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Topic: Caledonii

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	Famous Scots - Galgacus
		It is thought that the forts had been constructed to protect the Romans' new-found trading partners and farmers from incursions from the Caledonii, further north - "the most distant inhabitants on earth" according to Tacitus.
		Galgacus or Calgacus was a chief of the northern native tribe named Caledonii by the Roman invaders.
		The Caledonii war chariots were useless on the uneven ground and the Romans successfully beat off their initial attacks.
	www.rampantscotland.com /famous/blfamgalgacus.htm (387 words)

	Caledonians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Caledonians (Latin: Caledonii) or Caledonian Confederacy, is a name given by historians to a group of the indigenous Picts of Scotland during the Iron Age.
		The Caledonii tribe, after which the historical Caledonian Confederacy is named may have been joined in conflict with Rome by tribes in northern central Scotland by this time, such as the Vacomagi, Taexali and Venicones recorded by Ptolemy.
		However, Roman historians used the word "Caledonii" not only to refer to the Caledonii themselves, but also to any of the other tribes (both Pictish or Brythonic) living north of Hadrian's Wall, and it is uncertain whether these later were limited to individual groups or wider unions of tribes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caledonians (1154 words)

	Caledonians Information
		The Caledonians (Latin: Caledonii) or Caledonian Confederacy, is a name given by historians to a group of the indigenous Picts of Scotland during the Iron Age.
		The Caledonii tribe, after which the historical Caledonian Confederacy is named may have been joined in conflict with Rome by tribes in northern central Scotland by this time, such as the Vacomagi, Taexali and Venicones recorded by Ptolemy.
		However, Roman historians used the word "Caledonii" not only to refer to the Caledonii themselves, but also to any of the other tribes (both Pictish or Brythonic) living north of Hadrian's Wall, and it is uncertain whether these later were limited to individual groups or wider unions of tribes.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Caledonians (1115 words)

	Meet the Caledonii Elders
		The Nematon, holy place of his Tuatha, was located on the Eastern knoll of the mountain and in the forests around his home, he learned the ways of the Eld ones and respect for the mysteries of his ancestors.
		The Caledonii went public as the Temple of Danu Mari and formed a discussion group.
		The Caledonii are kith and kin by oath or by blood, you will know with in a short time if this is indeed the path for you.
	www.angelfire.com /sc/Caledonii/BIO.html (1406 words)

	LaFontaine's Worlds Wicca - ¿Qué es?
		Candlemas: Imbolic (Celtic), Imbollgc Brigantia (Caledonii), Lupercus (Strega) February 2 Candlemas involves celebrations of banishing the winter and welcoming the spring.
		Beltane: Mayday, Bealtinne (Caledonii), Festival of Tana (Strega), Walburga (Teutonic) April 30 (Mayday is celebrated on the first of May) Beltane is the time of the sacred marriage which honors the fertility of the Earth; it represents the divine union of the Lord and Lady.
		Bread is baked and the altar is decorated with fruits and vegetables of the harvest.
	www.lafontaine.org /wicca/sabbats.htm (1007 words)

	Caledonii Grande Tradition
		By this we mean the chosen Druidic chieftain, not the chieftain of the Stewert Clans.
		The Caledonii of today maintain the ancient rites of the Celtic religion, taught for generations by our people and passed down through the wisdom keepers to those chosen to bear the knowledge.
		Together the Elders of the three branches of the Caledonii form the ruling Council of the Grande Tradition known as the Fellowship of Caledon®.
	www.angelfire.com /sc/Caledonii/Introduction.html (601 words)

	The Heroic Age: Lucius Artorius Castus
		In 183 the Caledonii breached the Antonine Wall and flooded south, across territory held by the Dumnonii, Selgovae and Votadini.
		The Caledonii turned to face the Sarmatians at York (Nennius's "city of the legions"; Field 1999).
		If Castus was the Roman commander who pursued the Caledonii into Scotland, he would have fought his final punitive battle against them somewhere in the vicinity of the Antonine early in 185.
	www.mun.ca /mst/heroicage/issues/2/ha2lac.htm (4034 words)

	Croy Historical Society Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-03)
		However, most of his forts were abandoned shortly after and by 118, the effective limit of Roman rule was marked by Hadrian's Wall (named after the emperor Hadrian), a defensive barrier running across the north of England between the Tyne and the Solway.
		It is thought that the forts may have been constructed to protect the Romans' new-found allies from invasion by the Caledonii, further north.
		The Caledonii were decisively defeated by Agricola at the Battle of Mons Graupius (site unknown but possibly near Inverurie in Aberdeenshire) in 83AD, where up to 10,000 Scots are believed to have died in one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on the British mainland.
	www.croyhistorical.org.uk /romans.htm (1279 words)

