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Topic: Calcium oxalate

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M1014

Nikolay Sidorov

Follansbee, West Virginia

	Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University
		Although calcium stone formers have been advised to restrict calcium intake in the past, a cross-sectional study of 282 patients with calcium oxalate stones found that dietary salt, as measured by urinary sodium excretion, was the dietary factor most strongly associated with urinary calcium excretion (23).
		Until the relationship between calcium and prostate cancer is clarified, it is reasonable for men to consume a total of 1,000 to 1,200 mg/day of calcium (diet and supplements combined), which is the adequate intake level recommended by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine (3).
		These studies were not designed to examine the effect of calcium on obesity or body fat, and their significance was unclear until recent studies in cell culture and animal models indicated that low calcium intakes could result in hormonal and metabolic changes that increase the tendency of fat cells to accumulate fat (46).
	lpi.oregonstate.edu /infocenter/minerals/calcium/index.html (5486 words)

	Current News
		Although both sodium and potassium oxalate salts are water soluble, calcium oxalate is practically insoluble, which is why calcium oxalate, when present in high enough levels, has the propensity to precipitate (or solidify) in the kidneys or in the urinary tract to form calcium oxalate crystals.
		Approximately 75% of all kidney stones are composed predominantly of calcium oxalate.
		Since dietary oxalate is not efficiently absorbed into the body, the consumption of foods which provide low levels of oxalate will not have a significant effect on the amount of dietary oxalate which enters the body through the gastrointestinal tract or on the amount of oxalate which is excreted via the urine.
	www.vulvarpainfoundation.org /vpfoxalate.htm (1118 words)

	PA-03-065: CALCIUM OXALATE STONE DISEASES
		CALCIUM OXALATE STONE DISEASES RELEASE DATE: January 30, 2003 PA NUMBER: PA-03-065 March 2, 2006 (NOT-OD-06-046) – Effective with the June 1, 2006 submission date, all R03, R21, R33 and R34 applications must be submitted through Grants.gov using the electronic SF424 (R&R) application.
		Background Although calcium oxalate stone disease is a very common health problem among adults in the United States, it is poorly understood at the basic science level.
		The non- catabolized glyoxylate is oxidized to oxalate and is excreted in excess in the urine.
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/pa-files/PA-03-065.html (2851 words)

	Urolithiasis-Calcium Oxalate in Cats - PetPlace.com
		Calcium oxalate uroliths, also referred to as calculi, are stones within the urinary tract composed of the mineral calcium oxalate.
		Calcium oxalate stones affect cats of all ages, but are most common in middle-aged pets, and the Persian is the feline breed most commonly affected.
		Calcium oxalate stones are radio dense due to the presence of calcium and can be recognized as white objects within the bladder or other parts of the urinary tract on plain abdominal radiographs.
	www.petplace.com /cats/urolithiasis-calcium-oxalate-in-cats/page1.aspx (736 words)

	Decomposition of Oxalate by Microorganisms
		Aggregation of calcium salts of oxalate and phosphate may cause formation of mineral deposits in the kidney and urinary tracts and the process of stone formation is known as urolithiasis.
		Oxalate is detoxified (catabolized) via the action of two enzymatic proteins, formyl coenzyme A transferase (encoded by the frc gene) and oxalyl coenzyme A decarboxylase (encoded by the oxc gene), contained in the cytosol of Oxalobacter formigenes that colonizes the human intestinal tract.
		It is speculated that oxalate-degrading bacteria decrease oxalate absorption from the intestines and their absence in the gastrointestinal tract correlates with the formation of calcium-oxalate urolithiasis.
	www.geocities.com /oxalate2000 (1530 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Factors affecting calcium oxalate dihydrate fragmented calculi regrowth
		Synthetic urine supersaturated with calcium oxalate was prepared using a three-way T mixing chamber containing equal volumes of solutions A and B (compositions shown in Table 1).
		Calcium standards in the presence and absence of citrate were prepared using synthetic urine as a matrix.
		Interestingly, while citrate did not inhibit calcium salt crystallization on COD crystals in the present study, it was shown to inhibit calcium salt crystallization on glycoproteins and organic matter [21,22].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2490/6/16 (2982 words)

	The Calcium Information Resource
		In another study calcium restriction led to an increase in absorption and excretion of oxalate in the urine in both normal subjects and patients with kidney stones.
		Calcium supplementation lowered both urinary oxalate and urinary phosphorous (also thought to contribute to the formation of stones) by binding both agents in the intestine.
		The authors propose that since 67% of women taking calcium supplements took them between meals or with breakfast, a meal usually low in oxalate, the calcium could not perform its role of blocking oxalate stone formation the same way that calcium at meals is able to do.
	www.calciuminfo.com /calciumquestions/kidneystones.aspx (1464 words)

