the calcium hypochlorite feeders section of the website, or contact our offices for more information, shipping, delivery and prices.
		Reliability of our calcium hypochlorite feeders is unmatched which is something we take pride in.
	www.globaltreat.com /calcium-hypochlorite-feeders.html (208 words)

	Calcium Hypochlorite Globaltreat.com : Calcium Hypochlorite
		Calcium Hypochlorite solutions with support equipment and inventory supplies form a major portion of our business.
		Visit the calcium hypochlorite section of the website, or contact our offices for more information, shipping, delivery and prices.
		Reliability of our calcium hypochlorite is unmatched which is something we take pride in.
	www.globaltreat.com /calcium-hypochlorite.html (206 words)

	The Oxidation of Alcohols and Ethers Using Calcium Hypochlorite - [www.rhodium.ws]
		Calcium hypochlorite, a relatively stable, and easily stored and used solid hypochlorite oxidant, was found to oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones in excellent yields.
		Instead of the hypochlorite, an excellent yield of the corresponding ketone (2-tosylmethylcyclohexanone) was obtained.
		The instability of sodium hypochlorite solutions, however, led us to consider other hypochlorite reagents which would be more stable and easier to handle.
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/ether2ester.hypochlorite.html (746 words)

	Here, Smell This! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The fireman entices the fireman apprentice to take a big whiff of the calcium hypochlorite he is using.
		When calcium hypochlorite contacts high heat or water, it can produce toxic chlorine and phosgene gas.
		Ensure people who use calcium hypochlorite are trained in mixing techniques and precautions.
	www.safetycenter.navy.mil /media/fathom/issues/OctDec00/smellthis.htm (397 words)

	sodium/calcium hypochlorite (Clorox, bleach) Chemical Fact Sheet 2/86
		A incidental food additive regulation allowing the use of sodium or calcium hypochlorites as a terminal sanitizing rinse on food processing equipment has been established (21 CFR 178.1010).
		A food additive regulation permitting the use of sodium hypochlorites in washing or assisting in lye peeling of fruits and vegetables has been established (21 CFR 173.315) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
		In the absence of significant long term dietary exposure to the hypochlorites from these patterns of use, there is no need for chronic or subchronic studies.
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /profiles/miscpesticides/methylchloride-xanthangum/hypochlorite/anti-prof-hypochlorite.html (656 words)

	UK P&I Club - Carriage of Calcium Hypochlorite
		All of the full-scale tests performed by the International Group on calcium hypochlorite "UN No. 2880" indicates that larger packages can develop a critical condition at temperatures which can be encountered in cargo holds of modern container vessels.
		Furthermore, if calcium hypochlorite develops a critical condition (for any reason) it will emit chlorine gas, which is toxic and the run-away reaction will develop extreme heat that will ignite surrounding cargoes, which demonstrates the need to consider the proximity to living quarters in stowage of such cargoes.
		We have learnt that shipments of calcium hypochlorite have been loaded on board vessels under different names, which has led to some of the shipments not being declared as dangerous cargo.
	www.ukpandi.com /UkPandi/InfoPool.nsf/HTML/ClubCircular1300 (995 words)

	(WO 99/61376) CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE COMPOSITION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The composition comprises an admixture of particulate (a) calcium hypochlorite, (b) hydrated borate salt, e.g., disodium tetraborate decahydrate, and (c) aluminum salt, e.g., hydrated aluminum sulfate and/or anhydrous aluminum sulfate.
		The calcium hypochlorite is present in the composition in an amount sufficient to provide a free available chlorine content that would result in the composition being classified as a Division 5.1 oxidizer in the absence of (b) and (c).
		The aluminum salt is present in the composition in at least a flocculating amount, and the hydrated borate salt is present in an amount at least sufficient to neutralize 100 % of the aluminum salt.
	www.wipo.int /ipdl/IPDL-CIMAGES/view/pct/getbykey5?KEY=99/61376.991202 (251 words)

	seed.sterilizing2
		hypochlorite was most effective at a pH of 6.
		hypochlorite are companies that carrying swimming pool supplies.
		genera that is sensitive to sodium hypochlorite or calcium
	members.cox.net /lmlauman/osp/html/seed_sterilizing2.html (1915 words)

	Changes for Calcium Hypochlorite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		There have been some changes to Calcium Hypochlorite from 2 years ago that we, at the Safety Center, are just now finding out about.
		During the next monthly inspection of your calcium hypochlorite lockers, check the status of the calcium hypochlorite and be sure to order new material as needed.
		The HTH box is required to be white with red letters stating "HAZARDOUS MATERIAL - CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE." It must have three holes drilled in the bottom of the box to ensure adequate ventilation.
	www.safetycenter.navy.mil /afloat/articles/submarine/hthchanges.htm (368 words)

	Circular No. 10/00
		Following several large fires in cargo ships in the 1990s involving calcium hypochlorite, the International Group of PandI Clubs commissioned full-scale tests particularly as to the size of the packages in which this substance was routinely shipped.
		Furthermore, if calcium hypochlorite develops a critical condition (for any reason) it will emit chlorine gas, which is toxic, and a runaway reaction will develop extreme heat that could ignite surrounding cargoes.
		It would appear that shipments of calcium hypochlorite have been loaded on board vessels under different names, which has led to some of the shipments not being declared as dangerous cargo.
	www.american-club.com /circulars/cir10-00.HTM (909 words)

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