	The Heroic Age: Lucius Artorius Castus, N/B
		Cohors IIII Gallorum equitata was probably the unit that fell to the Caledonii; Cohors I Vangionum milliaria equitata and Numerus Exploratorum habitancensium were brought in to regarrison the fort after it was rebuilt by Septimius Severus (Frere et al.
		The Caledonii are known to have continued back into southern Scotland with at least one Roman commander still giving chase, where they were when Marcellus arrived in Britain and gave orders for the punitive campaign against the invaders.
		The Ala Hispanorum Vettonum civium Romanorum replaced the unit that was defeated by the Caledonii (Ferris and Jones 1980:233-54).
	www.mun.ca /mst/heroicage/issues/2/ha2lac2.htm (5450 words)

	Picts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They were the descendants of the Caledonii and other tribes named by Roman historians or found on the map of Ptolemy.
		Pictland, also known as Pictavia, became the kingdom of Alba during the 10th century and the Picts became the Albannach or Scots.
		^ Caledonii is attested from a grave marker in Roman Britain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Picts (4884 words)

	Ireland not the Hibernia of the Ancients
		In the reading adopted, the Varar AEstuarium has been identified with the Firth of Forth; and if the Caledonii possessed the country between Loch Long and it, while the Forest lay to the north of them the Cantae would be to the east of them.
		The situation thus ascribed to the Caledonii and the Caledonian Forest will be found to harmonise well with the earliest historical references to them.
		These slight references to the Caledonii and the Caledonian Forest can be more readily relied on than the elaborate notices of them which appear in well-known histories and geographies, for the former are more likely to have escaped the vigilance of the manipulators of early Scottish history.
	www.electricscotland.com /history/early6-3.htm (4315 words)

	Scotland's Past - The Romans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-03)
		It was in the following year that he had his victory over the Caledonii at Mons Graupius.
		By 87 Agricola had been recalled to Rome and Inchtuthill was dismantled, even the nails of the buildings were buried so as to be of no use to the Caledonians.
		It is reported that the Caledonii and Maeatae were forced to come to terms but Severus died in 211 and his sons returned to Rome with the frontier again reverting to Hadrian's Wall.
	www.scotlandspast.org /romans.cfm (907 words)

	BFCFAQ
		Caledonii lineage can be found on their site.
		Second Initiation, Lord Ariel Morgan of the Caledonii and Lord Serphant of the Family of Serpent Stone.
		Third elevation, Lord Ariel Morgan of the Caledonii and Lord Serphant of the Family of Serpent Stone.
	www.whitestagseminary.homestead.com /BFCFAQ.html (2466 words)

	Lowson Church
		With an army of 30,000 Caledonii, Calgacus, whose name means “the Swordsman”, faced 10,000 Romans in the hills of eastern Aberdeenshire.
		The Romans built a defensive square camp near Bennachie, each side half a mile in length, so that his soldiers could rest until the battle, but soon the two armies were facing each other.
		The undisciplined Caledonii fought as warriors, hurtling themselves against the Romans with all their might.
	www.lowson-memorial.org.uk /windows/mons_grampius.htm (442 words)

	Hudson-Mohawk Genealogical and Family Memoirs: Reid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-03)
		During an early period the highlands of Scotland were inhabited by barbarians who were called Caledonii, a race divided into clans, and living in rude fortresses built of earth and stone situated upon the crest of hills, and again, in fortified caves, or caverns.
		The Caledonii are described as a wild half-clad hardy race, and warlike in the extreme.
		The home of the Caledonii is said to have been north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde.
	www.schenectadyhistory.org /families/hmgfm/reid.html (1286 words)

	The Romans in Scotland
		Their first foray north was made in 79 or 80 AD by Cnaeus Julius Agricola from Carlisle, reaching as far as Perthshire.
		However, most of his forts were abandoned shortly after and by 118, the effective limit of Roman rule was marked by Hadrian's Wall (named after the emperor Hadrian), a defensive barrier running across the north of England between the Tyne and the Solway.
		Between 208 and 211, the Emperor Septimus Severus conducted a major campaign against the Caledonii and other tribes from major camps based around the Tay and Angus.
	www.visitscotland.com /library/romans (243 words)

	The Celts - The History of Scotland
		The Caledonii (the North Scottish tribes) struck suddenly in the night, almost overwhelming the Hispana at Camp Victoria before being driven off by another division commanded by Agricola himself.
		It was now time for the Caledonii to face the might of the Roman Empire or be imprisoned in their own mountains.
		As the Caledonii were driven off the field by the might of the Roman Army it seemed at last as if all Britain had been brought under the control of the Romans.
	www.netmedia.co.uk /history/week-5/index.html (1689 words)

	The Battle of Mons Graupius - Castle Duncan Forums
		Although they built forts and walls, indigenous tribes, especially in the north, were never very troubled by the might of Rome.
		In what was probably the autumn of AD83 Agricola came face-to-face with Calgacus — the leader of the Caledonii — at the Graupian Mountain.
		The camp at Bennachie - one commonly accepted location of the battle at Graupian Mountain - does not use this style of gate and is also much bigger, according to author James Fraser, an expert on Scottish history.
	www.castleduncan.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=967 (823 words)