	Kidney Stones and Calcium Supplements - Health and Medical Information produced by doctors - MedicineNet.com
		It is believed that this occurs because the increased amounts of calcium from food binds to oxalate from food in the intestine, and the complex of calcium and oxalate cannot be absorbed into the body.
		If calcium supplements are taken with meals that contain little or no oxalate, the oxalate doesn't bind to calcium, and the oxalate is absorbed from the intestine and then eliminated in the urine.
		Thus, more than three-quarters of the nurses taking calcium supplements may have been absorbing and eliminating more calcium in their urine or were not gaining the benefit of the binding of calcium and oxalate in the intestine.
	www.medicinenet.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=1887 (766 words)

	Kidney Stones - UrologyChannel
		Excess calcium is normally removed from the blood by the kidneys and excreted in the urine.
		Calcium stones are composed of calcium that is chemically bound to oxalate (calcium oxalate) or phosphate (calcium phosphate).
		Calcium phosphate stones typically occur in patients with metabolic or hormonal disorders such as hyperparathyroidism and renal tubular acidosis.
	www.urologychannel.com /kidneystones/index.shtml (787 words)

	calcium
		The urine calcium, however, does increase more with calcium citrate, which had led some investigators to think that more calcium was absorbed (Heaney, R. In the only large, randomized, controlled trial comparing calcium carbonate and calcium citrate-maleate the urine calcium was greater in the citrate-malate group.
		The lack of regard for calcium as a therapy for osteoporosis is evident in some of the reports who consider these placebo groups to be "untreated" and who wonder why the placebo group had stable bone density.
		A study of calcium in men and women older than 65 showed that dietary calcium and vitamin D supplementation moderately reduced bone loss and reduced the incidence of nonvertebral fractures from 12.9%/3 years to 5.9%/3 years (Dawson-Hughes).
	courses.washington.edu /bonephys/opcalcium.html (1974 words)

	Calcium oxalate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They contain calcium oxalate, a compound derived from oxalic acid, as well as enzymes which trigger the release of antibodies called histamines in the bloodstream of persons who ingest the leaves.
		Calcium oxalate also forms a major component of beerstone, a brownish precipitate that tends to accumulate within vats, barrels and other containers used in the brewing of beer.
		Calcium oxalate crystal formation is also one of the toxic effects of ethylene glycol poisoning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Calcium_oxalate (396 words)

	Oxalate Uroliths
		50% are calcium oxalate monohydrate, 22% are calcium oxalate dihydrate and 28% are a mixture.
		Thiazides decrease renal excretion of calcium (and calcium in the bladder predisposes to oxalate stone formation).
		Carbohydrates will augment calcium absorption in the GI tract from any source so humans are told to avoid milk products so as to avoid both CHO (lactose) and calcium in the GI tract at the same time.
	www.vin.com /vin_ce/abvp/html/oxalate_uroliths.html (457 words)

	Cell-Mediated Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate in Plants -- Webb 11 (4): 751 -- THE PLANT CELL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Arnott, H.J., and Webb, M.A. (1983) Twin crystals of calcium oxalate in the seed coat of the kidney bean.
		Borchert, R. (1985) Calcium-induced pattern of calcium oxalate crystals in isolated leaflets of Gleditsia triacanthos L. and Albizia julibrissin Durazz.
		Ruiz, L.P., and Mansfield, T.A. (1994) A postulated role for calcium oxalate in the regulation of calcium ions in the vicinity of stomatal guard cells.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/11/4/751 (5337 words)

	Calcium Oxalate Stone Prevention
		These stones are made of calcium and oxalate, so it would seem sensible to exclude these from the diet to fix the problem.
		Most calcium in the diet remains in the gut where it binds to oxalate from food and the liver.
		The bound oxalate cannot be absorbed and is excreted in the faeces.
	www.hollywoodurology.com /caox.html (945 words)

	Oxalate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An oxalate (called also: ethanedioate) is a salt or ester of oxalic acid.
		Consumption of oxalates (for example, the grazing of animals on oxalate-containing plants such as greasewood) may result in kidney disease or even death due to oxalate poisoning.
		sodium oxalate - Na calcium oxalate - CaC
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Oxalate (200 words)

	Canine Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stones
		Calcium oxalate stones have outer layers of calcium oxalate and a center of calcium phosphate.
		She suspected that the stones were calcium oxalate, because it was found in her urine.
		She knew that Hill's did not have a pet food for dissolving calcium oxalate stones.
	www.macatawa.org /~wilcox_k/kidney.html (3631 words)

