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Topic: California black oak

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Margaret Laurence

	Oregon Wood Innovation Center
		California fl oak is the dominant tree over large areas classified as the fl oak forest type, and it is a major component in other forest types dominated by conifers.
		In Oregon, California fl oak is found at elevations of 450 to 3000 ft. In California, it is most abundant at elevations of 1000 to 6000 ft in the north and 4000 to 7800 ft in the south.
		California fl oak is a ring-porous wood, with earlywood pores that are large and distinct and form a conspicuous band with each growth ring.
	owic.oregonstate.edu /species/blackoak.php (2937 words)

	Tejon Ranch : Conservation : Oak Management
		Generally, the oaks are identified according to four broad categories: oak woodland, oak scrub, oak riparian and oak savannah.
		Oak woodlands refer to oak-dominated communities where overall tree cover is greater than 10 percent and tree canopies/crowns are largely overlapping.
		Oak savannahs are most often described as grasslands with large oak trees where overall tree cover is between 1 and 10 percent and adjacent tree crowns seldom overlap.
	www.tejonranch.com /conservation/oak_management.asp (320 words)

	Oregon Oak Communities Working Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		California fl oak occurs across a wide range of topographic positions: from flat, valley floors having gravel soils to high, montane ridges.
		California fl oak typically occurs as a dominant or co-dominant tree in even-age forests that result from a stand replacement fire.
		California fl oak can be most easily distinguished by its 3-tooth, bristle-tipped leaves from Oregon white oaks, which have smooth-lobed leaves.
	www.oregonoaks.org /ecology.shtml (1442 words)

	California Oaks Foundation: Dec 2003 Issues Regarding Oaks in California (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The DEIS Appendix L literature citation of the California Partners in Flight publication, The Oak Woodland Bird Conservation Plan: A Strategy for Protecting and Managing Oak Woodland Habitats and Associated Birds in California, is irrelevant for Larson project hardwood habitat analysis.
		The DEIS assertion that oaks have increased their area of occupancy from 11.5 percent to 32 percent is false.
		Oak sprouts and seedlings would be sprayed during aerial herbicide application...It is estimated that the aerial application of glyphosate could damage approximately 30 percent of fl oak sprouts and kill between 50-65 percent of fl oak seedlings.
	www.californiaoaks.org /html/oak_report_12-03.html (1144 words)

	Sudden Oak Death in California Management Guidelines--UC IPM
		Based on field observations and laboratory cultures, mortality of oaks and tanbark oaks outside the infested areas appears to be a result of the normally expected causes, and oaks in these areas are not dying at a greater rate than previously observed.
		On coast live, California fl, and Shreve oaks, the primary symptom is dark, hardened sap exuding from the main trunk, most often near the base of the trunk and up to about 6 feet above the ground.
		Oak mortality syndrome: Sudden death of oaks and tanoaks.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7498.html (2804 words)

	California Oaks Foundation: Nov 2004 Issues Regarding Oaks in California
		California Oak Foundation registers strong objections to the Bickford Ranch (Placer County) development proposal to remove 11,000 oaks and destroy 1,000 acres of Blue oak woodlands habitat.
		California Oak Foundation and Mountain Lion Foundation attorneys file a lawsuit against the Board of Forestry seeking a summary judgement from the court that declares unlawful California's policy of failing to apply the Forest Practice Act to conserve oak woodlands.
		California Oak Foundation requests that the Board of Forestry increase the retention standards for California fl oak and Oregon white oak on 7 million acres of commercial timberland.
	www.californiaoaks.org /html/oak_report_11-04.html (1410 words)

	Oak trees of California
		Oaks are beloved trees of the open landscape of California, where they create drought-tolerant islands of shade and coolness.
		Oaks in California are often a "keystone" species, providing habitat for hundreds or even thousands of other species.
		Oak trees, with chestnuts and beeches, are in the Beech (Fagaceae) family.
	www.icogitate.com /~tree/oak.ac26.htm (639 words)

	California Black Oak - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		California Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii), also known as simply Black Oak, or Kellogg Oak, is an oak in the red oak section (Quercus sect.
		Oaks (Quercus spp.) may be the single most important genus used by wildlife for food and cover in California forests and rangelands, and California Black Oak occupies more total area in California than any other hardwood species.
		All of 68 bird species observed in oak woodlands of the Tehachapi Mountains of California used California fl oak for part of their foraging activities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/California_Black_Oak (295 words)

	Restoring oak woodlands in California: theory and practice
		As oak seedlings become established and develop an extensive root system, water stress is less likely to cause mortality, although it may limit growth rates and thereby prolong the period during which seedlings are susceptible to herbivores or fire.
		Oak seedling and sapling growth and survival can also be limited by a lack of light in woodlands with closed or nearly closed canopies.
		Oaks are strongly mycorrhizal, although the mycorrhizal fungi associated with California oaks are poorly characterized.
	phytosphere.com /restoringoakwoodlands/oakrestoration.htm (9106 words)

