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Topic: Calcium metabolism

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Disorders of calcium metabolism

Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid gland

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	The Calcium Information Resource
		Calcium is essential to maintaining total body health.
		Calcium deficiency is usually due to an inadequate intake of calcium.
		If an individual's diet is low in calcium, there may not be sufficient amounts of calcium available in the blood to be returned to the bones to maintain strong bones and total body health.
	www.calciuminfo.com (996 words)

	Calcium metabolism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Calcium metabolism or calcium homeostasis is the mechanism by which the body maintains adequate calcium levels.
		Ionized calcium does not vary with the albumin level, and therefore it is useful to measure the ionized calcium level when the serum albumin is not within normal ranges, or when a calcium disorder is suspected despite a normal total calcium level.
		Vitamin D is an important co-factor in the intestinal absorption of calcium, as it increases the number of calcium binding proteins, involved in calcium absorption through the apical membrane of enterocytes in small intestine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Calcium_metabolism (655 words)

	Calcium Metabolism by Susan Donoghue
		Calcium is a highly controlled nutrient in the body, but the relative contributions of mechanisms of control vary between species.
		Because calcium's metabolism is highly influenced by the metabolism of other minerals (as well as acid-base), one has to see the role of these minerals as well.
		Calcium is excreted in urine along with other cations (such as sodium and magnesium) as a means of ridding the body of excess potassium.
	www.serve.com /~BatonRouge/nutrition/calcium_metabolism_donoghue.htm (1414 words)

	CALCIUM METABOLISM IN RABBITS by Leah Postman, DVM
		Of the 15 known essential mineral nutrients, calcium is the one found in largest amounts in animals, and therefore is required in the largest amounts.
		Although Vitamin D mediates intestinal absorption of calcium in most mammals, intestinal calcium absorption in rabbits is apparently independent of Vitamin D. Only rarely, in conjunction with the changes in calcium metabolism associated with birth and the high calcium requirements of lactation, do their calcium levels drop to a dangerous level, resulting in tetany.
		To make the bunny calcium situation even more of a conundrum, rabbits are even more unusual because they, being inherently prone to elevations in blood calcium, filter excess calcium through their kidneys, and excrete it through their urine.
	www.mahouserabbit.org /newsletter/calcium.asp (1684 words)

	Metabolism.com - Calcium Supplementation for Strong Bones
		Although the RDA for calcium was recently raised to 1,000 mg/day for adults, the National Academy of Sciences and the National Osteoporosis Foundation recommend a calcium intake of up to 1,200 mg/day for adults.
		Calcium is more easily absorbed from foods during childhood, whereas an adult assimilates only about one-third of the dietary calcium taken in.
		Although calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, the body can’t absorb it without vitamin D. As we age, the absorption of calcium and vitamin D declines, as does production of vitamin D by the skin from exposure to sunlight.
	www.metabolism.com /programs/nutrition/news/2001-08-31 (546 words)

	Massachusetts Turtle Rescue, Inc. - Calcium Metabolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Generally speaking, MBD is caused by calcium deficieny and this deficiency may be caused by too much phosphorus, too much or too little vitamin D3, too little ultraviolet light and too little protein or a combination of all or some of these factors.
		This regulation of calcium and phosphate is greatly regulated by circulating levels of parathyroid (PTH) hormone and vitamin D. PTH is secreted by the parathyroid gland.
		Vitamin D increase the percentage of dietary calcium that is absorbed by the intestine.
	www.maturtlerescue.org /calcium_metabolism.htm (569 words)

	Calcium Metabolism in Birds
		Calcium is an important mineral for birds, serving as a structural component of bones and shells and as a “messenger” between cells that allows them to respond to hormones and have normal nerve function.
		The level of calcium in the blood is kept steady in healthy birds by a complex process involving several organs including the kidney, the gastrointestinal tract, and bones.
		Calcium absorption in the gut is affected by the calcium status of the bird, how much vitamin D is present, the age of the bird, and whether it is laying eggs.
	www.lafeber.com /Lafeber-Library/Articles/orosz/calcium.asp (719 words)