	Story of Scotland: On the Fringe of the Empire, ch.2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-03)
		In addition to these there were northern Scottish tribes, all called Caledonii by the Romans: the Vacomagi in Angus, the Taezali of Buchan, the Decantae of Ross, and the Lugi of Caithness.
		There is little doubt that these Caledonii were various Pictish tribes, probably before they were unified as one identifiable people.
		Whilst some degree of Romanization, in what is now southern Scotland, was successful, the Britons of the mid-north and the Caledonii of the upper north (mostly early Pictish tribes) became aware that a powerful and hungry army was occupying much of Britain.
	members.aol.com /scothist/scot2.html (4112 words)

	British Archaeology, no 7, September 1995: Letters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-03)
		I have always been convinced that the Severan campaign in Scotland must have been very destructive because of the peace which followed it, though I had always thought in terms of the destruction of the political structure (eg, by removing the ruling class) rather than of genocide.
		It may well be significant that the brochs, sited mainly to the north of the Moray Firth, were largely abandoned as defensive structures in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, showing that the threat to which they had been a response had been removed.
		There is also some evidence for peoples who were friendly to the Romans, and sometimes allied to them, to the north of the Caledonii, who may be the broch dwellers; and if so, their expansion southwards might have been welcome to the Romans though later they would regret it.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba7/ba7lets.html (994 words)

	Ancient Names of Scotland
		The name Pentland Firth is derived from the Norse name Pettaland Fjord, literally "Pictland Fjord." In Britain, the P-Celtic speaking Britons spelled the Irish name "Cruithni" (Pict) as Pryten; this eventually becomes Briton in the tongue of the Teutonic invaders.
		The Romans referred to Scotland as Caledonia, a name obviously derived from the Pictish tribe Caledonii, which fought Agricola at Mons Graupius in 84 AD.
		Finally, when Kenneth MacAlpin usurped the dual throne as King of Picts and Scots in 845 AD, he called the crown Rex Pictorum or "King of Picts." However, by the beginning of the 10th century, his descendants changed to "Rex Alban," which is then translated as "King of Scotland" or "King of Scots."
	www.visitrannoch.com /ancient-names.htm (489 words)

	SMART ROOTS - Our Family Origins in Scotland
		Dwelling in the northwest were the savage and fearsome Cereni, Smertae and Carnonacae, who all were said to smear their faces with the blood of the slain.
		The territory the Caledonii inhabited lay between Dunkeld (the fort of the Caledonii) and Schiehallion (the fairy mountain of the Caledonii).
		The Romans admired the Caledonii for their ability to endure cold, hunger and hardship.
	www.ancestor-rescue.com /SmartRoots/ScotlandSmarts.htm (893 words)

	Caledonii/hecatine - MysticWicks Online Pagan Community and Pagan Forums
		The Caledonii (which would translate as Caledonians) were described by both Ptolemy and Tacitus as a collection of Scottish tribes.
		I googled for Ptolemy, Tacitus and Caledonii and found this.
		When I typed in the word Caledonii, I found this.
	www.mysticwicks.com /showthread.php?goto=lastpost&t=38230 (475 words)

	SuidAkrA \|\| Caledonia
		The Romans called the pre-Celtic people of Scotland Pictii (Painted) or Caledonii, because Claudius' words prove that (as described by many historians) the ancient Picts actually tattooed their bodies with designs.
		To the non-Roman Celtic world they were known as "Cruithni" and for many centuries they represented the unbridled fury of a people who refused to be brought under the rule of Rome, or any foreign invader.
		Julius Caesar invaded England in BC 55, but it took about one hundred and thirty-five years before the Romans were ready to assault Scotland in 80 AD - the same summer that the Coliseum was opened and one year after the disaster at Pompeii.
	www.suidakra.com /index.php?page=concept (801 words)

	Witchy Womyn - Where Magick Happens! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-03)
		The Caledonii celebrate Taranis with three days of festival, 6th, 7th, and 8th of July.
		The legends of the Caledonii tribe speak of the "Bringer of the Ice Mountains", the great blue Old Woman of the highlands.
		Called Calleiach by the people, she was the Beloved Mountain Giantess who protected the early tribe from harm and nurtured them in her sacred mountains.
	www.witchy-womyn.com /Deities/celt2.htm (946 words)

	Significant Scottish Battles
		I am aware that the teaching of history has progressed far from the format of my childhood days – nevertheless I believe some knowledge of these most important battles are pertinent for every Scot.
		Although they built forts and walls, indigenous tribes, especially in the north, were never very troubled by the might of Rome.
		In what was probably the autumn of AD83 Agricola came face-to-face with Calgacus –; the leader of the Caledonii – at the Graupian Mountain.
	www.martinfrost.ws /htmlfiles/gazette/scottish_battles.html (5238 words)

	The Caledonii - Science-Fiction & Fantasy forums
		I've just read an article on The Caledonii (I think that's the right way to spell it) and how the Romans said there were too many trees beyond Hadrian's Wall and, therefore, not worth the bother.
		This historian claims that the forest was a lame excuse and the Romans were just too scared to come and have a go because they just weren't hard enough.
		Actually, Septimus Severus decided he was going to exterminate the Caledonii to a man, but as he marched his armies up the UK, he dropped dead at York.
	www.chronicles-network.com /forum/3414-the-caledonii.html (968 words)

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