	Calcium Channels are Involved in Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation in Specialized Cells of Pistia stratiotes L. -- VOLK ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Calcium Channels are Involved in Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation in Specialized Cells of Pistia stratiotes L. -- VOLK et al.
		Calcium acetate induces calcium uptake and formation of calcium-oxalate crystals in isolated leaflets of Gleditsia triacanthos L. Planta 168: 571–578.
		Cell and calcium oxalate crystal growth is coordinated to achieve high capacity calcium regulation in plants.
	aob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/93/6/741 (6767 words)

	Dietary Advice to Help Prevent Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stones
		Stones are usually made of calcium, but that doesn't mean that you shouldn't eat much calcium.
		Oxalate is in many foods, and it binds to calcium in your body.
		It is better for your calcium to come from food than from calcium supplements.
	www.pamf.org /patients/calciumoxalate_stones.html (455 words)

	Dependence of Oxalate Absorption on the Daily Calcium Intake -- von Unruh et al. 15 (6): 1567 -- Journal of the ...
		70 mg increased the oxalate absorption by 1% and vice versa.
		to increase the gastrointestinal absorption of oxalate (2),
		Mean oxalate absorption values from six volunteers at 200 mg Ca/d (circle) and from all eight volunteers (squares) for the other Ca intakes.
	jasn.asnjournals.org /cgi/content/full/15/6/1567 (3327 words)

	Thiazides Reduce Brushite, but not Calcium Oxalate, Supersaturation, and Stone Formation in Genetic Hypercalciuric ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Urine calcium, oxalate, and phosphorus excretion (mean ± SE) in genetic hypercalciuric stone–forming (GHS) rats fed a standard 1.2% calcium diet with 5% hydroxyproline without, or with, added chlorthalidone (Thz).
		The decrease in urine calcium excretion in the GHS rats that
		Costanzo LS, Windhager EE: Calcium and sodium transport by the distal convoluted tubule of the rat.
	jasn.asnjournals.org /cgi/content/full/16/2/417 (5043 words)

	Strategies for preventing calcium oxalate stones -- Finkielstein and Goldfarb 174 (10): 1407 -- Canadian Medical ...
		The intake of foods high in oxalate should be limited.
		A minority of patients with calcium oxalate stones have hyperuricosuria
		Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi.
	www.cmaj.ca /cgi/content/full/174/10/1407 (1069 words)

	Calcium Oxalate Content of Selected Iguana Foods
		Foods are selected for feeding for one or more reasons: calcium content is an important one, but so too is the protein content and the other vitamins and minerals.
		The trick is finding the best possible combinations and eliminating nutritionally empty foods (such as the lettuces and sprouts) and reducing the foods that contain potentially harmful compounds such as calcium oxalates.
		I receive a lot of inquiries about the source of the above data from people researching oxalates and their effects on other animals, etc. The above oxalate data came from a Canadian botanist-turned-computer-science PhD candidate who realized she'd better be able to make a living doing compsci than her first love and continued avocation: botany.
	www.anapsid.org /iguana/cal_ox.html (318 words)

	Calcium Oxalate in Biological Systems
		Written by leaders in their fields, Calcium Oxalate in Biological Systems comprehensively discusses current information about the importance of this compound in animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms.
		Examines the role of all urinary macromolecules in modulating crystallization of calcium oxalate in human urine
		Mechanisms of Calcium Oxalate Aggregation in the Biophysical Environment J.H. Adair, R.V. Linhart, C.F. Habeger, and S.R. Khan
	www.floridaplants.com /CR/calcium.htm (347 words)

	Does Calcium Restriction Prevent Recurrence of Kidney Stones? - Journal Watch (General)
		Patients with calcium oxalate kidney stones and idiopathic hypercalciuria
		dietary restriction of calcium is unnecessary, and probably
		explanation is that dietary calcium binds oxalate in the intestinal
	general-medicine.jwatch.org /cgi/content/full/2002/118/1 (235 words)

	(WO/1992/012720) COMPOUND AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION FOR TREATMENT OF CALCIUM OXALATE STONE DISEASE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		(EN) A compound for the treatment of calcium oxalate kidney stone disease which can be extracted and purified from leaves of the plant Eriobotrya japonica is disclosed.
		The present invention is also directed to a method for the treatment of calcium oxalate stone disease wherein the compound is administered, preferably for a prolonged period of time, to a patient suffering from or prone to calcium oxalate stone disease.
		L'invention concerne également un procédé de traitement des calculs d'oxalate de calcium consistant à administrer le composé, de préférence pendant une durée prolongée, à un patient souffrant ou susceptible de souffrir de calculs d'oxalate de calcium.
	www.wipo.int /pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=1992/12720 (225 words)

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