	Caseinphosphopeptides in Milk and Fermented Milk Do Not Affect Calcium Metabolism Acutely in Postmenopausal Women -- ...
		the hypothesis is that CPPs increase the absorption of calcium.
		in the intestinal tract [2,4] and increase calcium absorption
		The acute effects of calcium on calcium and bone metabolism.Am J Clin Nutr74 :335 –342,2001.
	www.jacn.org /cgi/content/full/22/1/88 (2839 words)

	Calcium metabolism and metabolic bone disease
		Calcium deficiency is actually a sort of generic term which represents only one of the possible causes for metabolic bone disease.
		Calcium is a positively charge ion element (cation) and is essential in intra- and extracellular fluid exchange, blood clotting, and maintaining a regular heartbeat.
		The balance of the calcium is found in the serum (that fluid which is left after all blood solids have been removed) and is either ionized and ready for use, or is bound to protein and not ionized.
	www.anapsid.org /mbd2.html (2453 words)

	Calcium Metabolism in Rabbits and It's Relationship to Urinary Tract Disease
		Most calcium is found within our bones and teeth, but the small amount circulating in the blood stream and body fluids helps the body perform such vital functions as muscle contractions, heart contraction, intestinal movement and nerve impulse conduction.
		When calcium levels rise, calcitonin is released promoting calcium withdrawal from the blood and deposition in bone, thus keeping blood levels in a normal range.
		Due to the high levels of calcium excreted in the urine, many rabbits will have a small amount of calcium "sand"/crystals show up on a radiograph.*3 Larger volumes of this crystalline sludge and actual bladder stones are not normal, and will be reflected in the rabbit's overall disposition and health.
	www.petcarevabeach.com /calcium.html (819 words)

	The Calcium Information Resource
		Calcium deficiency is usually due to an inadequate supply or a failure in metabolism of calcium.
		Calcium, the main structural element of bones and teeth, is one of the most important minerals that helps in the growth and maintenance and reproduction of the human body.
		Low calcium intake is recognized as a major public health problem in the United States, with more than 75 percent of Americans not meeting the current calcium recommendations for their age/gender group, putting them at risk for osteoporosis.
	www.calciuminfo.com /osteperosis/calciumdeficiency.aspx (736 words)

	MRC - HNR: Research: Bone Health: Bone & Calcium Metabolism
		We measure carboxylated and undercarboxylated osteocalcin because the degree of carboxylation is a useful index of vitamin K status, and a high ratio of undercarboxylated osteocalcin to carboxylated osteocalcin is a risk factor for osteoporosis.
		Increases in blood calcium are reversed by calcitonin, which is secreted by the thyroid gland, and by negative feedback by 1,25(OH)2D on PTH secretion.
		Because of the effects of PTH on bone metabolism, we are investigating the effects of variations in calcium intake and vitamin D status (25OHD) on PTH and 1,25(OH)2D in different population groups.
	www.mrc-hnr.cam.ac.uk /research/bone_health/bcm.html (1378 words)

	Calcium Metabolism
		Maintenance is the key word here for calcium is constantly being shuttled from bones to meet other bodily needs (the transmission of nerve impulses, for example, the clotting of blood, the regulation of heart muscle rhythm and the absorption of vitamin B12).
		Calcium and magnesium are minerals of critical importance to human nutrition and should be combined in a five to one ratio of calcium to magnesium.
		Calcium is also essential for various other body functions, including blood coagulation, muscle contraction, nerve conduction, maintenance and function of cell membranes and membrane permeability, and the proper functioning of many enzymes.
	www.becomehealthynow.com /category/suppscalciummet (1105 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Calcium metabolism - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Calcium metabolism : sum of chemical changes that occur within the tissues of an organism consisting of anabolism (biosynthesis) and catabolism of calcium; the buildup and breakdown of calcium for utilization by the organism.
		Calcium metabolism (organ): Calcium is a mineral with various important uses.
		Calcium metabolism (organ): Calcium is necessary for strong and healthy bones throughout life.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/calcium_metabolism.htm (329 words)