	Sudden Oak Death
		Sudden Oak Death (SOD) is a disease caused by Phytophthora ramorum, a new species of fungus- like organism that has killed large numbers of oaks and tanoaks in some areas of central coastal California.
		Prune coast live oak and fl oaks during the dry summer months when the beetles and causal pathogen are least active.
		Oak moth can defoliate oaks when populations are high and intervention may be required.
	acwm.co.la.ca.us /scripts/SuddenOakD.htm (1647 words)

	Oak
		Worldwide, the oaks (Quercus spp.) consist of 275 to 500 species that can be separated into three groups based on their microanatomy: the live or evergreen oak group, the red oak group (Erythrobalanus), and the white oak group (Leucobalanus).
		General Wood Characteristics: The sapwood of oak is white to very light brown, while the heartwood is light to dark brown in the white oak group and reddish brown in the red oak group.
		Oak wood has a course texture; it is heavy, straight-grained, hard, tough, very stiff, and strong.
	www.windsorplywood.com /nam_hardwoods/oak.html (1115 words)

	California Oaks Foundation: Nov 2002 Issues Regarding Oaks in California
		(d) Blue oak, Oregon white oak and valley oak are unaffected by sudden oak death; California fl oak, coast live oak and Shreve oak are susceptible to the disease.
		There is currently no known cure for oaks infected with sudden oak death and it is unlikely that a feasible treatment for affected oaks in woodland or timberland settings will ever be found.
		California's sudden oak death planning will be incomplete until a conservation element is adopted that addresses long-term oak ecosystem health.
	www.californiaoaks.org /html/oak_report_11-02.html (812 words)

	California Forest Stewardship Program: Sources of California natives
		Hardwood species in California are about 16% of the inventory of standing timber (growing stock volume) and 6% of the sawtimber volume (greater than 11-inch diameter, dbh).
		California furniture manufacturers have a high demand for wood components and sub-assemblies—intermediate products that are well suited to the native hardwood resource.
		The California Hardwood Initiative, a statewide effort supported by the California Trade and Commerce Agency, California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, USDA Forest Service and the University of California, has successfully raised the level of awareness but more needs to be done.
	ceres.ca.gov /foreststeward/html/hardwoods.html (1344 words)

	Sudden oak death is knocking on county's door \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service officials detected the pathogen and a California Department of Food and Agriculture Laboratory confirmed its presence on camellia plants at a large wholesale nursery in Los Angeles County on March 8 and at a nursery in San Diego County on March 12.
		Gardeners who have coast live oak, California fl oak or other oaks susceptible to SOD, should not plant camellia, rhododendron or other nonoak hosts of the pathogen under or near their trees since this may spread the disease to the trees.
		The SOD pathogen has caused widespread death of tanoak and several true oak species in California along the central and northern coast and has been associated with several other plant species.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20040404/news_1hs4pests.html (816 words)

	Natural Resource Projects Inventory (NRPI) Catalog - California Black Oak Woodland Restoration in Yosemite Valley
		In 1987, the California Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii) woodlands of Yosemite Valley in Yosemite National Park were identified as a sensitive vegetation community requiring protection and restoration.
		In many areas, little to no oak seedling establishment had occurred in at least 130 years, and mature trees were dying at a rapid rate, leading to the potential loss of this plant community over time.
		The oak woodland restoration sites have provided the National Park Service with valuable information about restoring native species, and has helped educate visitors about the importance of ecosystem preservation in heavily used park areas.
	ceres.ca.gov /calsip/catalog/BrowseRecord.epl?id=24582 (340 words)

	Quercus kelloggii (Kellogg oak or Black oak)and the relationships of California oaks.
		California Oaks that bear acorns on the second season's growth and are deciduous.
		Black Oak, or Quercus kellogii, seems to pick odd spots in most of California to colonize that do not make much sense when first chanced upon.
		After wandering around California for 30 years trying to figure out oak species we've come to the conclusion that there are as few as one true species or as many as six.
	www.laspilitas.com /groups/oaks/california_oak4.html (515 words)

	Trees of Yosemite (1932, 1948), “California Black Oak,” by Mary Curry Tresidder
		Stoneman Meadow affords an example of this, as does El Capitan Meadow, where the thickets of azalea beneath the Black Oaks are having their territory invaded by the Ponderosa Pine.
		The trunk of the Black Oak is a weathered deep gray, often fl, with a hard bark roughened and checkered along the lower portion.
		The mistletoe is a persistent enemy of this oak; great clumps of it often hang upon the branches of old trees and sap their vitality.
	www.yosemite.ca.us /library/trees_of_yosemite/california_black_oak.html (368 words)

	[No title]
		White Oak is rare, but a resource of Northern California.
		California Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii.) also known as Western Red Oak exceeds all other California oaks in volume, distribution, and altitudinal range.
		Although not presently utilized, fl oak acorns, high in edible oils, are a potential source for thousands of tons of human food.
	www.mcn.org /c/oldgrowth/type.html (639 words)

