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Topic: Calcium sulfate

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	Method and composition for removing calcium sulfate scale deposits from surfaces - Patent 4144185
		A method and composition for removing calcium sulfate scale deposits from surfaces, such as reverse osmosis membranes and electrodialysis stacks, wherein the surface to be cleaned is contacted by an aqueous solution comprising a chelating agent, a soluble carbonate and a fluorocarbon surfactant.
		The present invention provides an improved method and composition for the removal of calcium sulfate or gypsum scale deposits from surfaces by contacting the deposits with an aqueous solution comprising a chelating or sequestering agent in the form of a polyamino carboxylic acid, a soluble carbonate or bicarbonate and a fluorocarbon surfactant.
		The removal of calcium sulfate or gypsum scale deposits by utilizing only a chelating agent, such as EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid), is normally a rather slow procedure since the EDTA attacks the deposits very slowly.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4144185.html (2261 words)

	Encyclopedia: Calcium sulfate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The present invention is for a composition and a method for the incorporation of calcium sulfate dihydrate as a filler material in latex using ammonium and sodium lauryl and laureth sulfates as detergents to prevent the coagulation of the adhesive compound.
		The composition for the incorporation of calcium sulfate dihydrate may be further comprised of approximately 1 phr to 2 phr of froth aid, thereby enabling the compound to be frothed with air and maintain bubble stability.
		Calcium sulfate dihydrate is incorporated as a filler material in latex by adding to the polymer dispersion a detergent blend selected in part from a group consisting of lauryl sulfate and laureth sulfate and the required dilution water (to achieve the desired final compound concentration).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Calcium-sulfate (1131 words)

	AllRefer.com - sulfate, Compound & Element (Compounds And Elements) - Encyclopedia
		Sulfates in which both hydrogens are replaced are called normal sulfates; sulfates in which only one hydrogen is replaced are called hydrogen sulfates, acid sulfates, or bisulfates.
		Barium sulfate occurs as barite; calcium sulfate is found as gypsum, alabaster, and selenite; Epsom salts is magnesium sulfate; sodium sulfate occurs as its decahydrate, Glauber's salt; and strontium sulfate occurs as celestite.
		Some sulfates were formerly known as vitriols; blue vitriol is cupric sulfate, green vitriol is ferrous sulfate, and white vitriol is zinc sulfate.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/sulfate.html (357 words)

	Calcium sulfate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Calcium sulfate is a common laboratory and industrial chemical.
		The hemihydrate is better known as plaster of Paris, while the dihydrate occurs naturally as gypsum.
		Depending on the method of calcination of calcium sulfate dihydrate specific hemihydrates are obtained: alpha-hemihydrate and beta-hemihydrate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Calcium_sulfate (131 words)

	Dust abatement with calcium sulfate - Patent 4269721
		The calcium sulfate containing composition from such a scrubbing operation would, however, be heavily hydrated and would probably have to be roasted to render it useful in the disclosed process.
		Although, pure calcium sulfate can be used in the process disclosed herein, economical considerations make the calcium sulfate product, produced from the fluid bed combustion of coal in the presence of limestone a particularly useful source material for practicing the invention.
		It is also possible, however, to spread the calcium sulfate over the exposed surface of the stored coal and thereafter spray the calcium sulfate with sufficient water to form the hardened protective layer of calcium sulfate.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4269721.html (1147 words)

	Chemistry and the Aquarium
		Calcium is also frequently enriched in hydrothermal vent water that is released on the bottom of the ocean.
		Calcium in reef tank water is expected to be similar to that in seawater, with a couple of exceptions.
		Kinetics of dissolution and precipitation of calcium carbonate in seawater.
	www.advancedaquarist.com /issues/mar2002/chem.htm (3851 words)

	Calcium - Diet Index - dietlist.net
		Calcium is the most plentiful mineral found in the human body, accounting for 1.5-2% of an adult's total body weight.
		Calcium in these tissues is concentrated in the form of calcium phosphate salts.
		Calcium is one of the most important minerals for the growth, maintenance, and reproduction of the human body.
	www.dietlist.net /calcium.html (871 words)

	Sulfate \| World of Chemistry
		, barite), calcium sulfate (gypsum, alabaster, and selenite), and strontium sulfate (celestite).
		Organic sulfates are esters and are formed by reacting an alcohol with cold sulfuric acid or by the reaction of sulfuric acid with a double bond in an alkene.
		Strontium sulfate is sometimes used to produce iridescence in glass and pottery glazes, and can also be used as a fining agent (to remove bubbles in the molten glass) in crystal glass.
	www.bookrags.com /research/sulfate-woc (444 words)

	Enhancing TCE Solubility by Biosurfactant Produced
		Calcium, sodium, magnesium, and iron sulfates are the most common elements in soil and wastewater.
		The sulfate concentration was quantified by using the AWWA method- 4500-Sulfate using spectrophotometer with a detection limit of 0.5 mg/L. The calibration curve for sulfate measurement is shown in Fig 1.
		The calcium sulfate solubility was increased by 1.5, to 1.1 and 1.2 times by the UH biosurfactant, Triton X-100, and CTAB, respectively.
	gem1.cive.uh.edu /content/conf_exhib/02_poster/1.html (502 words)

	Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Calcium
		Calcium is needed for muscle contraction, blood vessel contraction and expansion, the secretion of hormones and enzymes, and sending messages through the nervous system [2].
		Calcium absorption may be reduced in vegetarians because they eat more plant foods containing oxalic and phytic acids, compounds which interfere with calcium absorption [2].
		Calcium citrate malate is a form of calcium used in the fortification of certain juices and is also well absorbed [116].
	dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov /factsheets/calcium.asp (8085 words)

	Calcium Products SuperCal SO4 unlocks profitability.
		The sulfate is the residue from the gypsum.
		Calcium, which is supplied in gypsum, is essential to the biochemical mechanisms by which most plant nutrients are absorbed by roots.
		Calcium prevents excess uptake of many of them; and once they are in the plant, calcium keeps them from having adverse effects when their levels get high.
	www.calciumproducts.com /supercal_so4.cfm (1592 words)

	Calcium Sulfate-Other Ingredients
		Calcium Sulfate is a natural occurring mineral that is used extensively in the pharmaceutical, brewing, baking, agriculture and cosmetic industries.
		Calcium sulfate is used in the food industry to help fruits and vegetables retain firmness by binding with pectin and increasing the water-holding capacity.
		Calcium Sulfate can also be used "as is" for a therapeutic, soaking mineral bath or as part of a bath salt blend.
	www.theherbarie.com /Calcium-Sulfate-pr-316.html (170 words)

	It's Elemental - The Element Calcium
		Although calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust, it is never found free in nature since it easily forms compounds by reacting with oxygen and water.
		Calcium is also used to remove oxygen, sulfur and carbon from certain alloys.
		Calcium is also used in vacuum tubes as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes.
	education.jlab.org /itselemental/ele020.html (273 words)

	Calcium Sulfate Safety
		The largest use of calcium sulfate is in the manufacture of gypsum board and it is also used extensively in the cement industry where it is added to Portland cement to stop the rapid reaction of calcium aluminates.
		Calcium sulfate mixed with phosphorus will ignite at high temperatures and if calcium sulfate is heated to decomposition temperatures it emits toxic fumes of SO x
		Calcium sulfate shipped in powder form is normally packaged in multi-ply paper bags having moisture resistant liners.
	www.stevens-tech.edu /engineering/cbme/UG/sdp/spring02/citricacid/casulsafety.htm (348 words)

	Sulfate Summary
		Almost all sulfates are highly soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure.
		Sulfate may also result in longer lasting clouds, or changes in the particle size distribution, which can affect the clouds radiative properties in ways that are not fully understood.
		Sulfates are therefore implicated in global dimming, which may have acted to offset some of the effects of global warming.
	www.bookrags.com /Sulfate (1441 words)

	Allied Custom Gypsum, Inc.
		Calcium Sulfate has long been used in the Baking industry as a dough conditioner, firming agent, anti-caking agent, leavening agent and dietary supplement in enriched flour and breads, yeasts foods, baking powders, cereals, and bread conditioners.
		In brewing and other fermentation processes, calcium sulfate is utilized as a water conditioner providing permanent water hardness and as a needed calcium source to the brewing yeasts, allowing for a paler, smoother-tasting beer with improved stability and shelf life.
		Calcium Sulfate is also used in canned vegetables, artificially sweetened jellies and preserves, and as an extender and supplier of dietary calcium in specialty milk and milk substitute products.
	www.foodonline.com /storefronts/acginc.html (326 words)

	An Improved Do-it-Yourself Two-Part Calcium and Alkalinity Supplement System by Randy Holmes-Farley - Reefkeeping.com
		That precipitate is calcium sulfate (calcium as an impurity in the magnesium chloride and sulfate from the Epsom salts).
		Sulfate concentration as a function of time when performing daily water changes equivalent to 0% (no changes), 7.5%, 15% and 30% of the total volume each month (in other words, 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% per day).
		In this example, sulfate starts at a natural level of 2710 ppm, and the model assumes the usage of a moderate amount of calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate to maintain calcium and alkalinity, and Epsom salts (magnesium sulfate) to maintain magnesium.
	reefkeeping.com /issues/2006-02/rhf/index.php (4626 words)

	Plating Process Systems - Metal Finishing Processes
		In areas where calcium in the water supply is high (generally > 200 mg/L) consideration should be given to the use of DI water in the rinse preceding the nickel plating solution.
		Calcium sulfate is said to have inverse solubility, that is, the calcium is less soluble at higher temperatures than at lower temperatures.
		Therefore, about 40 - 50 % of the calcium can be removed by raising the temperature of the plating solution from 140 °F (60 °C) to 160 - 165 °F (71 - 73 °C), filtered to remove the precipitated calcium sulfate and the solution returned to the plating tank at 140 °F (60 °C).
	www.platingprocess.com /troubleshooting.aspx?catID=1&subID=14 (1097 words)