	calcium & metabolism
		Calcium is needed to switch muscles on and off – without it no muscular contraction would be possible – and is also vital to the release of neurotransmitter chemicals, such as serotonin, acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
		A clear relationship between calcium and body fat was observed; the higher the dietary intake of calcium, the lower the body fat mass.
		However, when blood calcium levels are high (for example on a high-calcium diet), levels of a particular metabolite of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) fall, and this in turn reduces the rate at which calcium is transferred into cells, including fat cells and pancreatic cells.
	www.pponline.co.uk /encyc/calcium-metabolism.htm (2407 words)

	Coral Calcium — The calcium diet enhancer that helps to increase metabolism, prevent osteoporosis and have strong ...
		Including Coral Calcium in your daily supplements is imperative for osteoporosis prevention, healthy skin, and strong bones.
		Most people are not aware how vital a good calcium diet is when it comes to their health.
		Calcium in adults is essential for preventing tooth decay, strong bones, and strong muscles and it is the foundation of a healthy skin diet.
	www.seen-on-tv.ws /coral-calcium/coralcalcium.html (386 words)

	Clinical impact of bone and calcium metabolism changes in sarcoidosis -- Rizzato 53 (5): 425 -- Thorax
		Alterations in calcium metabolism and bone mineral density in relation to the activity of sarcoidosis.
		Evidence that increased circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is the probable cause for abnormal calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis.
		Increased 1,25-dihydroxy-cholecalciferol as a cause of abnormal calcium metabolism in sarcoidosis.
	thorax.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/53/5/425 (2941 words)

	Calcium metabolism
		Corrected calcium (mg/dL) = measured total Ca (mg/dL) + 0.8 (4.4 - serum albumin [g/dL]), where 4.4 represents the average albumin level.
		Q: I would like to understand calcium metabolism more fully, especially how the parathyroid and thyroid glands are involved.
		Pyongyang, October 16 (KCNA) -- A national meeting to mark the 80th anniversary of the formation of the Down-with-Imperialism Union (DIU) by President Kim Il Sung was held at the Pyongyang Indoor Stadium Monday.
	www.mrsci.com /Physiology/Calcium_metabolism.php (641 words)

	Alcohol Rehab Treatment Program
		The main reservoirs are the bones and teeth, where the calcium content determines the strength and the stiffness of the bones.
		Calcium is important for many body functions, including communication between and within cells.
		Calcium absorption, excretion, and distribution between bones and body fluids are regulated by several hormones, namely parathyroid hormone (PTH); vitamin D-derived hormones; and calcitonin, which is made by specific cells in the thyroid.
	www.alcoholgroup.org (2623 words)

	Maternal calcium metabolism and bone mineral status -- Prentice 71 (5): 1312 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
		are accompanied by the uptake and release of calcium from the
		Calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism during pregnancy, lactation, and postweaning: a longitudinal study.
		Effect of calcium supplementation on undernourished mothers during pregnancy on the bone density of the neonates.
	www.ajcn.org /cgi/content/full/71/5/1312S (3553 words)

	Maternal-Fetal Calcium and Bone Metabolism During Pregnancy, Puerperium, and Lactation -- Kovacs and Kronenberg 18 (6): ...
		in an increase in the intestinal absorption of calcium; PRL
		Calcium is actively transported across the placenta (339, 340).
		of calcium and phosphate by the renal tubules in response to
	edrv.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/18/6/832 (10278 words)