	Voluntary Oak Woodland Management Guidelines
		Oak seedlings for artificial regeneration can be obtained from private nurseries or State of California Nursery.
		The California Department of Fish and Game warden should be contacted when a wetland, riparian area, or a Class 1, 2, or 3 water course will be impacted by the operation.
		The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection should be contacted when a commercial tree removal operation is planned, or significant impact on the woodland community is scheduled.
	www.crcd.org /voloak.html (2330 words)

	Sudden Oak Death
		The most alarming new information about the host range of this pathogen was presented by Dr. Dave Rizzo, forest pathologist at the University of California at Davis, at the American Phytopathological Society meetings held in Salt Lake City this past August.
		On tanoak, California live oak, and California fl oak, the first symptom is fl or reddish ooze or “bleeding” from cankers.
		To date, no white oaks have been shown to be susceptible to the pathogen.
	www.ohiosaf.org /sudden.htm (812 words)

	CaliforniaBlackOak (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The California Black Oak is a deciduous tree that can grow 60 to 90 feet tall, and 1 to 4.5 feet in diameter.
		It is found native in California and Oregon.
		In California it is found along the foothills and lower mountains, and in southern parts of Oregon.
	www.pierce.ctc.edu /rmay/BIOL203/ron/CaliforniaBlackOak.html (199 words)

	Acorns of California Black Oaks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		For germination, California Black Oak acorns even need to lie on mineral soil or a light duff, similar to ground conditions after a fire.
		This isn't to say that California Black Oaks are resistant to forest fires, because moderate fires damage them severely or kill them.
		Well, members of the fl oak group need two years for their acorns to mature, so the acorns falling now are over a year old.
	www.backyardnature.net /sierras/oak-calb.htm (293 words)

	SOD Symposium-Paper Abstract
		Elimination of tanoaks and California fl oaks had little or no negative effect on relative bird densities, probably because the bird species considered were mostly characteristic of open oak woodland rather than the mixed evergreen forests where these two oak species are most common.
		The second method we used was to capitalize on the significantly positive relationship between oak species diversity and relative density of many oak woodland birds, including Nuttall's woodpecker, acorn woodpecker, California scrub jay, California towhee, Hutton's vireo, plain titmouse, and western bluebird.
		By comparing the current range of areas containing different numbers of oak species with the range upon the elimination of SOD-sensitive species, we estimated the overall population reductions that these oak-affiliated avian species are likely to suffer due to the elimination of one or more oak species due to SOD.
	danr.ucop.edu /ihrmp/sodsymp/paper/paper24.html (338 words)

	Welcome to Black Oak Casino
		Thursday, October 27 th from 8am to 5pm, Black Oak’s Executive Chef Ed Wickman and Chief Sous Chef Bret Thomas will be carving an artistic display at the casino using enormous pumpkins, one weighing 800 lbs.
		Monday, October 31 st, Black Oak Casino will celebrate Halloween Night by giving guests the opportunity to be selected to pick a pumpkin packed with prizes simply for playing their favorite slots or table games.
		Located in Tuolumne, California, Black Oak Casino features over 1,000 of the hottest slot machines, 24 table games, live music and dancing, plus seven bars and restaurants and The Players Club at Black Oak Casino.
	www.blackoakcasino.com /tribal/pressroom/holloween_carving.html (272 words)

	[No title]
		California fl oak is a deciduous, hardwood tree with a broad rounded crown from 10-25 m.
		It is the largest mountain oak in the West and surpasses all other California oaks in volume, distribution, and altitudinal range.
		California fl oak should not be irrigated except in years of unusually low rainfall.
	plants.usda.gov /plantguide/doc/cs_quke.doc (2347 words)

	Black Oak Mine Unified School District schools - district elementary, middle, and high school information
		In 2005-2006 California used the California Standards Tests (CSTs) to test students in English language arts and math in grades 2 through 11; science in grades 5, 8 and 10; and history-social science in grades 8, 10 and 11.
		In 2005-2006 California used the California High School Exit Exam (CAHSEE) to test high school students' skills in English language arts and mathematics.
		The different student groups are identified by the California Department of Education; if there are fewer than 10 students in a particular group in a school, the state doesn't report data for that group.
	www.greatschools.net /cgi-bin/ca/district_profile/70 (1399 words)

	IHRMP-California's Rangeland Oak Species (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Blue oak, valley oak, Oregon white oak and Engelmann oak are all deciduous and members ofthe white oak group.
		Coast live oak, interior live oak, and canyon live oak are three important evergreen oaks.
		California fl oak is a deciduous oak in the red oak group.
	danr.ucop.edu /ihrmp/oaks.html (85 words)

	NATURE. Living Edens: Big Sur. Sudden Oak Death \| PBS
		It might have recently hitchhiked into California aboard a potted plant or nursery-raised tree.
		So far, the disease has hit hardest at several costal species of oaks -- including tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), and California fl oak (Quercus kelloggii).
		But, overall, California is home to 16 of the 17 species known to be vulnerable to the disease.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/nature/bigsur/oak2.html (294 words)

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