	Gypsum: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Small amounts of calcined gypsum are added to earth to create strong structures directly from cast earth, an alternative to adobe (Sun-dried brick; used in hot dry climates) (which loses its strength when wet).
		Gypsum is deposited in lake and sea water, as well as in hot spring (A natural spring of water at a temperature of 70 F or above) s, from volcanic (additional info and facts about volcanic) vapors, and sulfate solutions in veins.
		It is often associated with the minerals halite (Naturally occurring crystalline sodium chloride) and sulfur (An abundant tasteless odorless multivalent nonmetallic element; best known in yellow crystals; occurs in many sulphide and sulphate minerals and even in native form (especially in volcanic regions)).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/gy/gypsum.htm (859 words)

	calcium on Encyclopedia.com
		The element is a constituent of lime (see calcium oxide), chloride of lime (bleaching powder), mortar, plaster, cement (see cement, concrete, whiting, putty, precipitated chalk, gypsum, and plaster of Paris.
		Tremolite, a form of asbestos, is a naturally occurring compound of calcium, magnesium, silicon, and oxygen.
		Calcium absorption; reviewing the importance of calcium absorption and a key ingredient that makes calcium more bioavailable.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/c1/calcium.asp (1087 words)

	Chemistry and the Aquarium
		One part is the calcium chloride dissolved in water, and the second part is baking soda (either baked prior to use, or not) dissolved in water.
		But it is a better recipe than calcium chloride and baking soda (or commercial "buffers") alone, and I believe that it is adequate for aquarists for whom cost is a significant factor.
		A concentration of 37,300 ppm calcium is equivalent to 0.93 molar.
	www.advancedaquarist.com /issues/april2004/chem.htm (2941 words)

	Elemental Calcium
		Calcium is most recognized for being present in milk products however vegetables such as broccoli, mustard greens, callard greens, as well as tofu and sardines (with the bones) are also good sources.
		Calcium is most recognized for influencing the growth and strength of bones.
		Calcium is present throughout the body and is curcuial to development and health.
	www.webvitamins.com /nutrient.aspx?ID=3456 (427 words)

	Calcium Products Incorporated, Improve your crop yields and decrease costs with pelletized lime and pelletized gypsum.
		SuperCal SO4 is used in high pH soils for the soluble calcium which needs to be supplied to plants continuously and is the nutrient that corrects imbalances of all the other nutrients and also improves effects of non-essential elements which often may be present at toxic levels.
		High pH soil may contain a large amount of calcium but the calcium is tied up in the soil and is unavailable to the plant, the calcium in SO4 is available.
		Calcium is one of 13 essential plant nutrients.
	www.calciumproducts.com /farming_gypsum.cfm (634 words)

	Calcium Sulfate in Composts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Our analysis of Calcium Sulfate (Gypsum) as an inoculant in animal waste and wood chip composts was designed to determine if, when used as an additive to composts for Calcium and/or Sulfur supplementation, the resulting product would be of a higher value than without the Calcium Sulfate.
		Calcium levels increased rapidly in the compost, and directly in proportion to the concentration of Gypsum.
		Its use in composts would fortify both Calcium and Sulfur, as well as buffer Aluminum and Iron both in the compost, and in the subsequent soil on which it is applied, if used at concentrations approaching 10% by weight.
	members.aol.com /deibelcorp/emig99/finalreport006.htm (557 words)

	Interactions Between Chloride and Sulfate or Silica Removals Using an Advanced Lime-Aluminum Softening Process - ...
		The filtrates were analyzed for calcium using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, for aluminum with UV spectrophotometry (eriochrome cyanine method; APHA et al., 1995), for chloride and sulfate using ion chromatography, and for silica with UV spectrophotometry (molybdosilicate method, APHA et al., 1995).
		The ratios of calcium removed to sulfate removed and the ratios of aluminum removed to sulfate removed are shown in Figure 3.
		Increased final chloride concentrations with increasing initial sulfate concentration also could be a result of the effect of sulfate on the solid solution structure, which weakens the ability of chloride to be held in the interlayer space of the solid solution formation.
	www.redorbit.com /news/science/800006/interactions_between_chloride_and_sulfate_or_silica_removals_using_an/index.html?source=r_science (3702 words)

	What is Calcium? : Calcium World.com
		Calcium (symbol: Ca) is one of the alkaline earth metals that comprise the
		Calcium is extracted by the electrolysis of a fused mixture of anhydrous
		Important compounds of calcium are calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride, calcium sulfate (gypsum), and plaster of Paris.
	www.calciumworld.com /what_is.htm (554 words)

	Calcium sulfate
		Calcium sulphate is produced during the manufacture of phosphoric acid by attacking phosphate rock with sulphuric acid.
		In the cement industry, calcium sulphate is used as a 'retarder'.
		Most of the calcium sulphate produced as a result the manufacture of phosphoric acid is sold in the construction sector.
	www.prayon.com /uk/pro/page_sulfate.cfm (223 words)

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