	Disorders of calcium metabolism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Disorders of calcium metabolism occur when the body has too little or too much calcium.
		The serum level of calcium is closely regulated within a fairly limited range in the human body.
		The amount of biologically active calcium varies with the level of albumin, a protein to which calcium is bound, and therefore levels of ionized calcium are better measures than a total calcium; however, one can correct a total calcium if the albumin level is known.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Disorders_of_calcium_metabolism (185 words)

	Bay Area Renal Stone Center
		They are usually made up of a combination of calcium and oxalate, a compound that occurs naturally in some fruits and vegetables.
		Also, high levels of calcium will develop if the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium metabolism, are overactive (hyperparathyroidism).
		Calcium supplements seem to have the same protective effect as dietary calcium, but only if they're taken with meals.
	www.barsc.com /company.htm (2039 words)

	Clinical Trial: Calcium Intake, Metabolism, and Gestational Blood Pressure
		To determine if low dietary calcium intake and disturbances in maternal calcium metabolism were associated with increases in blood pressure in late pregnancy.
		Recent reports have suggested that low dietary calcium intake and disturbances in maternal calcium metabolism are associated with increases in blood pressure in late gestation.
		Concomitantly, serum measures of calcium metabolism were assessed including serum total and ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, vitamin D concentration, serum magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium concentrations.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00005206 (321 words)

	Regulation of Murine Fetal-Placental Calcium Metabolism by the Calcium-sensing Receptor -- Kovacs et al. 101 (12): 2812 ...
		Inactivating mutations in the CaSR gene increase PTH release from the parathyroids, decrease renal calcium clearance, and
		excretion of calcium by the fetal kidneys in proportion to raised
		that renal tubular calcium reabsorption is modestly increased
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/101/12/2812 (5835 words)

	The effect of soy protein and soy isoflavones on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover ...
		The effect of soy protein and soy isoflavones on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover study -- Spence et al.
		The effect of soy protein and soy isoflavones on calcium metabolism in postmenopausal women: a randomized crossover study
		on calcium metabolism in humans are not known.
	www.ajcn.org /cgi/content/abstract/81/4/916 (450 words)

	Disorders Affecting Calcium Metabolism
		Calcium plays an important role in several body functions, including muscle contractions, enzyme function, and nerve conduction.
		Calcium levels in the blood are regulated by two hormones produced by the four parathyroid glands, glands located adjacent to the thyroid gland in the neck.
		Calcitonin, which is produced by the parathyroid glands, the thyroid, and thymus glands, is responsible for lowering calcium levels by moving calcium into the bones for storage.
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /uvahealth/peds_diabetes/dacmhub.cfm (204 words)

	Conditions By Organ: Calcium metabolism - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Calcium metabolism: Mineral related to bone formation and various other processes.
		Introduction: Calcium is a mineral with various important uses.
		Introduction: Calcium is necessary for strong and healthy bones throughout life.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /organ/calcium_metabolism.htm (236 words)

	AccessMedicine - Harrison's Internal Medicine: Calcium Metabolism
		"Over 99% of the 1 to 2 kg of calcium present normally in the adult human body resides in the skeleton, where it provides mechanical stability and serves as a reservoir sometimes needed to maintain extracellular fluid (ECF) calcium concentration (Fig.
		Skeletal calcium accretion first becomes significant during the third trimester of fetal life, accelerates throughout childhood and adolescence, reaches a peak in early adulthood, and gradually declines thereafter at rates that rarely exceed 1 to 2% per year.
		These slow changes in total skeletal calcium content contrast with relatively high daily rates of closely matched fluxes of calcium into and out of bone (approximately 250 to 500 mg each), a process mediated by coupled osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity.
	www.accessmedicine.com /content.aspx?aID=100970 (243 words)

	Coral Calcium: Bob Barefoot
		Because Coral Calcium "Marine Max" is made from the highest quality marine grade coral calcium.
		In fact, vitamin D increases calcium absorption by a factor of 10.
		Women are told to take over-the-counter calcium when the truth is only about 5% is absorbed.
	www.coral-calcium-supply.com (1062 words)

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